Children in a Changing World

by Zigler, Edward F.; Stevenson, Matia Finn

• ISBN13: 9780534142384
• ISBN10: 0534142389
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1992-09-01
• Publisher: Wadsworth Pub Co

Summary

"Children in a Changing World" is, first and foremost, a chronologically organized, research-based child development text. All the necessary topics are there--from theories in child development to the latest cognitive research. But Zigler and Finn Stevenson don't stop there. They consistently provide sound coverage of physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development in the context of the current soical conditions that affect children and families.

Table of Contents

Part I Children in a Changing World	2	(72)
Children and Social Change	4	(36)
Why Study Children?	6	(1)
A Brief History of Child Development	6	(3)
The Influence of Locke, Rousseau, and Darwin	6	(2)
Early Observational Studies: Baby Biographies	8	(1)
G. Stanley Hall and Early Experimental Studies	8	(1)
Why Focus on Social Policy?	9	(3)
Development of Interest in Social Policy	9	(1)
Childhood Social Indicators	10	(2)
Growing Up in the 1990s	12	(5)
Changes in Family Life	12	(5)
Not All Poor Families Are Alike	17	(7)
Changes in Demography	23	(1)
Feature: Societal Changes in Other Countries	24	(2)
Learning from Other Cultures: Chinese Population Policies in China	26	(6)
Technological Advances	29	(3)
From Problem to Solution: Addressing Children's Needs	32	(7)
Family Support Programs	32	(2)
The Role of Government	34	(2)
The Role of Business and Industry	36	(1)
The School of the 21st Century	37	(1)
The Role of Advocates	38	(1)
Summary	39	(1)
The Study of Child Development	40	(34)
The Goal of Child Development Research	42	(1)
The Concept of Childhood	42	(2)
Historical Highlights	44	(3)
The Testing Movement	44	(1)
The Increased Popularity of Child Study	45	(2)
Theories of Child Development	47	(9)
What is a Theory?	47	(1)
The Psychoanalytic Theory	48	(2)
The Psychosocial Theory	50	(2)
The Learning Theories	52	(3)
Theories of Cognitive Development	55	(1)
Lev Vygotsky	56	(2)
Sources of Ideas and Evidence	58	(5)
The Cross-Cultural Approach	58	(3)
The Behavioral-Genetic Approach	61	(1)
The Comparative Approach	61	(1)
The Ethological Approach	62	(1)
The Ecological Approach	63	(1)
Dimensions of Child Development Research	63	(9)
Research Evidence versus Personal Knowledge	63	(1)
Types of Research	64	(1)
Methods for Research with Children	64	(6)
Ethical Considerations	70	(1)
The Application of Research to Practice	71	(1)
Summary	72	(2)
Part II The Beginning of Life	74	(82)
Our Biological Heritage	76	(38)
Gene/Environment Transactions	78	(17)
Canalization	80	(1)
Transmission of Genetic Information	81	(3)
Complex Gene Activity	84	(1)
Genes and Chromosomes	85	(2)
The Beginning of Life and Cell Division	87	(2)
Genetic Variability	89	(1)
Sex Chromosomes	90	(5)
Do You Know Your Genes?	95	(1)
The Human Genome Project	95	(3)
Discussion of Social Issues: Detecting Genetic Disorders and Genetic Engineering	98	(4)
Heredity and Behavior	102	(1)
Methods of Studying Heredity and Behavior	102	(1)
Alcoholism is Linked to Genetic Abnormality	102	(3)
Heredity and Intelligence	105	(4)
Inheritance of Personality Traits	109	(1)
Mental Disorders: A Genetic Link	110	(2)
Summary	112	(2)
Prenatal Development and Birth	114	(42)
