Children and the Law: Doctrine, Policy and Practice

by Abrams, Douglas E.; Ramsey, Sarah H.

• ISBN13: 9780314263254
• ISBN10: 031426325X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-07-01
• Publisher: West Academic

Summary

This casebook emphasizes doctrine, policy, and practice. It presents three central themes: the interrelated rights and obligations of children, parents, and government; ways the legal system assesses and uses children's competence to shape regulation; and the role of the child's lawyer. Volume covers several relevant international law issues, including the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, international child labor, and U.S. tobacco exports to children overseas. The authors have devoted entire chapters to the representation of children, the meaning of "parent," abuse and neglect, the foster care system, adoption, medical decision-making, support and other financial responsibilities, protective legislation, and delinquency.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Acknowledgments	ix
Table of Cases	xxxiii
The Status, Rights and Obligations of Children	1	(124)
Childhood in America	1	(13)
Contemporary Conditions and Needs	1	(1)
Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development, Starting Points: Meeting the Needs of Our Youngest Children	1	(3)
Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development, Great Transitions: Preparing Adolescents for a New Century	4	(1)
Notes	5	(5)
The Lawyer's Role	10	(1)
American Bar Association Working Group on the Unmet Legal Needs of Children and Their Families, America's Children at Risk: A National Agenda for Legal Action	11	(1)
Notes	12	(2)
The Law's Evolving Conception of Children's Status, Rights and Obligations	14	(99)
The Status of Childhood: An Introduction	14	(2)
The Parens Patriae Doctrine, Parental Prerogatives, and the Child's Obligation to Obey	16	(1)
Common Law Background	16	(1)
Commentaries on the Laws of England	16	(1)
III William Blackstone
A Very Special Place in Life: The History of Juvenile Justice in Missouri	16	(1)
Douglas E. Abrams
Notes	17	(3)
Problem 1--1	20	(1)
The American Conception	20	(1)
The Traditional Roles of Parents and the Government	20	(1)
Meyer v. Nebraska	21	(3)
Pierce v. Society of Sisters	24	(1)
Notes and Questions	25	(2)
The Movement Toward ``Children's Rights''	27	(1)
Prince v. Massachusetts	27	(5)
Notes and Questions	32	(2)
Problem 1--2	34	(1)
A Note on Brown v. Board of Education (1954) and In re Gault (1967)	34	(2)
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District	36	(7)
Notes and Questions	43	(11)
Board of Education v. Earls	54	(5)
Notes and Questions	59	(3)
Problem 1--3	62	(1)
Reconciling Parents' and Children's Rights	62	(1)
Troxel v. Granville	63	(10)
Notes and Questions	73	(2)
May Children Articulate Their Own Interests?	75	(1)
The General Question	75	(1)
Wisconsin v. Yoder	75	(3)
Notes and Questions	78	(1)
The Mature--Minor Doctrine	79	(1)
Bellotti v. Baird	79	(7)
Notes and Questions	86	(4)
Problem 1--4	90	(1)
Statutory Influence	91	(1)
Cedar Rapids Community School District v. Garret F.	91	(5)
Notes and Questions	96	(7)
An International--Law Basis for Children's Rights?	103	(2)
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child	105	(6)
Notes and Questions	111	(2)
Perspectives on Children's Rights	113	(12)
Children's Rights: A Framework for Analysis	113	(1)
Michael S. Wald
Children's Liberation and the New Egalitarianism: Some Reservations About Abandoning Youth to Their ``Rights''	114	(3)
