Chemtrek--Small Scale Experiments for General Chemistry

by Thompson, Stephen

• ISBN13: 9780205119134
• ISBN10: 0205119131
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1989-08-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This laboratory manual for general chemistry presents experiments especially designed for use with smallscale quantities, instrumentation, and techniques and are not scaled down versions of classical experiments.

Table of Contents

Preface	x
Acknowledgments	xii
Introduction: Small is Beautiful	xiii
The System	1	(10)
Requires one three-hour class period to complete
Spectroscopy: The Interaction of Light and Matter	11	(28)
Introduction	12	(4)
Background Chemistry	16	(6)
Additional Reading	22	(1)
Pre-Laboratory Quiz	23	(2)
Laboratory Experiments	25	(1)
Requires one three-hour class period to complete
Characterization of a Transmission Diffraction Grating	26	(2)
Construction of a Spectroscope	28	(4)
Exploring Spectroscope Specifications	32	(1)
Wavelength Calibration of the Spectroscope	33	(1)
A Comparison of Continuous Emission Spectra	34	(1)
Atomic Line Spectra and Electronic Transitions; Electrical Discharge Tubes	35	(2)
Flame Emission Spectra	37	(2)
Small-Scale Techniques and the Absorption of Light	39	(20)
Introduction	40	(1)
Background Chemistry	41	(4)
Pre-Laboratory Quiz	45	(2)
Laboratory Experiments	47	(1)
Requires one three-hour class period to complete
An Introduction to Small-Scale Scientific Apparatus	48	(1)
Making a Microburner	49	(1)
Making Microburets	50	(2)
General Microburet Techniques	52	(1)
Microburet Calibration for Quantitative Volumetric Work	53	(1)
Quantitative Dilution of Solutions	54	(1)
Standard Color Solutions and Colorimetry	55	(1)
The Factors that Govern the Absorption of Light	56	(2)
Colorimetric Analysis of a Beverage	58	(1)
Solution Absorption Spectrophotometry	58	(1)
The Use and Abuse of Aluminum and its Compounds	59	(16)
Introduction	60	(2)
Background Chemistry	62	(1)
Additional Reading	63	(2)
Pre-Laboratory Quiz	65	(2)
Laboratory Experiments	67	(1)
Requires one three-hour class period to complete
The Aluminum Can	68	(1)
Recycling Aluminum: The Synthesis of Alum (Potassium Aluminum Sulfate)	69	(4)
Qualitative Analysis of an Alum Sample	73	(1)
A Practical Use for the Reaction of Aluminum with a Base	74	(1)
Instruments: What They Do and What They Don't	75	(22)
Introduction	77	(1)
Background Chemistry	78	(4)
Additional Reading	82	(1)
Pre-Laboratory Quiz	83	(2)
Laboratory Experiments	85	(1)
Requires one three-hour class period to complete
Basic Electronics	86	(1)
The Operation of a Digital/Analog Multimeter as a Measurement Instrument	87	(4)
A Semiconductor Silicon Temperature Sensor System	91	(2)
The Construction and Calibration of a Gas Thermometer	93	(2)
An Extended Range Gas Thermometer	95	(1)
A Novel Pressure Gauge Balance (optional)	96	(1)
Thermochemistry and Solar Energy Storage	97	(17)
Introduction	98	(1)
Background Chemistry	99	(4)
Pre-Laboratory Quiz	103	(2)
Laboratory Experiments	105	(1)
Requires one three-hour class period to complete
Calibration of a Styrofoam Microcalorimeter	106	(3)
Determination of the Specific Heat of Granite Rock Used for Solar Energy Storage	109	(1)
Determination of the Heat of Crystallization of Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate, Na2S2O35H2O	110	(2)
An Assessment of the Microcalorimetric Methodology and the Storage Information Obtained	112	(2)
Solutions and Reactions	114	(23)
Introduction	115	(1)