Prenatal Development	116	(1)
Conception	116	(1)
Infertility	117	(7)
Stages of Prenatal Development	118	(6)
Sensory Capabilities	124	(1)
Environmental Influences	124	(1)
Learning in the Womb	124	(6)
Influence of Teratogens	127	(3)
Crack Babies	130	(2)
Feature: The Father's Role in Birth Defects	132	(8)
Legal Implications: Protecting the Fetus	135	(1)
Diseases of the Mother	136	(1)
The Mother's Age	137	(1)
Genetic Problems: Rh Factor	137	(1)
The Mother's Emotions	138	(1)
Nutrition	138	(2)
Discussion of Social Issues: Poverty, Pregnancy, and Child Development	140	(3)
The WIC Program	141	(2)
Birth	143	(4)
The Birth Process	143	(1)
Evaluating the Newborn	144	(1)
Birthing Options	144	(2)
Risks to Infants During Delivery	146	(1)
Prematurity and Low Birth Weight	147	(3)
Mothers of Premature Infants	148	(1)
Fathers of Premature Infants	148	(1)
Early Intervention Programs	149	(1)
Social Aspects of Pregnancy and Birth	150	(1)
Attitudes Toward Pregnancy and Childrearing	151	(1)
Learning from Other Cultures: The Desire to Have Children	151	(4)
Learning to Be Parents	153	(2)
Summary	155	(1)
Part III Infancy	156	(122)
Physical Development During Infancy	158	(46)
The Newborn	160	(8)
Characteristics of the Newborn	161	(1)
Appearance	162	(1)
Individuality	162	(6)
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome	168	(4)
Dependence and Competence	169	(3)
Breast-Feeding	172	(4)
Feature: Understanding Colic	176	(2)
Sensory and Perceptual Capabilities	178	(6)
Hearing	179	(1)
Vision	180	(3)
Touch, Smell, and Taste	183	(1)
Feature: A Quest for Superbabies	184	(2)
Interconnectedness Among the Senses	185	(1)
Physical Growth and Motor Development	186	(5)
Physical Growth	186	(3)
The Brain	189	(2)
Discussion of Social Issues: Babies with AIDS	191	(4)
Motor Development	192	(2)
The Role of Maturation and the Environment	194	(1)
Learning from Other Cultures: Motor Development and Childrearing Practices	195	(1)
Atypical Development	196	(7)
The Birth of Severely Disabled Infants	196	(2)
Identifying the Disabled Infant	198	(4)
Early Intervention Programs	202	(1)
Summary	203	(1)
Cognitive and Language Development During Infancy	204	(36)
Cognitive Development	206	(2)
Learning in Early Life	206	(2)
Learning Through Imitation	208	(5)
Memory	209	(2)
Forming Categories	211	(2)
Approaches to Studying Cognitive Development	213	(3)
The Information-Processing Approach	214	(1)
The Piagetian Approach	215	(1)
Piaget's Sensorimotor Period	216	(5)
The Sensorimotor Period	218	(3)
Language Development	221	(2)
Theories of Language Acquisition	221	(2)
Feature: Genie: A Modern-Day Wild Child	223	(3)
Milestones in Language Development	224	(2)
The Role of Motherese in Language Acquisition	226	(5)
The First Words	228	(2)
Combining Words	230	(1)
New Ways Infants Are Growing Up Today	231	(4)
Teaching Babies to Read	231	(3)
The Role of Parents in Cognitive Development	234	(1)
Discussion of Social Issues: Infants in Out-of-Home Group Care	235	(3)
Research Findings	236	(1)
What Is Quality Care?	237	(1)
The Reality of U.S. Child Care	237	(1)
Summary	238	(2)
Social and Emotional Development During Infancy	240	(38)
Early Social Development: Becoming Acquainted	242	(12)
Research on Mother/Infant Interactions	243	(3)
The Baby's Social Predisposition	246	(3)
The Infant's Emotional Life	249	(1)
Smiling	249	(3)
Fear	252	(2)
Social Referencing	254	(2)