Bruce C. Hafen
Children, Curfews and the Constitution	117	(1)
Katherine Hunt Federle
Hatching the Egg: A Child--Centered Perspective On Parents' Rights	118	(2)
Barbara Bennett Woodhouse
What Ever Happened to Children's Rights?	120	(1)
Martha Minow
Notes and Questions	121	(2)
Problem 1--5	123	(2)
Defining the Child-Parent Relationship	125	(82)
Establishing Paternity and Maternity	125	(37)
The Importance of Marriage	125	(1)
Historical Background on Children Born to Unmarried Parents	125	(1)
Commentaries on the Laws of England	125	(1)
William Blackstone
Commentaries on American Law	126	(2)
James Kent
Note	128	(1)
Surnames	128	(3)
Unmarried Parents: The Contemporary Context	131	(1)
``Illegitimacy''	131	(1)
Constitutional and Statutory Reform	131	(2)
Intestate Succession	133	(1)
Citizenship	134	(1)
Notes and Questions	135	(3)
Who Is a ``Father''?	138	(1)
The Coming Revolution in Child Support Policy: Implications of the 1996 Welfare Act	139	(4)
Paul K. Legler
Michael H. v. Gerald D.	143	(7)
Notes and Questions	150	(3)
Problem 2--1	153	(1)
Problem 2--2	153	(1)
Who Is a ``Mother?''	154	(1)
Johnson v. Calvert	154	(6)
Notes and Questions	160	(2)
Questioning the Definition of ``Parent''	162	(24)
Applying the Law	162	(1)
Alison D. v. Virginia M.	162	(4)
Notes and Questions	166	(2)
A Note on the American Law Institute's Principles of the Law of Family Dissolution: Analysis and Recommendations (2000)	168	(1)
Problem 2--3	169	(1)
In re A.R.A	170	(3)
Notes and Questions	173	(1)
Rethinking Parenthood as an Exclusive Status: The Need for Legal Alternatives When the Premise of the Nuclear Family Has Failed	173	(2)
Katharine T. Bartlett
Notes and Questions	175	(1)
Problem 2--4	176	(1)
Problem 2--5	177	(1)
Problem 2--6	177	(1)
Problem 2--7	178	(1)
Evaluating Claims to Parenthood	179	(1)
Parents as Fiduciaries	179	(2)
Elizabeth S. Scott
Robert E. Scott
On the Duties and Rights of Parents	181	(2)
Carl E. Schneider
Re-Expressing Parenthood	183	(1)
Katharine T. Bartlett
Notes and Questions	184	(1)
A ``Modest Proposal'': State Licensing of Parents	184	(1)
Howard B. Eisenberg
Notes and Questions	185	(1)
Guardianship	186	(14)
Contested Guardianship	186	(1)
Guardianship of Phillip B.	186	(8)
Notes and Questions	194	(1)
The Guardianship of Phillip B: Jay Spears' Achievement	195	(1)
Robert H. Mnookin
The Guardian's Role	196	(1)
Reinventing Guardianship: Subsidized Guardianship, Foster Care, and Child Welfare	196	(3)
Meryl Schwartz
Notes and Questions	199	(1)
Problem 2--8	200	(1)
Emancipation: The Hastening of Adulthood	200	(7)
In re Thomas C.	200	(4)
Notes and Questions	204	(1)
Problem 2--9	205	(1)
Problem 2--10	205	(1)
Problem 2--11	206	(1)
Representing Children	207	(79)
Introduction	207	(5)
Who Speaks for the Child?	207	(1)
Leonard P. Edwards
Inger J. Sagatun
A Comprehensive Approach to the Representation of Children: The Child Advocacy Coordinating Council	208	(2)
Leonard P. Edwards
Notes	210	(2)
Children's Abilities and Legal Disabilities	212	(20)
Child Development Research	212	(1)
A Judge's Ethical Dilemma: Assessing a Child's Capacity to Choose	212	(6)
Wallace J. Mlyniec
Notes and Questions	218	(1)
Interviewing Children	219	(1)
Interviewing, Counseling, and in Court Examination of Children: Practical Approaches	219	(3)
Nancy W. Perry
Larry L. Teply
Notes and Questions	222	(1)
Children as Witnesses	222	(1)
Competency to Testify	222	(1)
Child Witnesses: Fragile Voices in the American Legal System	222	(2)
Lucy S. McGough
