Of Children

by Lefrancois, Guy R.

• ISBN13: 9780534219369
• ISBN10: 0534219365
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1994-11-01
• Publisher: Wadsworth Pub Co

Summary

Correlated chapter by chapter with this text, this valuable guide includes study questions and a review for each text chapter, important terms and concepts, practice tests, and activities that help you retain what you read.

Table of Contents

one the beginning
Studying the Child	3	(38)
How This Text Explores Growing Up	5	(2)
Some Definitions	6	(1)
Changing Attitudes Toward Children	7	(7)
Childbirth in Medieval Europe	8	(1)
Begging and Stealing in Eighteenth-Century Europe	9	(1)
Child Abandonment in Eighteenth-Century Europe	9	(1)
Child Labor in Nineteenth-Century Europe	9	(1)
The Developing World Today	10	(1)
The Industrialized World Today	11	(2)
Why Look at History?	13	(1)
Children's Rights	14	(6)
Establishing the Rights of Children	14	(2)
Disregard of Children's Rights in the Third World	16	(4)
The Study of Children	20	(2)
Early Observers of Children	20	(1)
Later Observers of Children	21	(1)
The Study of Children Today	22	(1)
Recurring Questions in Developmental Psychology	22	(1)
Basic Beliefs Concerning Human Development	23	(1)
Methods of Studying Children	24	(9)
Observations	24	(2)
Experiments	26	(2)
Correlational Studies	28	(2)
Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Research	30	(1)
Dealing with Sources of Variation	31	(2)
Evaluating Developmental Research	33	(4)
Sampling	33	(1)
Ecological and Cross-Cultural Validity	34	(1)
Memory	35	(1)
Subject Honesty	35	(1)
Experimenter Bias	35	(1)
Subject Bias	35	(2)
Main Points	37	(1)
Focus Questions: Applications	38	(1)
Study Terms	39	(1)
Further Readings	39	(2)
Theories of Development	41	(60)
Theory and Science	44	(2)
Functions of Theories	44	(1)
Developing Theories	44	(1)
Evaluating Theories	45	(1)
Facts and Expectations	45	(1)
Characteristics of Good Theories	45	(1)
Models in Child Development	46	(2)
Machine Models and Organism Models	46	(1)
A Contextual or Ecological Model	47	(1)
Psychoanalytic Approaches: Freud	48	(8)
Basic Freudian Ideas	49	(1)
Three Levels of Human Personality	50	(2)
Psychosexual Stages in Human Development	52	(2)
Defense Mechanisms	54	(1)
Freudian Theory in Review	54	(2)
Psychoanalytic Approaches: Erikson	56	(3)
Psychosocial Stages in Human Development	56	(3)
Erikson's Theory in Review	59	(1)
Havighurst's Developmental Tasks	59	(2)
Behavioristic Approaches	61	(7)
Overview of Behavioristic Approaches	61	(1)
Classical Conditioning	62	(2)
Operant Conditioning	64	(3)
Behavioristic Approaches in Review	67	(1)
Social Congnitive Theory	68	(6)
The processes of Observational Learning	68	(1)
Manifestations of Observational Learning	69	(1)
Self-Efficacy Judgments	70	(4)
Social Cognitive Theory in Review	74	(1)
A Cognitive Approach: Piaget	74	(5)
Basic Concepts in Cognitive Development	75	(1)
The Stages of Cognitive Development	76	(2)
Piaget's Theory in Review	78	(1)
Biological and Ecological Approaches	79	(12)
Ethology and Bowlby's Attachment Theory	79	(3)
Bowlby's Theory in Review	82	(1)
Sociobiology	83	(1)
Vygotsky's Cultural-Historical Approach	84	(2)
Vygotsky's Theory in Review	86	(1)
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory	87	(4)
Humanistic Approaches	91	(2)
Maslow's Humanistic Need Theory	92	(1)
Humanism in Review	93	(1)
A Final Word About Theories	93	(2)
Main Points	95	(1)
Focus Questions: Applications	96	(1)
Study Terms	97	(1)
Further Readings	98	(3)
two biological beginnings
Genetics and Context	101	(44)
Feral Children	103	(2)
The Interaction of Genetics and Context	105	(2)
What Is Interaction?	105	(1)
How Genes and Environment Interact	106	(1)
Basic Concepts of Heredity	107	(8)
Ovum, Sperm, and Conception	107	(1)
Proteins	108	(1)
DNA	108	(1)
Chromosomes	108	(1)
Sex Chromosomes	109	(1)
Genes and Their Function	109	(2)
