Chemistry of Zeolites and Related Porous Materials: Synthesis and Structure

by Ruren Xu (Jilin University); Wenqin Pang; Jihong Yu; Qisheng Huo; Jiesheng Chen

• ISBN13: 9780470822364
• ISBN10: 0470822368
• Format: eBook
• Copyright: 2009-05-01
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

Widely used in adsorption, catalysis and ion exchange, the family of molecular sieves such as zeolites has been greatly extended and many advances have recently been achieved in the field of molecular sieves synthesis and related porous materials. Chemistry of Zeolites and Related Porous Materials focuses on the synthetic and structural chemistry of the major types of molecular sieves. It offers a systematic introduction to and an in-depth discussion of microporous, mesoporous, and macroporous materials and also includes metal-organic frameworks. Provides focused coverage of the key aspects of molecular sieves Features two frontier subjects: molecular engineering and host-guest advanced materials Comprehensively covers both theory and application with particular emphasis on industrial usesThis book is essential reading for researches in the chemical and materials industries and research institutions. The book is also indispensable for researches and engineers in R&D (for catalysis) divisions of companies in petroleum refining and the petrochemical and fine chemical industries.

Table of Contents

Preface

Introduction.

The Evolution and Development of Porous Materials

From Natural Zeolites to Synthesized Zeolites

From Low-silica to High-silica Zeolites

From Zeolites to Aluminophosphate Molecular Sieves and Other Microporous Phosphates

From 12-Membered-ring Micropores to Extra-large Micropores

From Extra-large Micropores to Mesopores

Emergence of Macroporous Materials

From Inorganic Porous Frameworks to Porous Metal-organic Frameworks (MOFs)

Main Applications and Prospects

The Traditional Fields of Application and Prospects of Microporous Molecular Sieves

Prospects in the Application Fields of Novel, High-tech, and Advanced Materials

The Main Application Fields and Prospects for Mesoporous Materials

The Development of Chemistry for Molecular Sieves and Porous Materials

The Development from Synthesis Chemistry to Molecular Engineering of Porous Materials

Developments in the Catalysis Study of Porous Materials

Structural Chemistry of Microporous Materials.

Introduction

Structural Building Units of Zeolites

Primary Building Units

Secondary Building Units (SBUs)

Characteristic Cage-building Units

Characteristic Chain- and Layer-building Units

Periodic Building Units (PBUs)

Composition of Zeolites

Framework Composition

Distribution and Position of Cations in the Structure

Organic Templates

Framework Structures of Zeolites

Loop Configuration and Coordination Sequences

Ring Number of Pore Opening and Channel Dimension in Zeolites

Framework Densities (FDs)

Selected Zeolite Framework Structures

Zeolitic Open-framework Structures

Anionic Framework Aluminophosphates with Al/P (less than or equal to) 1

Open-framework Gallophosphates with Extra-large Pores

Indium Phosphates with Extra-large Pores and Chiral Open Frameworks

Zinc Phosphates with Extra-large Pores and Chiral Open Frameworks

Iron and Nickel Phosphates with Extra-large Pores

Vanadium Phosphates with Extra-large Pores and Chiral Open Frameworks

Germanates with Extra-large Pores

Indium Sulfides with Extra-large-pore Open Frameworks

Summary

Synthetic Chemistry of Microporous Compounds (I) û Fundamentals and Synthetic Routes.

Introduction to Hydro(solvo)thermal Synthesis

Features of Hydro(solvo)thermal Synthetic Reactions

Basic Types of Hydro(solvo)thermal Reactions

Properties of Reaction Media

Hydro(solvo)thermal Synthesis Techniques

Survey of the Applications of Hydro(solvo)thermal Synthetic Routes in the Synthesis of Microporous Crystals and the Preparation of Porous Materials

Synthetic Approaches and Basic Synthetic Laws for Microporous Compounds

Hydrothermal Synthesis Approach to Zeolites

Solvothermal Synthesis Approach to Aluminophosphates

Crystallization of Zeolites under Microwave Irradiation

Hydrothermal Synthesis Approach in the Presence of Fluoride Source

Special Synthesis Approaches and Recent Progresses

Application of Combinatorial Synthesis Approach and Technology in the Preparation of Microporous Compounds

Typical Synthetic Procedures for some Important Molecular Sieves

Linde Type A (LTA)

Faujasite (FAU)

Mordenite (MOR)

ZSM-5 (MFI)

Zeolite Beta (BEA)

Linde Type L (LTL)

AlPO₄-5 (AFI)

AlPO₄-11 (AEL)

SAPO-31

SAPO-34 (CHA)

TS-1 (Ti-ZSM-5)

Synthetic Chemistry of Microporous Compounds (II) û Special Compositions, Structures, and Morphologies.

Synthetic Chemistry of Microporous Compounds with Special Compositions and Structures

M(III)X(V)O₄-type Microporous Compounds

Microporous Transition Metal Phosphates

Microporous Aluminoborates

Microporous Sulfides, Chlorides, and Nitrides

Extra-large Microporous Compounds

Zeolite-like Molecular Sieves with Intersecting (or Interconnected) Channels

Pillared Layered Microporous Materials

Microporous Chiral Catalytic Materials

Synthetic Chemistry of Microporous Compounds with Special Morphologies

Single Crystals and Perfect Crystals

Nanocrystals and Ultrafine Particles

The Preparation of Zeolite Membranes and Coatings

Synthesis of Microporous Material with Special Aggregation Morphology in the Presence of Templates

Applications of Zeolite Membranes and Films

Crystallization of Microporous Compounds.