People v. Mitchell	224	(1)
Notes and Questions	225	(2)
Accuracy	227	(1)
The Child's Right to Sue	227	(1)
Kingsley v. Kingsley	227	(3)
Notes and Questions	230	(2)
The Role of the Child's Counsel	232	(54)
Children's Ability to Advise Counsel	232	(1)
A Paradigm for Determining the Role of Counsel For Children	233	(1)
Martin Guggenheim
The Ethics of Empowerment: Rethinking the Role of Lawyers in Interviewing and Counseling the Child Client	234	(2)
Katherine Hunt Federle
Representation of the Child in Protection Proceedings: The Determination of Decision--Making Capacity	236	(2)
Sarah H. Ramsey
The Roles and Content of Best Interests in Client-Directed Lawyering for Children in Child Protective Proceedings	238	(1)
Jean Koh Peters
Questions	239	(1)
The Traditional Role	240	(1)
Grunewald v. Technibilt Corporation	240	(3)
Notes and Questions	243	(1)
Problem 3--1	244	(1)
Counsel's Role in Abuse, Neglect and Adoption Cases	245	(1)
In re Jamie TT	245	(3)
Notes and Questions	248	(2)
In the Interest of A.W.	250	(5)
Notes and Questions	255	(2)
Problem 3--2	257	(1)
In re Jeffrey R.L.	258	(1)
Notes and Questions	259	(3)
Problem 3--3	262	(1)
A Note on the Child's Counsel in Adoption Proceedings	262	(1)
Counsel's Role in Delinquency and Status Offense Cases	263	(1)
In re Johnston	263	(4)
Notes and Questions	267	(6)
In re W.C.	273	(7)
Notes and Questions	280	(1)
A Note on Counsel for the Child in Status Offense Proceedings	280	(1)
A Note on Representation of Children in Adult Criminal Court	281	(1)
Providing Effective Representation for Youth Prosecuted As Adults, Bureau of Justice Assistance Bulletin	281	(3)
Malcolm C. Young
Problem 3--4	284	(2)
Abuse and Neglect	286	(155)
Introduction	286	(5)
Note	290	(1)
Discovering Abuse and Neglect: Reporting Statutes	291	(14)
Rethinking the Paradigm for Child Protection	292	(1)
Jane Waldfogel
Valmonte v. Bane	293	(7)
Notes and Questions	300	(5)
Problem 4--1	305	(1)
The Child Protection System: A Composite Case	305	(4)
Dep't of Health & Human Services, U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, Child Abuse and Neglect: Critical First Steps in Response to a National Emergency	305	(4)
Limits on Intervention	309	(10)
In re Knowack	310	(1)
In re Juvenile Appeal	311	(6)
Notes and Questions	317	(1)
Problem 4--2	318	(1)
Problem 4--3	319	(1)
Patterns of Abuse and Neglect	319	(54)
Neglect	320	(1)
In re S.T.	320	(6)
Notes and Questions	326	(2)
Psychological Maltreatment	328	(4)
Problem 4--4	332	(1)
Abuse	332	(1)
The Battered Child Syndrome	332	(3)
The Shaken Baby Syndrome	335	(1)
The Target Child	335	(1)
Why Do Parents Abuse Their Children?	336	(1)
Family Violence: What We Know and Can Do	337	(2)
Richard J. Gelles
The Extent and Consequences of Child Maltreatment	339	(2)
Diana J. English
Diagnosed Intellectual and Emotional Impairment Among Parents Who Seriously Mistreat Their Children: Prevalence, Type, and Outcome in a Court Sample	341	(1)
Carol Taylor
Notes and Questions	342	(1)
Corporal Punishment	343	(1)
In re C. Children	343	(1)
Notes and Questions	344	(1)
Raboin v. North Dakota Department of Human Services	345	(2)
Notes and Questions	347	(4)
Problem 4--5	351	(1)
Problem 4--6	351	(1)
Problem 4--7	352	(1)
Sexual Abuse	353	(1)
Failure to Protect	354	(1)
In re T.G.	354	(3)
Notes and Questions	357	(1)
Problem 4--8	358	(1)
Proving the Case	358	(1)
In re Nicole V.	358	(4)
Notes and Questions	362	(1)
Preventing Sexual Abuse	363	(1)
Sexual Abuse and Physical Abuse: Some Critical Differences	364	(1)
David Finkelhor