Background Chemistry	116	(7)
Pre-Laboratory Quiz	123	(2)
Laboratory Experiments	125	(1)
Requires two three-hour class periods to complete
Naming and Making Solutions	126	(2)
Solubility and Solutions	128	(2)
Solutions and Reactions	130	(1)
Four Major Types of Chemical Reaction in Aqueous Solution	131	(2)
A Chemical Reaction Survey: The Ion Reaction Chart	133	(1)
Identification of Three Unknowns	133	(1)
Five Unknowns: Solo	134	(1)
Finding General Solubility Rules	134	(3)
An Introduction to Acids and Bases	137	(19)
Introduction	138	(1)
Background Chemistry	139	(6)
Pre-Laboratory Quiz	145	(2)
Laboratory Experiments	147	(1)
Requires one three-hour class period to complete
Common Laboatory Acids and Bases: Necessary Facts and Some Questions	148	(2)
Indicator Color Probes for Acids and Bases	150	(1)
Microburet Construction	151	(1)
Acid-Base Titrations; Stoichiometry and Molarity	152	(1)
Eggshell and Seashell Analysis	153	(2)
Acid Concentration in Fruits: Pucker Order	155	(1)
Halogens and Their Compounds	156	(20)
Introduction	157	(2)
Background Chemistry	159	(4)
Pre-Laboratory Quiz	163	(2)
Laboratory Experiments	165	(1)
Requires one three-hour class period to complete
From Fluorine to Astatine: A Basic Introduction to the Halogens	166	(2)
The Synthesis and Reactions of Chlorine	168	(1)
A Small-Scale Pilot Plant for the Manufacture of Chlorine by the Industrial Process	169	(2)
Electrochemical Writing with a Halogen	171	(1)
Precipitation Reactions and Titration of a Halide	172	(1)
Redox Analysis of Commercial Bleach	173	(3)
The Chemistry of Natural Waters	176	(18)
Introduction	177	(2)
Background Chemistry	179	(4)
Pre-Laboratory Quiz	183	(2)
Laboratory Experiments	185	(1)
Requires one three-hour class period to complete
The Evaporation of Water Samples to Give Total Dissolved Solids	186	(1)
Divalent Cation Analysis by EDTA Titration	187	(1)
The Dissolution of Rocks	188	(2)
Important Ways of Reporting the Hardness of Water	190	(1)
Determination of the Hardness of Ground-, Spring-, and Wellwater	191	(1)
The Reaction of Divalent Cations with Soap; Soap Titrations	192	(1)
Water Softening with Commercial Water-Conditioning Agents	192	(1)
Divalent Cation Removal by Ion Exchange	193	(1)
Vitamin C Analysis	194	(19)
Introduction	195	(3)
Background Chemistry	198	(7)
Pre-Laboratory Quiz	205	(2)
Laboratory Experiments	207	(1)
Requires two three-hour class periods to complete
Optimizing the Reaction Conditions for the Determination of Vitamin C	208	(1)
Standardization of 2,6-Dichloroindophenol	209	(2)
The Analysis of a Commercial Vitamin C Tablet	211	(1)
Vitamin C Concentration in Fresh Fruit Juices	211	(1)
Analysis of a Breakfast Cereal for Vitamin C	212	(1)
Research Project	212	(1)
Alcohol Abuse: Chemical Tests for Intoxication	213	(24)
Introduction	214	(5)
Background Chemistry	219	(6)
Pre-Laboratory Quiz	225	(2)
Laboratory Experiments	227	(1)
Requires one three-hour class period to complete
Preparation of a Set of Colorimetric Standards for the Determination of Ethanol	228	(2)
The Analysis of Unknown Samples Containing Ethanol	230	(1)
An Exploration of the Relationship between Chemical Structure and the Chemical and Physiological Behavior of Alcohols	231	(3)
Classical Distillation of Samples Containing Ethanol	234	(2)
Drinking and Driving ... A Sad Story	236	(1)
Kinetic Blues	237	(20)
Introduction	238	(3)
Background Chemistry	241	(1)
Additional Reading	242	(1)
Pre-Laboratory Quiz	243	(2)
Laboratory Experiments	245	(1)