Establishing Relationships: Attachment	256	(4)
Individual Differences in Attachment	256	(2)
Theories of Attachment	258	(1)
Influences on Attachment	259	(1)
Learning from Other Cultures: Cultural Influences on Attachment	260	(3)
Importance of Attachment	260	(3)
Reversing the Negative Effects of Early Deprivation	263	(2)
Discussion of Social Issues: Foster Care	265	(2)
Infants of Working Mothers	266	(1)
Feature: Black Children in Foster Care	267	(7)
Relationships with Others	274	(3)
Infants and Their Fathers	274	(2)
Peer Relationships	276	(1)
Summary	277	(1)
Part IV The Preschool Years	278	(106)
Physical Development During the Preschool Years	280	(32)
Progress in Physical Growth and Motor Development	282	(12)
Physical Growth	282	(4)
Brain Development	286	(2)
Development of Motor Skills	288	(5)
Increased Competence in Self-Help Skills	293	(1)
Learning from Other Cultures: Toilet Training	294	(2)
Influences on Growth	296	(2)
Malnutrition	296	(2)
Discussion of Social Issues: Child Maltreatment	298	(6)
Obesity	302	(1)
Health Care	303	(1)
Feature: Immunizing Children	304	(7)
Childhood Injuries	307	(4)
Summary	311	(1)
Cognitive and Language Development During the Preschool Years	312	(34)
Cognitive Development	315	(9)
Piaget's Theory: The Preoperational Period	315	(8)
Alternative Explanations of Cognition	323	(1)
Language Development	324	(3)
Language Acquisition	324	(1)
Learning the Rules of Grammar	325	(2)
Overregularization	327	(1)
Learning the Meaning of Words	327	(4)
Articulation	328	(1)
Egocentric and Socialized Speech	328	(1)
Learning to Communicate	329	(2)
Getting Ready for School: Learning Environments	331	(3)
The Family	331	(1)
Child Care	332	(2)
Training Child Care Providers	334	(3)
Television: Its Educational Value	336	(1)
Preschool	336	(1)
Learning from Other Cultures: Preschools in the United States, Japan, and China	337	(2)
Discussion of Social Issues: Preschool Intervention Programs	339	(5)
School Readiness: What Does It Mean?	344	(1)
Summary	344	(2)
Social and Emotional Development During the Preschool Years	346	(38)
The Social World	348	(1)
The Preschool Child: A Theoretical Perspective	348	(3)
Expanding Family Relations	349	(2)
Discussion of Social Issues: Children of Divorce	351	(9)
Relations with Siblings	353	(1)
Peer Relations	354	(2)
Play	356	(4)
Personality and Emotional Development	360	(12)
Relating to Others	360	(4)
Emergence of the Self-Concept	364	(3)
Explaining Sex Differences in Behavior	367	(3)
Theoretical Perspectives	370	(2)
Socialization	372	(5)
Socialization in the Family	372	(1)
Parental Care-Giving Practices	373	(4)
Learning from Other Cultures: Influences on Socialization	377	(5)
Minority-Group Children in the United States	377	(1)
The Role of Television	378	(3)
Effects of Child Care on Socialization	381	(1)
Summary	382	(2)
Part V The Middle Childhood Years	384	(104)
Physical Development During Middle Childhood	386	(24)
Progress in Physical Growth and Motor Development	388	(3)
Motor Skills	389	(2)
Poor Physical Fitness: An Unhealthy Trend Among School-Age Children	391	(5)
Physical Growth	392	(4)
Feature: Cultural Variations in Activity Levels: The Hispanic Child in School	396	(5)
Health Issues	401	(5)
Obesity	401	(1)
Stress	402	(1)
Injuries	403	(1)
Health Care	404	(2)
Discussion of Social Issues: Homeless Children	406	(2)
Summary	408	(2)