U.S. General Accounting Office, Cycle of Sexual Abuse: Research Inconclusive About Whether Child Victims Become Adult Abusers	365	(1)
Newborns With Positive Toxicologies	366	(1)
In re Dante M.	366	(4)
Notes and Questions	370	(3)
Problem 4--9	373	(1)
Duty to Investigate	373	(10)
DeShaney v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services	373	(8)
Notes and Questions	381	(2)
The Prosecutor's Role	383	(2)
Questions	384	(1)
The Reasonable Efforts Requirement	385	(6)
In re N.M.W.	385	(4)
Notes and Questions	389	(2)
Problem 4--10	391	(1)
Termination of Parental Rights	391	(33)
Due Process Protections for Parents	392	(1)
Santosky v. Kramer	392	(11)
Notes and Questions	403	(1)
A Note on Lassiter v. Department of Social Services and the Right to Counsel	404	(1)
A Note on M.L.B. v. S.L.J. and the Right to Appeal	405	(1)
When Should Parental Rights Be Terminated?	406	(1)
In re Ashley A.	406	(4)
Notes and Questions	410	(2)
In re Jeffrey R.L.	412	(3)
Notes and Questions	415	(4)
In re Adoption of B.O.	419	(3)
Questions	422	(1)
Problem 4--11	423	(1)
Social Class, Ethnic, and Racial Bias	424	(10)
Overview	424	(1)
U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, Child Abuse and Neglect: Critical First Steps In Response to a National Emergency	424	(1)
Poverty and Race	425	(1)
Children of Color in the Child Welfare System: Toward Explaining Their Disproportionate Involvement in Comparison to Their Numbers in the General Population, Executive Summary	425	(3)
Richard P. Barth
Shattered Bonds	428	(1)
Dorothy Roberts
Note	429	(1)
The Indian Child Welfare Act	430	(3)
Understanding Cultural Context	433	(1)
Making Differences Work: Cultural Context in Abuse and Neglect Practice for Judges and Attorneys	433	(1)
Karen Aileen Howze
Notes	434	(1)
Finding a Cure	434	(7)
Effective Intervention With Neglectful Families	434	(1)
James M. Gaudin
Prevention of Child Neglect: Emerging Issues	435	(2)
David Wolfe
Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting and Investigation: Policy Guidelines for Decision Making	437	(2)
Douglas J. Besharov
Notes and Questions	439	(2)
Foster Care	441	(103)
The Current Status of Foster Care	441	(9)
U.S. General Accounting Office, Child Welfare: Complex Needs Strain Capacity to Provide Services	442	(1)
U.S. General Accounting Office, Foster Care: State Efforts to Improve the Permanency Planning Process Show Some Promise	443	(2)
Congressional Research Service, Adoption Promotion Legislation in the 105th Congress	445	(2)
Karen Spar
Notes	447	(3)
The Court's Role in Permanency Planning	450	(4)
Child Protection Cases in a Unified Family Court	450	(3)
Mark Hardin
Notes	453	(1)
The Child's Right to a ``Family''	454	(27)
Smith v. Organization of Foster Families for Equality and Reform	454	(11)
Notes and Questions	465	(5)
In re Ashley K	470	(5)
Procopio v. Johnson	475	(4)
Notes and Questions	479	(1)
Problem 5--1	480	(1)
The Child's Right to Services and Protection from Harm	481	(30)
Suter v. Artist M.	481	(3)
Notes and Questions	484	(1)
Problem 5--2	485	(1)
LaShawn A. v. Kelly	485	(13)
Marisol A. v. Giuliani	498	(10)
Notes and Questions	508	(3)
Liability for Harm	511	(8)
Kara B. v. Dane County	511	(5)
Notes and Questions	516	(2)
Problem 5--3	518	(1)
Types of Placements	519	(25)
Foster Parents	519	(1)
Kinship Care: Relatives as Foster Parents	519	(1)
U.S. General Accounting Office, Child Welfare: Complex Needs Strain Capacity to Provide Services	519	(1)
Notes and Questions	520	(2)
Problem 5--4	522	(1)
Racial and Ethnic Matching	522	(1)