Requires one three-hour class period to complete
Experimental Evidence: A Review of ``The System''	246	(1)
A Possible Reaction Mechanism for ``The System''	247	(1)
Further Investigations of the Mechanism and a Comparison of Rates of Reaction	248	(2)
The Rate-Determining Step and the Rate Law for the Overall Reaction	250	(2)
Determination of the Order of Reaction for Fructose and Hydroxide Ion	252	(2)
Determination of the Energy of Activation	254	(3)
Acid-Base Equilibria	257	(42)
Introduction	258	(1)
Background Chemistry	259	(4)
Pre-Laboratory Quiz	263	(2)
Laboratory Experiments	265	(1)
Requires two three-hour class periods to complete
Conductimetry and the Strength of Acids and Bases	266	(1)
Acid-Base Equilibria and Indicator Dyes	267	(1)
Determination of the Ka Values of Weak Acid Indicators	268	(2)
pH Measurement with Indicator Color Probes	270	(2)
The Study of Acid-Base Equilibria by Graphical Interpretation of Titration Data	272	(1)
Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base	272	(2)
Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base	274	(1)
The Measurement of the Ka of a Weak Acid	275	(1)
The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation	276	(1)
Titration Curves and Buffer Solutions	277	(1)
The Dilution of Buffers	278	(1)
The Selection of Weak Acids to Make Buffer Solutions	278	(1)
The Titration of Weak Bases with Strong Acids	278	(1)
The Titration of Polyprotic Acids	279	(2)
Calculations on Diprotic and Triprotic Acids	281	(18)
Redox Equilibria and Electrochemistry	299	(21)
Introduction	300	(1)
Background Chemistry	301	(6)
Pre-Laboratory Quiz	307	(2)
Laboratory Experiments	309	(1)
Requires one three-hour class period to complete
Redox Reaction Investigations	310	(1)
A Small-Scale Electrochemical Cell	311	(3)
An Electrochemical Series from Cell Data	314	(2)
Electrographic Analysis of Metals	316	(1)
Nernst's Law and Potentiometric Redox Titrations	316	(1)
The Ce4+ - Fe2+ Titration	316	(2)
The Fe2+ - Cr2O72- Titration	318	(1)
Lead-Acid Automobile Battery	319	(1)
Acid Deposition	320	(35)
Introduction	321	(7)
Background Chemistry	328	(6)
Additional Reading	334	(3)
Pre-Laboratory Quiz	337	(2)
Laboratory Experiments	339	(1)
Requires two three-hour class periods to complete
Design and Characterization of a Probe System for Acidity and Alkalinity	340	(2)
A Chemical Reaction Source for Nitric Oxide and Exploration of the Atmospheric Transport and Reactions of NOx with Raindrops	342	(3)
Cloud Formation and Cloud Scavenging of NOx	345	(1)
Redox Chemistry of NOx	346	(1)
The Susceptibility of Lakes to Acid Deposition--Model Studies	347	(1)
Source, Transport, and Deposition Reactions of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)	348	(1)
Heterogeneous Oxidation of SO2 to Sulfur Trioxide (SO3) and Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) by Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) in Raindrops and Cloud Drops	349	(1)
The Effect of Acid Deposition on Naturally Occurring Minerals and on Construction Materials	349	(1)
The Effect of SO2 on Plants	350	(2)
Putting It All Together: Acid Deposition from NOx plus SOx	352	(1)
Space Shuttle Launches: An Example of Severe Local Hydrochloric Acid Deposition	353	(2)
Semimicro Qualitative Analysis and Metal Ions	355	(35)
Introduction	356	(3)
Background Chemistry	359	(8)
Pre-Laboratory Quiz	367	(2)
Laboratory Experiments	369	(4)
Requires three three-hour class periods to complete
Group I: The Separation and Detection of Ag+, Pb2+, and Hg22+	373	(2)