Genotype and Phenotype	111	(2)
Reaction Range and Canalization	113	(1)
Molecular Genetics	114	(1)
Genetic Defects	115	(5)
Defects Resulting from Genetically Related Parents	115	(2)
Huntington's Disease	117	(1)
Sickle-Cell Anemia	117	(1)
PKU	118	(1)
Other Genetic Defects	119	(1)
Chromosomal Disorders	120	(4)
Down Syndrome	120	(2)
Abnormalities of the Sex Chromosomes	122	(2)
Identifying and Dealing with Genetic Risk	124	(6)
Prenatal Diagnosis	124	(2)
Treating Genetic Disorders	126	(1)
Genetic Counseling	126	(2)
Genetics and the Future	128	(2)
Studying Gene-Context Interaction	130	(9)
Historical Family Studies	130	(1)
Animal Studies	131	(2)
Intervention Studies	133	(1)
Studies of Twins	134	(2)
Studies of Adopted Children	136	(2)
An Illustration of Gene-Context Interaction	138	(1)
The Continuing Nature-Nurture Controversy	139	(1)
Main Points	140	(2)
Focus Questions: Applications	142	(1)
Study Terms	142	(1)
Further Readings	143	(2)
Prenatal Development and Birth	145	(48)
Conception	147	(1)
Detecting Pregnancy	147	(1)
Stages of Prenatal Development	148	(5)
Stage of the Fertilized Ovum	148	(2)
The Embryo Stage	150	(1)
Fetal Period	151	(2)
Factors Affecting Prenatal Development	153	(17)
Prescription Drug Use	154	(2)
Exposure to Chemicals	156	(1)
Nicotine Intake	157	(1)
Caffeine Consumption	157	(1)
Alcohol Consumption	157	(1)
Substance Abuse	158	(2)
Maternal Health	160	(1)
Maternal Emotions and Stress	161	(4)
Maternal Age	165	(1)
Maternal Nutrition	166	(2)
Social Class	168	(1)
Rh(D) Immunization	168	(2)
Childbirth	170	(12)
The Initiation of Childbirth	173	(1)
Classifications of Birth Status	174	(1)
Stages of Labor	175	(2)
Cesarean Delivery	177	(1)
Neonatal Scales	178	(1)
The Mother's Experience: Prepared Childbirth	179	(2)
The Child's Experience	181	(1)
Prematurity	182	(4)
Causes of Prematurity	182	(1)
Effects of Prematurity	183	(2)
Prevention of Prematurity	185	(1)
Care of Premature Infants	185	(1)
A Reasurring Note	186	(1)
Main Points	186	(2)
Focus Questions: Applications	188	(1)
Study Terms	188	(1)
Further Readings	189	(4)
three infancy
Physical and Cognitive Development in Infancy	193	(50)
Blueprint for a Neonate	195	(2)
Nutrition, Health, and Physical Growth in Infancy	197	(8)
The Breast Versus Bottle Controversy	197	(3)
Nutrition and Brain Development	200	(1)
Physical Growth in Infancy	200	(2)
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome	202	(3)
Behavior in Newborns	205	(2)
The Orienting Response	205	(1)
Reflexes	206	(1)
Motor Development in Infants	207	(2)
Perceptual Development in Infants	209	(8)
Vision	209	(5)
Hearing	214	(2)
Smell, Taste, and Touch	216	(1)
Cognitive Development in Infants	217	(10)
Memory in Infants	217	(2)
Basic Piagetian Ideas on Infancy	219	(1)
The Object Concept	220	(2)
Sensorimotor Development in Infants	222	(4)
Imitation in Infancy	226	(1)
Language and Communication	227	(4)
A Definition of Language	228	(2)
Elements of Language	230	(1)
Language Development in Infants	231	(7)
Achievements in the Prespeech Stage	231	(1)
The Beginnings of Verbal Communication	232	(1)
Infants' First Sounds	233	(2)
The Sentencelike Word (Holophrase)	235	(1)
Two-Word Sentences	235	(2)
From Sensation to Representation	237	(1)
Main Points	238	(2)
Focus Questions: Applications	240	(1)
Study Terms	240	(1)
Further Readings	241	(2)
Social Development in Infancy	243	(50)
The Family Context	245	(3)
Child Development as an Interactional Process	245	(1)
How Personal Characteristics Affect Interactions	246	(1)
A Triadic Model of Child Development	247	(1)
How Babies Affect Parents and Vice Versa	247	(1)
Infant States	248	(2)
States of the ``Average'' Infant	249	(1)
Do Infants Dream?	250	(1)
Behaviors as Indicators of Infants' Emotions	250	(6)
Crying	251	(1)
Smiling and Laughing	251	(1)
Wariness and Fear	252	(3)
Regulation of Emotions in Infancy	255	(1)
Temperament	256	(5)
Types of Temperament Among Infants	256	(2)