Religious Matching	523	(1)
Institutional Care	523	(1)
Placements and Poverty	523	(1)
``Let Them Starve'': Government's Obligation to Children in Poverty	524	(2)
Sarah Ramsey
Daan Braveman
Notes and Questions	526	(3)
Types of Facilities	529	(1)
Guardianship	530	(1)
Guardianship Petition of Lupe C.	530	(4)
Questions	534	(1)
Reinventing Guardianship: Subsidized Guardianship, Foster Care, and Child Welfare	534	(3)
Meryl Schwartz
Notes	537	(1)
Problem 5--5	537	(1)
Problem 5--6	538	(1)
Independent Living	538	(1)
Extending Non-Exclusive Parenting and the Right to Protection for Older Foster Children: Creating Third Options in Permanency Planning	538	(4)
Susan Vivian Mangold
Note	542	(2)
Criminal Abuse and Neglect	544	(113)
Abuse, Neglect and Child Endangerment	544	(26)
Commonwealth v. Ogin	544	(6)
Notes and Questions	550	(6)
Problem 6--1	556	(1)
Problem 6--2	556	(1)
Problem 6--3	556	(1)
Problem 6--4	557	(1)
State v. Crawford	557	(5)
Notes and Questions	562	(2)
A Note on Parental--Liability Statutes	564	(3)
Problem 6--5	567	(1)
A Note on the ``Cultural Defense'' to Abuse, Neglect or Endangerment Prosecutions	567	(2)
Problem 6--6	569	(1)
Sexual Abuse	570	(73)
The Nature of the Problem	570	(1)
Castrating Pedophiles Convicted of Sex Offenses Against Children: New Treatment or Old Punishment?	570	(2)
William Winslade
Terminating the Parent--Child Relationship as a Response to Child Sexual Abuse	572	(1)
Donald C. Bross
The Basis for Criminal Intervention	573	(1)
Terminating the Parent-Child Relationship as a Response to Child Sexual Abuse	573	(2)
Donald C. Bross
Ferris v. Santa Clara County	575	(1)
Notes and Questions	576	(8)
Problem 6--7	584	(1)
Proving the Case	584	(1)
Difficulties of Proof	585	(1)
The Reliability of Expert Psychological Testimony in Child Sexual Abuse Prosecutions	585	(1)
Lisa R. Askowitz
Michael H. Graham
The Child Victim's Testimony	586	(1)
Remaking Confrontation Clause and Hearsay Doctrine Under the Challenge of Child Sexual Abuse Prosecutions	586	(2)
Robert P. Mosteller
Notes and Questions	588	(2)
Idaho v. Wright	590	(8)
Notes and Questions	598	(1)
Problem 6--8	599	(1)
Maryland v. Craig	599	(7)
Notes and Questions	606	(5)
Problem 6--9	611	(1)
Problem 6--10	612	(1)
Problem 6--11	612	(1)
Expert Testimony	613	(1)
Expert Testimony in Child Sexual Abuse Litigation	613	(7)
John E.B. Myers
Note	620	(1)
Prospective Restraints on the Offender	621	(1)
Civil Commitment	622	(1)
Kansas v. Hendricks	622	(8)
Notes and Questions	630	(4)
Registration and Community Notification	634	(1)
Connecticut Department of Public Safety v. Doe	635	(3)
Notes and Questions	638	(5)
Child Pornography	643	(14)
New York v. Ferber	643	(7)
Notes and Questions	650	(7)
Adoption	657	(105)
Introduction	657	(2)
The Emergence of a Modern American Family Law: Child Custody, Adoption, and the Courts, 1796--1851	657	(1)
Jamil S. Zainaldin
Notes and Questions	658	(1)
Who May Adopt a Child?	659	(19)
In the Interest of Angel Lace M	659	(7)
Notes and Questions	666	(9)
Problem 7--1	675	(1)
Problem 7--2	676	(1)
A Note on ``Equitable Adoption''	677	(1)
Adoption Intermediaries and Their Regulation	678	(19)
Agency Adoptions and Private Placements	678	(1)
The Privatization of Family Law	678	(3)
Jana B. Singer
Notes and Questions	681	(4)
A Note on the Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children	685	(2)
Baby Selling	687	(1)
State v. Clark	687	(2)
Notes and Questions	689	(2)
The Regulation of the Market in Adoptions	691	(4)
Richard A. Posner