Starting Materials of Zeolite Crystallization

Structures and Preparation Methods for Commonly Used Silicon Sources

Structure of Commonly Used Aluminum Sources

Crystallization Process and Formation Mechanism of Zeolites

Solid Hydrogel Transformation Mechanism

Solution-mediated Transport Mechanism

Important Issues Related to the Solution-mediated Transport Mechanism

Dual-phase Transition Mechanism

Structure-directing Effect and Templating in the Crystallization Process of Microporous Compounds

Roles of Guest Molecules (Ions) in the Creation of Pores

Studies on the Interaction between Inorganic Host and Guest Molecules via Molecular Simulation

Conclusions and Prospects

Crystallization Kinetics of Zeolites

Preparation, Secondary Synthesis, and Modification of Zeolites.

Preparation of Zeolites û Detemplating of Microporous Compounds

High-temperature Calcination

Chemical Detemplating

Solvent-extraction Method

Outline of Secondary Synthesis

Cation-exchange and Modification of Zeolites

Ion-exchange Modification of Zeolite LTA

Modification of FAU Zeolite through Ion-exchange

Modification of Zeolites through Dealumination

Dealumination Routes and Methods for Zeolites

High-temperature Dealumination and Ultra-stabilization

Chemical Dealumination and Silicon Enrichment of Zeolites

Isomorphous Substitution of Heteroatoms in Zeolite Frameworks

Galliation of Zeolites û LiquidûSolid Isomorphous Substitution

Secondary Synthesis of Titanium-containing Zeolites û GasûSolid Isomorphous Substitution Technique

Demetallation of Heteroatom Zeolites through High-temperature Vapor-phase Treatment

Channel and Surface Modification of Zeolites

Cation-exchange Method

Channel-modification Method

External Surface-modification Method

Towards Rational Design and Synthesis of Inorganic Microporous Materials.

Introduction

Structure-prediction Methods for Inorganic Microporous Crystals

Determination of 4-Connected Framework Crystal Structures by Simulated Annealing Method

Generation of 3-D Frameworks by Assembly of 2-D Nets

Automated Assembly of Secondary Building Units (AASBU Method)

Prediction of Open-framework Aluminophosphate Structures by using the AASBU Method with LowensteinÆs Constraints

Design of Zeolite Frameworks with Defined Pore Geometry through Constrained Assembly of Atoms

Design of 2-D 3.4-Connected Layered Aluminophosphates with Al₃P₄O₁₆^3- Stoichiometry

Hypothetical Zeolite Databases

Towards Rational Synthesis of Inorganic Microporous Materials

Data Mining-aided Synthetic Approach

Template-directed Synthetic Approach

Rational Synthesis through Combinatorial Synthetic Route

Building-block Built-up Synthetic Route

Prospects

Synthesis, Structure, and Characterization of Mesoporous Materials.

Introduction

Synthesis Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Ordered Mesoporous Materials

Mesostructure Assembly System: Interaction Mechanisms between Organics and Inorganics

Formation Mechanism of Mesostructure: Liquid-crystal Template and Cooperative Self-assembly

Surfactant Effective Packing Parameter: g and Physical Chemistry of Assembly and Interface Considerations

Mesoporous Silica: Structure and Synthesis

Structural Characteristics and Characterization Techniques for Mesoporous Silica

2-D Hexagonal Structure: MCM-41, SBA-15, and SBA-3

Cubic Channel Mesostructures: MCM-48, FDU-5, and Im3m Materials

Caged Mesostructures

Deformed Mesophases, Low-order Mesostructures, and Other Possible Mesophases

Phase Transformation and Control

Pore Control

Pore-size and Window-size Control

Macroporous Material Templating Synthesis

The Synthesis of Hierarchical Porous Silica Materials

Synthesis Strategies

Synthesis Methods

Surfactant, its Effect on Product Structure and Removal from Solid Product, and Nonsurfactants template

Stabilization of Silica Mesophases and Post-synthesis Hydrothermal Treatment

Zeolite Seed as Precursor and Nanocasting with Mesoporous Inorganic Solids

Synthesis Parameters and Extreme Synthesis Conditions

Composition Extension of Mesoporous Materials

Chemical Modification

Synthesis Challenges for Nonsilica Mesoporous Materials

Metal-containing Mesoporous Silica-based Materials

InorganicûOrganic Hybrid Materials

Metal Oxides, Phosphates, Semiconductors, Carbons, and Metallic Mesoporous Materials

Morphology and Macroscopic Form of Mesoporous Material

ÆSingle CrystalÆ and Morphologies of Mesoporous Silicas

Macroscopic Forms

Possible Applications, Challenges, and Outlook

Possible Applications

Challenges and Outlook

Porous HostûGuest Advanced Materials.

Metal Clusters in Zeolites

Definition of Metal Clusters

Preparation Approaches to Metal Clusters

Alkali Metal Clusters

Metal Clusters of Silver

Noble Metal (Platinum, Palladium, Rhodium, Ruthenium, Iridium, Osmium) Clusters

Other Metal Clusters

Clusters of Metal Oxides or Oxyhydroxide

Dyes in Zeolites

Polymers and Carbon Materials in Zeolites

Polymers in Zeolites

Preparation of Porous Carbon using Zeolites

Fullerenes Assembled in Zeolites

Carbon Nanotube Growth in Zeolites

Semiconductor Nanoparticles in Zeolites

Metal Complexes in Molecular Sieves

Incorporation of MetalûPyridine Ligand Complexes

Incorporation of MetalûSchiff Base Complexes

Incorporation of Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine Complexes

Incorporation of Other Metal Complexes

MetalûOrganic Porous Coordination Polymers

Transition MetalûMulticarboxylate Coordination Polymers

Coordination Polymers with N-containing Multidentate Aromatic Ligands

Coordination Polymers with N- and O-containing Multidentate Ligands

Zinc-containing Porous Coordination Polymers

Adsorption Properties and H2 Storage of MOFs

Further Reading

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