Cognitive Development During Middle Childhood	410	(40)
Cognitive Development	412	(15)
Information-Processing Approach	412	(3)
Piaget's Theory: The Concrete Operations Period	415	(11)
Piaget and Education	426	(1)
Language Development	427	(1)
Metalinguistic Awareness	427	(1)
Literacy and Metalinguistic Awareness	428	(7)
Humor	430	(1)
Language-Minority Children	431	(4)
The Child in School	435	(1)
The School as a Learning Environment	435	(1)
Children's Cognitive Style	436	(1)
Learning from Other Cultures: The Effects of Schooling on Cognitive Development	437	(2)
Learning Problems	438	(1)
Feature: Testing Young Children: Concerns and Precautions	439	(7)
Discussion of Social Issues: Mainstreaming	446	(3)
Summary	449	(1)
Social and Emotional Development During Middle Childhood	450	(38)
Progress in Social and Emotional Development	452	(13)
Advances in Social Cognition: Role-Taking	452	(4)
Moral Development	456	(6)
Advances in the Self-Concept	462	(2)
Influences on Self-Esteem	464	(1)
Self-Esteem in Minority-Group Children	465	(1)
The Social World of the School-Age Child	466	(4)
The School	467	(1)
The Influence of Teachers	467	(2)
A Society of Children	469	(1)
Corporal Punishment	470	(5)
Feature: Social Skills Training	475	(3)
The Family	476	(2)
Corporate Support of Family Life	478	(2)
Discussion of Social Issues: Children in Self-Care	480	(7)
Single-Parent Families	483	(1)
Poverty	483	(1)
Helping Children Cope with Stress	484	(3)
Summary	487	(1)
Part VI Adolescence	488	(87)
Physical Development During Adolescence	490	(28)
What Is Adolescence?	492	(2)
Adolescence as a Cultural Invention	492	(1)
The Passage to Adulthood	493	(1)
Learning from Other Cultures: Sexual Scripts	494	(3)
Storm and Stress or Cultural Expectations?	496	(1)
Physical Changes During Adolescence	497	(10)
Puberty	497	(2)
The Growth Spurt	499	(1)
Changes in Body Proportions	500	(1)
Increased Nutritional Needs	501	(1)
Eating Disorders	502	(1)
Sexual Maturation	503	(4)
Discussion of Social Issues: Teenage Pregnancy and Childbearing	507	(4)
The Impact of Physical Changes on Psychological Development	511	(6)
The Timing of Puberty	511	(2)
Depression During Adolescence	513	(1)
Adolescent Suicide	514	(3)
Summary	517	(1)
Cognitive Development During Adolescence	518	(26)
Intellectual Development	520	(1)
Research on Adolescent Thought	520	(1)
Adolescent Egocentrism	521	(6)
Piaget's Theory	522	(3)
The Inadequacy of Piagetian Tests	525	(1)
Information-Processing	526	(1)
Intellectual Performance	527	(1)
Children with Mental Retardation	527	(8)
What Is Intelligence?	528	(3)
Measuring Intelligence	531	(4)
Socioeconomic Status and IQ	535	(1)
The Adolescent in School	536	(3)
Discussion of Social Issues: High School Compensatory Education	539	(4)
Preventing Truancy and School Dropout	541	(1)
Do Schools Make a Difference?	542	(1)
Summary	543	(1)
Social and Emotional Development During Adolescence	544	(31)
The Search for a Personal Identity	546	(12)
Theoretical Perspectives	547	(2)
The Social Context	549	(7)
Peers	556	(2)
Friendship Patterns Among Black and White Adolescents	558	(5)
Feature: Drug and Alcohol Abuse	563	(5)
The Family	564	(4)
Discussion of Social Issues: Runaway, Homeless, and Delinquent Youths	568	(4)
Facilitating the Transition from Childhood to Adulthood	571	(1)
Summary	572	(3)
Glossary	575	(9)
References	584	(53)
Name Index	637	(10)
Subject Index	647