Notes and Questions	695	(2)
The Consent Requirement	697	(35)
The Requirement of Informed and Voluntary Consent	697	(1)
Note and Questions	698	(1)
Problem 7--3	699	(1)
The Rights of Unwed Parents	699	(1)
The Constitutional Law	700	(1)
Stanley v. Illinois	700	(5)
Notes and Questions	705	(1)
Lehr v. Robertson	705	(9)
Notes and Questions	714	(4)
Problem 7--4	718	(1)
A Note on Putative Father Registries	719	(2)
Problem 7--5	721	(1)
Strains on the Constitutional Law	721	(1)
In re Petition of Doe	722	(1)
In re Petition of Doe	723	(3)
Notes and Questions	726	(5)
Problem 7--6	731	(1)
Problem 7--7	732	(1)
Open Adoption	732	(5)
In re Adoption of C.H.	733	(2)
Notes and Questions	735	(2)
Cultural and Religious Identity	737	(10)
Transracial Adoption	737	(2)
Transracial Adoption (TRA): Old Prejudices and Discrimination Float Under a New Halo	739	(2)
Ruth--Arlene W. Howe
Orphans of Separatism: The Painful Politics of Transracial Adoption	741	(2)
Randall Kennedy
Notes and Questions	743	(2)
Native American Adoption	745	(1)
Religion	745	(2)
International Adoption	747	(1)
Post-Adoption Disputes	748	(9)
Gibbs v. Ernst	748	(6)
Notes and Questions	754	(3)
Problem 7--8	757	(1)
Adoptees' Rights to ``Learn Their Roots''	757	(5)
Notes and Questions	759	(3)
Medical Decision-Making	762	(93)
Decision-Making Authority	762	(30)
In re E.G.	762	(5)
Notes and Questions	767	(3)
Problem 8--1	770	(1)
Problem 8--2	771	(1)
Problem 8--3	771	(1)
Problem 8--4	771	(1)
Problem 8--5	772	(1)
Parham v. J. R.	772	(14)
Notes and Questions	786	(2)
A Note on Safe Conditions	788	(4)
Problem 8--6	792	(1)
Problem 8--7	792	(1)
Medical Neglect	792	(28)
Determining Neglect	792	(1)
Newmark v. Williams/DCPS	792	(6)
Notes and Questions	798	(1)
Problem 8--8	799	(1)
Spiritual Treatment Exemptions	800	(1)
The Death of Ian Lundman: The Facts	800	(1)
Lundman v. McKown	800	(2)
The Criminal Case	802	(1)
State v. McKown	802	(4)
Notes and Questions	806	(1)
The Civil Case	807	(1)
Lundman v. McKown	807	(10)
Notes and Questions	817	(2)
Problem 8--9	819	(1)
Problem 8--10	819	(1)
Problem 8--11	820	(1)
Withholding Medical Care	820	(13)
Infants	820	(1)
Withholding Medical Treatment From Infants: When is it Child Neglect?	820	(4)
Kathleen Knepper
Notes and Questions	824	(3)
Older Children	827	(1)
Rosebush v. Oakland County Prosecutor	827	(5)
Notes and Questions	832	(1)
Problem 8--12	833	(1)
Bone Marrow and Organ Donation	833	(10)
Curran v. Bosze	833	(7)
Notes and Questions	840	(1)
Problem 8--13	841	(1)
Problem 8--14	841	(2)
Experimentation	843	(6)
In re Nikolas E.	843	(4)
Notes and Questions	847	(2)
Who Pays for the Child's Medical Care?	849	(6)
Madison General Hospital v. Haack	849	(3)
Notes and Questions	852	(3)
Financial Responsibility and Control	855	(87)
The Child Support Obligation	855	(51)
Historical Background	855	(1)
Haxton v. Haxton	855	(4)
Notes and Questions	859	(2)
Scope of Obligation	861	(1)
Biological Relationship as the Obligation's Source	861	(1)
State ex rel. Hermesmann v. Seyer	861	(4)
Notes and Questions	865	(1)
Brad Michael L. v. Lee D.	865	(3)
Questions	868	(1)
Stepparents and In Loco Parentis	869	(1)
Commonwealth Ex Rel. McNutt v. McNutt	869	(1)
Notes and Questions	870	(1)
Problem 9--1	871	(1)
The Government's Obligation	872	(3)
Williams ex rel. Ricard v. Humphreys	875	(3)
Notes and Questions	878	(2)
A Note on Teenage Parents	880	(1)
Office of the Assistant Secretary For Planning Evaluation, Health & Human Services, Implementing Welfare Reform Requirements for Teenage Parents: Lessons From Experience in Four States	881	(2)
