Childhood Obesity Prevention and Treatment, Second Edition

by Parizkova; Jana

• ISBN13: 9780849322532
• ISBN10: 0849322537
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-01-13
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Childhood Obesity Prevention and Treatment, Second Edition summarizes the latest scientific knowledge on obesity in children. This edition focuses on the developmental aspects of obesity, especially on the influences and factors predisposing individuals to obesity from early periods of life. This new body of knowledge stems from both basic research and recent epidemiological and clinical studies. All chapters are updated and special attention is given to the prevention of obesity in the context of developmental physiology, lifestyle modification, and dietary and physical activity approaches.

Table of Contents

Part 1 Main Characteristics of Childhood Obesity
Introduction	3	(14)
Evaluation of Obesity and Its Causal Factors during Growth	6	(4)
Main Problems in the Treatment of Childhood Obesity	10	(2)
The Role of Lifestyle and the Mass Media in the Development and Prevention of Childhood Obesity	12	(2)
The Position of an Obese Child	14	(1)
Long-Term Consequences of Childhood Obesity	14	(3)
Geographical, Historical, and Epidemiological Aspects	17	(28)
Changes in Obesity Prevalence and Accompanying Variables in Children over Recent Decades in Various Countries	17	(20)
North America	19	(5)
Latin America	24	(1)
Europe	25	(7)
Asian Countries	32	(2)
Middle East, Africa, Oceania	34	(3)
Australia	37	(1)
Problems of Obesity in Third World Countries	37	(5)
Prevalence	37	(1)
Obesity and Stunting	38	(2)
The Effect of Acculturation on Obesity in Children	40	(2)
Summary	42	(3)
Main Factors Associated with Obesity in Various Periods of Growth	45	(36)
Attitudes toward Obesity in Different Periods of Life	45	(2)
Familial Clustering of Obesity and the Effect of Heredity	47	(9)
The Role of Genes on Obesity	56	(4)
The Role of Nutrition in Early Periods of Life	60	(10)
Fetal Period, Birth Weight, Breastfeeding, and Maternal Practices	61	(5)
The Effect of the Relative Composition of the Diet	66	(1)
The Intake of Protein and Adiposity Rebound (AR)	66	(3)
Fats and Carbohydrates	69	(1)
The Role of Physical Activity	70	(4)
The Effect of Social Class	74	(1)
The Role of Sudden Changes in Lifestyle	75	(2)
Recommended Dietary Allowances during Growth	77	(1)
Summary	78	(3)
Physical Characteristics of the Obese Child and Adolescent	81	(40)
Basic Morphological Characteristics, Criteria, and Methods	81	(1)
Body Mass Index (BMI)	82	(14)
Grids for the Evaluation of BMI and Its Rebound in Children	87	(1)
Variation of BMI in Various Countries	88	(2)
BMI Validation	90	(2)
Critical BMI Values as Cutoff Points for Obesity	92	(4)
Body Composition and Depot Fat	96	(14)
Methods	98	(2)
Anthropometric Methods	100	(2)
Methods for the Measurement of the Individual Body Components	102	(1)
Densitometry	102	(1)
Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA)	103	(1)
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)	104	(2)
40K Measurement	106	(1)
Total Body Water by Deuterium or Tritium Oxide	107	(1)
Total Body Electrical Conductivity (TOBEC)	107	(1)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)	108	(1)
Computed Tomography (CT)	109	(1)
Ultrasound	109	(1)
Whole-Body Air-Displacement Plethysmography (ADP)	109	(1)
Comparison of Several Methods: Measuring Children with BIA, TOBEC, and DXA	109	(1)
Creatinine Excretion	110	(1)
Fat Distribution	110	(5)
Skinfold Thickness Ratios (Indices)	111	(1)
Waist Circumference, and Waist/Hip and Waist/Height Ratios	112	(1)
Subcutaneous and Intraabdominal Fat	113	(2)
Muscle Arm and Fat Circumferences	115	(1)
Striae in Obese Children	115	(1)
Growth, Skeletal Age, and Bone Development	115	(2)
Lean Body Mass in Obese Children	117	(1)
Muscle Fibers and Obesity	118	(1)
Summary	119	(2)
Energy Expenditure and Physical Activity	121	(30)
Components of Energy Expenditure	122	(3)
Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) and Resting Energy Expenditure (REE)	125	(3)
Thermic Effect of Food (Diet-Induced Thermogenesis)	128	(1)
Total Energy Expenditure and Physical Activity	129	(4)
Methods	129	(4)
Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure as Related to Fatness	133	(14)
Genetic Factors	135	(2)
Physical Activity and Adiposity in Early Life	137	(2)
Physical Activity and Adiposity in School-Aged Children and Adolescents	139	(8)
Longitudinal Studies of Physical Activity, Fatness, and Cardiovascular Risks	147	(1)
Social Class, Fatness, and Physical Activity	147	(1)
Summary	148	(3)
Evaluation of Functional Status	151	(24)
Cardiorespiratory Function	152	(9)
Criteria and Methods	152	(2)
The Effect of Age, Gender, and Body Composition in Normal and Obese Children	154	(1)
The Effect of Obesity	155	(6)
Lung Function Measurements	161	(2)
Blood Pressure, Cardiac and Aortal Function, and Obesity	163	(4)
Hematological Parameters	167	(1)
Physical Performance and Motor Abilities	168	(3)
Motor Skill	168	(2)
Flexibility	170	(1)
Strength	170	(1)
The Effect of Obesity on Motor Performance at Different Ages	171	(2)
Summary	173	(2)
Food Intake	175	(22)
Methods	176	(1)
Development of Food Behavior in Early Life	176	(2)
Food Intake and Obesity	178	(4)
The Effect of the Composition of the Diet and Eating Behavior	182	(4)
Eating Behavior and Food Preferences	186	(1)
Thermic Effect of Food (Diet-Induced Thermogenesis) and Obesity	187	(2)
The Role of Food Consumption Patterns in the Development of Obesity	189	(3)
Utilization and Oxidation of Macronutrients	192	(2)
Summary	194	(3)
Biochemical Characteristics	197	(8)
Serum Lipids, Lipolysis, and Body Adiposity	197	(4)
Lipid Metabolism in Adipose and Muscle Tissue	201	(1)
Protein Metabolism and Uricemia in Obesity	202	(1)
Mineral Metabolism	203	(1)
Total Antioxidant Capacity and Lipid Soluble Antioxidant Vitamins	203	(1)
Summary	204	(1)
Hormonal Characteristics	205	(24)
Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)	205	(3)
Growth Hormone (GH)	208	(1)
Insulin	209	(4)
Steroid Hormones, Sexual Maturation	213	(1)
Beta-Endorphins and Somatostatin	214	(1)
Leptin	215	(8)
Ghrelin, Adiponectin, Thyroid Hormones, Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, Gastric Inhibitory Peptide	223	(2)
Summary	225	(4)
Psychosocial Aspects of Obesity	229	(16)
Psychosocial Determinants of Obesity	229	(4)
Definition of Body Image	233	(1)
Appearance-Related Body Image	234	(2)
Body Size Distortion	234	(1)
Body Dissatisfaction	234	(1)
Preference for Thinness	235	(1)
Body Size Dissatisfaction	235	(1)
Relevance of Psychological Accompaniments of Physical Growth during Childhood and Adolescence	236	(3)
Sociocultural Influences	239	(1)
Physical Appearance	240	(1)
The ``Ideal'' Body Shape	240	(1)
Body Weight or Body Fatness --- The Real Issue?	241	(1)
Summary	242	(3)
Health Problems	245	(26)
Dyslipidemia, Hemostatic Factors, and Cardiovascular Risks	246	(5)
Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Disorders	251	(3)
Insulin Resistance and Diabetes Mellitus	254	(2)
Multimetabolic Syndrome (MMS)	256	(1)
Hepatic Problems	257	(1)
Respiratory Diseases, Asthma	257	(2)
Hormonal Alterations; Puberty and Its Complications	259	(1)
Orthopedic Problems, Body Posture, and Movement	259	(4)
Dental Caries	263	(1)
Immune Function	263	(1)
Sleep Disturbances	263	(1)
Experimental Model Studies	264	(1)
Developmental and Nutritional Characteristics of Long-Living Populations	265	(1)
Summary	265	(6)
Part 2 Treatment and Management Principles
Treatment and Management	271	(78)
Assessment of the Obese Child	274	(8)
Treatment Strategies and Markers of Success	274	(5)
The Role of Family Support	279	(2)
Individual vs. Group Approaches to Obesity Treatment	281	(1)
The Effect of Diet	282	(16)
Dietary Allowances for Obese Children	283	(1)
The Effect of Low-Energy Diets	284	(7)
Administration of Supplementation in Reducing Diets	291	(1)
Risks of Hypocaloric Diets	292	(1)
The Effect of Hypocaloric Diets on Cardiocirculatory Parameters	292	(2)
