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This famed scholar explores the nature-nurture debate, and argues that the two interact to shape human development and behavior. Different psychological theories and historical influences are discussed, as is the author's prediction that evolutionary psychology will itself evolve to take better account of cultural influences.
Technological advances offer the potential for prenatal "gene therapy" to cure a child's inherited disease even before birth. Michael D. Lemonick describes how such procedures would be done and the ethical dilemmas they raise.
Fascinating research is revealing the capacities of the fetus before birth, shedding light on prenatal skills of hearing, feeling, and dreaming. Janet Hopson describes brain developments that underlie these skills.
J. Madeleine Nash explains the development of neurons and synapses, the connections between brain cells. Research on vision, motor development, language, and emotion demonstrates that both nature and experience in early childhood play important roles in shaping brain development.
David Geary uses an evolutionary framework and Darwinian principles to predict and understand sex differences in childhood in behaviors such as social development, play, and sexual selection. The influence of culture is also considered.
Susan Gelman's review of research by several prominent developmentalists describes how children's thinking about the world is strongly influenced by the categories that they are able to create and use. Children's thinking is also discussed in terms of the child's ability to distinguish appearance from reality, to understand the orderliness and naturalness of biological growth, and to use words and names as a guide for making inferences.
When do children understand the minds of others? The authors describe research showing the emergence of young children's intuitive or folk psychology, and discuss how parents and the culture can influence children's understanding of others.
Elizabeth Loftus, a prominent scientist in the study of memory development, describes research that demonstrates how suggestion and imagination can create memories of events that did not occur. This work helps us understand how vulnerable our memory is to distortion and fabrication.
Howard Gardner defines intelligence and explains his theory of multiple intelligences. In this interview, he adds a new one--naturalist intelligence--and describes how multiple intelligences are related to teaching and learning.
Jeremy Finn describes the importance of parental involvement in children's success in school, drawing from research to explain which parental behaviors make for effective parental engagement and which make for disengagement.
How do we become afraid of heights? Are we born with that fear or do we learn it through life experiences? This article by prominent researchers describes careful experiments designed to determine whether babies are born with a fear of heights or if they acquire it only after they begin to crawl and to experience moving around in the world.
How does early experience shape our temperaments and personalities? Karen Wright reviews research on monkeys and humans that helps us understand the complex links between behavior and early environment, biology, and personality.
Recent brain research suggests that emotions, not the traditional IQ rating, may be the true measure of human intelligence. Nancy Gibbs examines this latest trend in the assessment of human ability to cope successfully with challenges.
Willard Hartup, a leading scholar of children's friendships, presents research showing the many ways that friends contribute to development in ways distinct from nonfriends. In particular, the author discusses the components of having friends, the identity of one's friends, and the quality of friendship.
There are millions of American children born outside this country and more who were born after their parents moved to the United States. Andrew Fuligni describes the roles of socioeconomic, psychosocial, and cultural factors in the adjustment of immigrant children.
Cootie Phenomenon", Kimberly K. Powlishta, Young Children, May 1995.
Gender segregation--boys playing with boys, girls with girls--is common in childhood. Kim Powlishta describes research on the origins and consequences of this social phenomenon, explains the impact of anus versus them" mentality, and suggests ways to reduce gender segregation.
This distinguished team of leading developmental psychologists summarizes research on parenting related to the interaction of nature and nurture, children's temperament, and the roles of peers and the neighborhood.
These authors present the need to question the assumption of universals in children's development and to consider cultural relativism in studying and working with children and their families. One topic of focus is children's sleeping arrangements in families from different cultures.
This review of research addresses children's adjustment to divorce, life in stepfamilies, and relations to stepparents. The authors also discuss children's characteristics that influence their adjustments to their parents' divorces and remarriages.
Mary Conners discusses different views on discipline and what kinds of discipline are appropriate for different transgressions. The authors include evidence on current and past discipline tactics, and differences between mothers and fathers in how often they punish children.
A leading scholar on day care presents extensive information on the socioeconomics and politics of early child care. Sandra Scarr also summarizes research on the effects of child care on children's social, academic, and emotional development.
Ellen Galinsky offers an interesting article on family life from the child's perspective, asking children about family values and having children grade their mothers and fathers on many aspects of parenting.
Mothers' behavior has long been the emphasis of child development research, but how are fathers important to their children's development? Ronald Rohner describes research on the influence of fathers on children's development and discusses the cultural construction of fatherhood in America.
William Damon, a prominent developmental psychologist, discusses the origins of morality, the universality of values, and the key role that parents play in promoting their children's moral development.
This first-hand account by a mother provides an intimate look at one family's discussions about religion, science, and God. The essay helps us appreciate children's active role in their own spiritual socialization, and how parents and children influence each other through such discussions.
In this article, Jerry Adler offers a fascinating glimpse into the past and future. He presents historical evidence on various aspects of development, from family life to technology and education to religion and the media.
Due to parents' work demands and school schedules, there are now 17 million parents looking for after-school care for their children. Jonathan Alter reports that research suggests that the most dangerous time of day for children is from 2 to 8 p.m., as children without after-school supervision appear to be more likely to have poorer grades and to engage in problem behaviors.
Sharon Begley describes research that shows how both biological factors and environmental ones can increase the risk of a youth's becoming a murderer. The article also discusses the morality of violent children.
In recent years, one in five American children has lived below the poverty level. These authors offer detailed research findings on the relationship between poverty and children's outcomes in physical, emotional, cognitive, and school achievement development.
This eye-opening article presents statistics showing that children are more prone to victimization than are adults. Victimology of childhood falls into three broad categories--pandemic victimization (assault by siblings, parents, peers), acute victimization (physical abuse), and extraordinary victimization (homicide). The authors call for more research and theory on childhood victimology, using a developmental perspective.
Barbara Lowenthal describes evidence on the effects of abuse on the child's brain development. Long-term effects on the child's attachment and intellectual development are also discussed. Suggestions are given for helpful interventions to prevent abuse and promote resilience in children.
Approximately 500,000 to 1 million American children and youth take prescription antidepressants. Howard Chua-Eoan discusses children's depression, what parents and schools can do about it, and the potential long-term risks of antidepressant drugs for children.
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