Robert G. Wood
John Burghardt
Note	883	(1)
A Note on Homeless Children	884	(4)
Problem 9--2	888	(1)
The Child's Responsibilities	888	(1)
Oeler v. Oeler	888	(3)
Notes and Questions	891	(1)
Problem 9--3	892	(1)
Problem 9--4	893	(1)
Amount	894	(1)
The Federalization of Child Support Guidelines	894	(4)
Linda Henry Elrod
Questions	898	(1)
Collection	898	(1)
The Coming Revolution in Child Support Policy: Implications of the 1996 Welfare Act	898	(6)
Paul K. Legler
Notes	904	(2)
Capacity to Contract	906	(11)
Mitchell v. Mizerski	906	(3)
Notes and Questions	909	(7)
Problem 9--5	916	(1)
Problem 9--6	916	(1)
Problem 9--7	916	(1)
The Child's Property	917	(8)
Uniform Transfers to Minors Act	917	(2)
Use of the Child's Assets	919	(1)
Sutliff v. Sutliff	919	(3)
Notes and Questions	922	(2)
Problem 9--8	924	(1)
Problem 9--9	924	(1)
Problem 9--10	924	(1)
Torts and Family Relations	925	(17)
Liability	925	(1)
Standard v. Shine	925	(2)
Notes and Questions	927	(4)
Problem 9--11	931	(1)
Problem 9--12	932	(1)
Problem 9--13	932	(1)
Immunity	932	(1)
Hartman v. Hartman	932	(4)
Notes and Questions	936	(1)
Problem 9--14	937	(1)
Release, Waiver and Settlement	937	(2)
Notes and Questions	939	(2)
Problem 9--15	941	(1)
Problem 9--16	941	(1)
Regulation of Children's Conduct	942	(108)
Child Labor Laws	942	(27)
The Historical Background and the Present Situation	942	(1)
``Who Owns the Child?'': Meyer and Pierce and the Child as Property	942	(4)
Barbara Bennett Woodhouse
American Academy of Pediatrics, The Hazards of Child Labor	946	(2)
Notes and Questions	948	(3)
The Sources of Regulation	951	(1)
Introductory Problem	951	(1)
State Regulation	952	(1)
Michigan Compiled Laws	952	(3)
Notes and Questions	955	(4)
Federal Regulation	959	(1)
Fair Labor Standards Act	959	(2)
Notes and Questions	961	(4)
Private Enforcement	965	(1)
Henderson v. Bear	965	(2)
Notes and Questions	967	(2)
Alcohol Regulation	969	(14)
The Minimum Drinking Age	969	(1)
The Minimum Drinking Age for Young People: An Observation	969	(3)
Michael P. Rosenthal
Notes and Questions	972	(1)
Do Criminal and Civil Enforcement Work?	973	(1)
Reducing Underage Drinking and its Consequences	973	(1)
Michael Klitzner
Law Officers' Views on Enforcement of the Minimum Drinking Age: A Four--State Study	974	(4)
Mark Wolfson
Notes and Questions	978	(2)
Problem 10--1	980	(1)
A Note on Dram--Shop and Social--Host Liability	980	(2)
Problem 10--2	982	(1)
Problem 10--3	983	(1)
Tobacco Regulation	983	(8)
Problem 10--4	990	(1)
Driving Privileges	991	(4)
American Academy of Pediatrics, The Teenage Driver	991	(1)
Notes and Questions	992	(2)
Problem 10--5	994	(1)
Health, Safety and Welfare Regulation	995	(10)
Child Highway Safety	995	(3)
A Note on Personal and Family Autonomy	998	(1)
Problem 10--6	999	(1)
Problem 10--7	1000	(1)
Gambling	1000	(1)
Firearms	1001	(2)
Other Harmful Conduct	1003	(2)
Juvenile Curfews	1005	(19)
Hutchins v. District of Columbia	1005	(13)
Notes and Questions	1018	(6)
Problem 10--8	1024	(1)
Status Offenses	1024	(26)
The Nature of Status--Offense Jurisdiction	1024	(1)
Overview	1024	(1)
Ohio Revised Code Annotated	1025	(1)
Notes and Questions	1025	(1)
Ungovernability	1026	(1)
In the Matter of Leif Z.	1026	(3)
Notes and Questions	1029	(1)
Truancy	1030	(1)
Runaways	1031	(1)
The Scope of the Problem	1031	(2)
Federal and State Legislation	1033	(2)
The Deinstitutionalization Mandate	1035	(1)
Matter of Jennifer G.	1035	(6)
Notes and Questions	1041	(3)
The Future of Status--Offense Jurisdiction	1044	(2)