The Implications of Infants' Temperament	258	(1)
Cultural Context and Temperament	259	(2)
Attachment in Infants	261	(10)
Studying Attachment	262	(1)
Mother-Infant Bonding	262	(3)
Stages of Attachment	265	(2)
Types of Attachment	267	(1)
The Implications of Attachment	268	(2)
Fathers and Infant Attachment	270	(1)
Separation Anxiety and Fear of Strangers	271	(5)
Fear of Strangers	272	(1)
The Effects of Culture on Separation Anxiety	272	(1)
Individual Differences in Separation Anxiety	273	(1)
Can Children Be Prepared for Separation?	273	(1)
The Role of Attachment to Inanimate Objects	273	(1)
Long-Term Separation and Deprivation	274	(2)
Infant Daycare	276	(2)
The Effects of Parenting on Infants' Development	278	(2)
Early Gender-Role Influences	279	(1)
The Origins and Effects of Gender Typing	279	(1)
Exceptionality in Infants	280	(6)
Motor Skill Disorders	282	(2)
Epilepsy	284	(1)
Other Physical Problems	284	(1)
Autistic Disorder	285	(1)
The Whole Infant	286	(1)
Main Points	286	(2)
Focus Questions: Applications	288	(1)
Study Terms	288	(1)
Further Readings	288	(5)
four early childhood
Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood	293	(50)
Children and Magical Thinking	295	(1)
Physical Growth in Early Childhood	295	(3)
Motor Development	298	(3)
Assessing Motor Development	300	(1)
The Relationship Between Motor and Cognitive Development	301	(1)
Cognitive Development: Memory in Preschoolers	301	(4)
Incidental Mnemonics	302	(1)
Memory Strategies of Preschoolers	303	(2)
Cognitive Development in Preschoolers: Piaget's View	305	(9)
Preconceptual Thinking	305	(2)
Intuitive Thinking	307	(2)
Replications of Piaget's Work	309	(3)
Cognitive Achievements of Preschoolers	312	(2)
Preschool Education	314	(6)
Preschool Education Elsewhere	315	(1)
Nursery Schools	316	(1)
Compensatory Preschool Programs	316	(1)
Kindergartens	317	(2)
Effective Preschool Education: The Family Context	319	(1)
Language and the Preschooler	320	(6)
Language in Infancy	322	(1)
Multiple-Word Sentences	323	(1)
More Complex Grammatical Changes	324	(1)
Adultlike Structures	324	(2)
Explanations of Language Development	326	(4)
The Role of Early Experience in Language Development	326	(1)
The Role of Parents as Teacher of Language	326	(3)
The Role of Biology in Language Development	329	(1)
Bilingualism and a Changing Language Context	330	(6)
Transitional Bilingualism	330	(1)
The psychological Effects of Bilingualism	331	(3)
Bilingualism in Today's Schools	334	(1)
Nonstandard Languages	335	(1)
Speech and Language Problems in Early Childhood	336	(1)
The Relation of Language and Thought	337	(1)
Language Is for Communicating and Conversing	338	(1)
Main Points	339	(2)
Focus Questions: Applications	341	(1)
Study Terms	341	(1)
Further Readings	341	(2)
Social Development in Early Childhood	343	(48)
The Socialization of Emotions	345	(3)
Interpreting Emotions	345	(2)
Regulating Emotions	347	(1)
Expressing Emotions	347	(1)
Theories of Social Development	348	(5)
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages	348	(2)
Social Imitation	350	(3)
Play	353	(8)
Functions of Play	353	(1)
Types of Play	354	(2)
The Implications of Imagination	356	(2)
Social Play	358	(3)
Gender Roles in Early Childhood	361	(4)
Gender Schemas	362	(1)
Assuming Gender Identity	362	(1)
Gender Differences	363	(2)
The Contemporary Family	365	(7)
Parenting Young Children	367	(2)
Do Parents Make a Measurable Difference?	369	(2)
Learning to Parent	371	(1)
Family Composition	372	(2)
Birth Order	372	(1)
Family Size	373	(1)
Social Class and Related Factors	373	(1)
One-Parent Families	374	(6)
General Effects of Loss of a Parent	374	(1)
Developmental Effects of Divorce	374	(2)
Sex-Related Effects of Divorce	376	(1)
Contextual Effects of Divorce	376	(1)
Why Divorce Has Negative Effects	376	(1)
Some Conclusions	377	(2)
A Final Word	379	(1)
Children in Stepfamilies	380	(1)