Group II: The Separation and Detection of Hg2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+	375	(3)
Group III: The Separation and Detection of Fe3+, Cr3+, Ni2+, Zn2+, and Mn2+	378	(3)
Case History and Analysis of an Unknown Sample	381	(9)
Paper Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography	390	(30)
Introduction	391	(1)
Background Chemistry	392	(11)
Pre-Laboratory Quiz	403	(2)
Laboratory Experiments	405	(1)
Requires one three-hour class period to complete
Paper Chromatography of Dyes	406	(2)
Moist Buffered Phase Chromatography of Nicotine	408	(3)
Calculation of the Kb of Nicotine from Chromatographic Data	411	(2)
Preparation of a Liquid Chromatography Column	413	(1)
Investigations of Column Parameters and Processes	414	(4)
Derivatization of the Silica Gel Stationary Phase	418	(1)
Chromatography of Selected Synthetic Dyes	418	(1)
LC of Beet Pigments	419	(1)
Gas Chromatography	420	(22)
Introduction	421	(1)
Background Chemistry	422	(7)
Pre-Laboratory Quiz	429	(2)
Laboratory Experiments	431	(1)
Requires one three-hour class period to complete
The Construction of a Gas Chromatograph	432	(3)
Measurement of the Retention Time of Air and the Gas Flow Rate	435	(1)
Measurement of the Retention Times of Halocarbons	436	(2)
GC Separation of Halocarbon Mixtures	438	(1)
GC Analysis of Industrial Products	439	(1)
Optimizing a GC System: The Van Deemter Plot	439	(1)
Quantitative Analysis by GC with Photodetection	440	(2)
Surface Chemistry: Bubbles and Films	442	(26)
Introduction	443	(1)
Background Chemistry	444	(5)
Pre-Laboratory Quiz	449	(2)
Laboratory Experiments	451	(1)
Requires one three-hour class period to complete
The Measurement of Surface Tension by Capillary Rise Techniques	452	(1)
The Surface Tension of Water	452	(3)
The Surface Tension of Ethanol	455	(1)
The Surface Tension of Soap and Detergent Solutions	455	(1)
Langmuir-Blodgett-Pockels Techniques and Oil Spill Chemistry	456	(3)
Some Properties of Soap Films	459	(2)
Minimum-Distance Networks and Soap Film Computers	461	(2)
Three-Dimensional Systems: Bubbles and Films on Frames	463	(1)
Free and Captive Bubbles and So Froth	464	(3)
Fun with Big Bubbles	467	(1)
Natural Products Chemistry: Anthocyanins as Food Dyes	468	(19)
Introduction	469	(3)
Background Chemistry	472	(5)
Pre-Laboratory Quiz	477	(2)
Laboratory Experiments	479	(1)
Requires one three-hour class period to complete
The Extraction of Plant Dyes	480	(1)
Anthocyanin Purification by Chromatography	481	(1)
The Solution Chemistry of Anthocyanins	482	(2)
Spectroscopy of Anthocyanins	484	(1)
Anthocyanin Synthesis	485	(1)
The Evaluation of Anthocyanins and Betacyanins as Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Dyes	486	(1)
Zinc Links: Coordination Chemistry and Nutritional Deficiency	487	(21)
Introduction	488	(4)
Background Chemistry	492	(4)
Additional Reading	496	(3)
Pre-Laboratory Quiz	499	(2)
Laboratory Experiments	501	(1)
Requires one three-hour class period to complete
The Preparation of Calibration Standards for the Quantitative Colorimetric Determination of Zinc	502	(1)
Zinc Determination in Unknown Samples	503	(1)
The Chelation of Zinc by Phytate and Other Naturally Occurring Substances	503	(2)
A Quantitative Instrumental Colorimeter for the Determination of Zinc	505	(2)
Calculation of Your Daily Zinc Intake	507	(1)
Appendix 1: Periodic Table of the Elements	508	(1)
Appendix 2: Table of Atomic Masses	509	(1)
Appendix 3: Table of Units and Metric Conversions	510