National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, A New Approach To Runaway, Truant, Substance Abusing, and Beyond Control Children	1046	(1)
Notes and Questions	1047	(3)
Delinquency	1050	(193)
Juvenile Crime in America	1050	(7)
A Very Special Place in Life: The History of Juvenile Justice in Missouri	1050	(2)
Douglas E. Abrams
Notes and Questions	1052	(5)
The Juvenile Court as an Institution	1057	(10)
The Juvenile Court's Original Conception	1057	(3)
Individualized rehabilitation and treatment	1060	(1)
Civil jurisdiction	1061	(1)
Informal procedure	1062	(2)
Confidentiality	1064	(1)
Incapacitation of children separate from adults	1065	(1)
The Contemporary Juvenile Court	1065	(2)
The Contours of Delinquency	1067	(30)
Introductory Problem	1067	(1)
The Infancy Defense	1067	(1)
Gammons v. Berlat	1067	(4)
Notes and Questions	1071	(1)
The Insanity Defense	1072	(1)
Golden v. State	1073	(2)
Notes and Questions	1075	(1)
Transfer: The ``Adultification'' of Juvenile Crime	1076	(1)
Juveniles Transferred to Criminal Court: Legal Reform Proposals Based on Social Science Research	1076	(3)
Richard E. Redding
State v. Mitchell	1079	(7)
Problem 11--1	1086	(1)
Problem 11--2	1087	(1)
Notes and Questions	1088	(9)
Delinquency Procedure	1097	(132)
Overview	1097	(1)
President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, Task Force Report: Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Crime	1097	(2)
Arrest and Custody	1099	(1)
Arrest	1099	(1)
Maine Revised Statutes, Title 15	1099	(1)
Notes and Questions	1100	(2)
Search and Seizure	1102	(1)
New Jersey v. T.L.O.	1102	(5)
Notes and Questions	1107	(7)
Problem 11--3	1114	(1)
Problem 11--4	1114	(1)
Board of Education v. Earls	1115	(1)
Notes and Questions	1115	(1)
Problem 11--5	1116	(1)
Problem 11--6	1116	(1)
Problem 11--7	1117	(1)
Interrogation and Confession	1117	(1)
Fare v. Michael C.	1118	(6)
Notes and Questions	1124	(7)
Intake and Diversion	1131	(1)
Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1999 National Report	1131	(1)
Howard N. Snyder
Melissa Sickmund
Notes and Questions	1132	(2)
Preventive Detention	1134	(1)
Schall v. Martin	1134	(9)
Notes and Questions	1143	(4)
The Adjudicatory Hearing	1147	(1)
Gault and the ``Constitutional Domestication'' of Delinquency	1147	(2)
In re Gault	1149	(14)
Notes and Questions	1163	(10)
Competency to Participate in the Proceeding	1173	(1)
Matter of Welfare of D.D.N.	1173	(3)
Notes and Questions	1176	(1)
Jury Trial	1177	(1)
McKeiver v. Pennsylvania	1178	(5)
Notes and Questions	1183	(4)
Speedy Trial	1187	(1)
In the Matter of Benjamin L.	1187	(4)
Notes and Questions	1191	(1)
Disposition	1192	(1)
General Standards	1192	(1)
Serious and Violent Juvenile Crime: A Comprehensive Strategy	1193	(3)
John J. Wilson
James C. Howell
Notes and Questions	1196	(9)
A Note on Innovative Dispositions	1205	(2)
The Right to Treatment	1207	(2)
Alexander S. v. Boyd	1209	(3)
Note and Questions	1212	(1)
A Note on Federal Enforcement	1212	(3)
Notes and Questions	1215	(6)
Note	1221	(1)
A Note on the Juvenile Death Penalty	1221	(3)
Appeal	1224	(1)
Notes and Questions	1224	(2)
Problem 11--8	1226	(1)
A Note on Federal Delinquency Jurisdiction	1226	(3)
The Juvenile Court's Future	1229	(14)
Abolish the Juvenile Court: Youthfulness, Criminal Responsibility, and Sentencing Policy	1230	(4)
Barry C. Feld
Leaving Bad Enough Alone: A Response to the Juvenile Court Abolitionists	1234	(5)
Irene Merker Rosenberg
Notes and Questions	1239	(2)
Problem 11--9	1241	(2)
Index	1243