Changes in Respiratory Parameters after Weight Reduction	294	(1)
Changes in Biochemical and Hormonal Parameters after a Restricted Diet	294	(3)
Changes in Immunological Parameters after a Hypocaloric Diet	297	(1)
Exercise Management	298	(24)
Relationships between Body Composition and Fitness during Growth	303	(1)
The Effect of Regular Exercise during Growth	304	(4)
The Effect of Sports Participation	308	(2)
Studies of the Effect of Exercise on Experimental Animal Models	310	(1)
The Effect of an Interruption to Regular Exercise on Body Adiposity	311	(3)
The Effect of Exercise in Obese Children and Youth	314	(4)
Changes in Body Composition and Fitness after Exercise Intervention	318	(1)
Hormonal, Circulatory and Metabolic Changes after Exercise-Induced Weight and Fat Reduction	319	(2)
The Effect of Exercise on Cardiocirculatory Parameters	321	(1)
The Results of Combined Treatment by Diet and Exercise	322	(20)
Changes in Body Composition and Fitness Following Weight Reduction	325	(7)
Serum Lipid Changes	332	(2)
Hormonal, Metabolic, and Hemostatic Changes as a Result of Diet and Exercise	334	(7)
Changes in Cardiocirculatory Characteristics and Motor Performance	341	(1)
Changes in Bone Mineral Density	342	(1)
Hormonal Therapy	342	(1)
Pharmacological Treatment	343	(1)
Surgical Interventions	344	(1)
Intragastric Balloon Therapy	345	(1)
Alternative Approaches	346	(1)
Psychological and Behavioral Treatment	346	(1)
Summary	347	(2)
Practical Programs for Weight Management during the Growing Years	349	(40)
Arrangement of Weight-Management Programs for Obese Children	349	(6)
Ambulatory and Outpatient Programs	350	(2)
Treatment in Summer Camps	352	(2)
School-Based Programs	354	(1)
Principles of Weight Reduction Diets for Obese Children	355	(5)
Definition of a Reduction Diet	356	(3)
The Effectiveness of Reduction Diets	359	(1)
The Behavioral Aspect of Dietary Therapy	360	(1)
Defining General Principles of Physical Activity and Exercise for the Obese Child	361	(8)
Aims of Physical Activity and Exercise Interventions	362	(1)
Attitudes of the Child	363	(1)
Knowledge	363	(1)
Skills	363	(2)
Factors to Enhance Program Design and Implementation	365	(1)
Exercise Prescription	366	(1)
Medical Examination and Preparticipation Screening	367	(1)
Mode of Exercise	367	(1)
Frequency of Exercise	368	(1)
Duration of Exercise	368	(1)
Intensity of Exercise	368	(1)
Exercise Program	369	(2)
Conditioning Program	370	(1)
Warm-Up Period	370	(1)
Stretching Activities	370	(1)
Cardiorespiratory Endurance and Strength Activities	370	(1)
Dance, Gymnastics, and Other Motor Skill Activities	370	(1)
Sports and Recreational Skills	371	(1)
Lifestyle Habits	371	(1)
General Guidelines for Exercise Participation	372	(1)
Clothing	372	(1)
Exercise Surface	372	(1)
Appropriate Time to Exercise	372	(1)
Possible Complications Resulting from Exercise	373	(1)
Motivation	373	(1)
Self-Monitoring	374	(1)
Home-Based Exercise Programs	375	(1)
Recommendations for Leisure-Time Activities	376	(2)
The Role of the Teacher and Physical Educator	378	(1)
Suggestions for a Balance between Physical Activity and Exercise	379	(1)
Selected Exercises for Individual Parts of the Body	380	(2)
Body Posture	380	(1)
Breathing Exercises	380	(1)
Other Exercises	380	(1)
Exercises for the Vertebral Column	381	(1)
Exercises for Upper and Lower Extremities	381	(1)
Exercises for the Pelvis	382	(1)
Encouraging Obese Children to Adhere to Regular Exercise	382	(1)
Supportive Role of the Family	383	(1)
Sample Activities That Provide the Basis of an Activity Program for Young Children	384	(3)
Games and Game Skills for Children	384	(1)
Stage 1 Skills	384	(1)
Stage 2 Skills	384	(1)
Stage 3 Skills	385	(1)
Stage 4 Skills	386	(1)
Body Image or Body Awareness, Spatial Awareness, and Eye--Hand and Eye--Foot Coordination	386	(1)
Body Image	386	(1)
Spatial Awareness	387	(1)
Summary	387	(2)
Summary	389	(26)
Main Characteristics of Childhood Obesity	389	(15)
Treatment and Management Principles	404	(11)
General Conclusions and Perspectives	415	(12)
References	427	(76)
Index	503