Possible Problems in Stepfamilies	380	(1)
The Positive Side of Stepfamilies	381	(1)
Childcare Outside the Home	381	(3)
General Effects of Childcare	382	(1)
Research on the Quality of Childcare	383	(1)
Finding Quality Childcare	383	(1)
Main Points	384	(2)
Focus Questions: Applications	386	(1)
Study Terms	386	(1)
Further Readings	387	(4)
five middle childhood
Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood	391	(52)
Middle Childhood Defined	393	(1)
Physical Development	393	(7)
Growth	393	(2)
Nutrition and Health	395	(2)
Motor Development	397	(1)
Some Physical and Sensory Problems	398	(2)
The Physically Gifted	400	(1)
Intellectual Development: Piaget's View	400	(7)
The Conservations	401	(4)
Can Conservation Be Accelerated?	405	(1)
Classes, Seriation, and Number	405	(2)
Summary of Concrete Operations	407	(1)
Children as Information Processors	407	(7)
Types of Memory	409	(2)
Memory Processes	411	(1)
Schemata and Scripts: A Model of Long-Term Memory	412	(1)
Developmental Changes in Memory	413	(1)
Metacognition and Metamemory	414	(3)
Motivation and Self-Efficacy in Learning	415	(1)
Cultural Differences in Learning Strategies	416	(1)
The Use of Cognitive Strategies	416	(1)
Intelligence	417	(7)
What Is Intelligence?	418	(1)
Measuring Intelligence	419	(2)
Developmental Changes in IQ	421	(1)
Misconceptions About and Misuses of IQ	422	(1)
The Usefulness of Intelligence Tests	423	(1)
Intellectual Exceptionality	424	(15)
Mental Retardation	424	(2)
Learning Disabilities	426	(4)
Intellectual Giftedness	430	(1)
Creativity	430	(7)
Trends and Controversies in Special Education	437	(2)
The Magical Child	439	(1)
Main Points	439	(2)
Focus Questions: Applications	441	(1)
Study Terms	441	(1)
Further Readings	442	(1)
Social Development in Middle Childhood	443	(56)
Social Cognition	445	(3)
The Development of Social Cognition	445	(1)
Theories of Mind	445	(3)
Self-Worth	448	(4)
Some Definitions	448	(1)
Theoretical Approaches to Self-Worth	448	(1)
Measuring and Investigating Self-Worth	449	(3)
The Influence of Friends and Peers	452	(9)
Children's Views of Friendship	452	(1)
Dimensions of Childhood Friendship	453	(2)
Peer Groups	455	(1)
Parents and Peers	455	(4)
Sociometric Status	459	(1)
Functions of Peers	460	(1)
The Role of the School	461	(4)
Schooling and IQ	461	(1)
Teachers' Expectations	462	(1)
Self-Expectations	463	(2)
The Effects of Television	465	(9)
Children's Viewing Patterns	465	(1)
What Children Comprehend	466	(1)
Violence and Aggression	466	(5)
Positive Effects	471	(1)
Why Is Television Influential?	472	(1)
Rock Videos, VCRs, and Video Games	473	(1)
A Summary of Television Issues	474	(1)
Violence in the Family	474	(12)
The Case Against Punishment	475	(1)
The Case for Punishment	475	(1)
Kinds of Punishment	476	(1)
Child Maltreatment	476	(3)
The Nature of Child Abuse and Neglect	479	(2)
The Consequences of Maltreatment	481	(2)
The Abusive Family Context	483	(2)
What Can Be Done?	485	(1)
Socioemotional Exceptionality	486	(6)
Prevalence and Causes	486	(1)
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	487	(2)
Other Behavior Disorders	489	(1)
Stress in Childhood	490	(2)
Socioemotional Giftedness	492	(1)
Main Points	492	(3)
Focus Questions: Applications	495	(1)
Study Terms	495	(1)
Further Readings	495	(4)
six adolescence
Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence	499	(44)
A Period of Transitions	501	(3)
Transitions in Preindustrial Societies	501	(1)
Transitions in Industrialized Societies	502	(2)
Physical Changes of Adolescence	504	(7)
Puberty	504	(1)
Pubescence	505	(1)
Physical Changes	506	(2)
Early and Late Maturation	508	(2)
Physical Concerns of Adolescents	510	(1)
Nutrition During Adolescence	511	(7)
Obesity	511	(1)
Anorexia Nervosa	512	(4)
Bulimia Nervosa	516	(2)
Intellectual Development in Adolescence	518	(5)
Piaget's View: Formal Operations	518	(3)
An Information-Processing View	521	(2)
Adolescent Egocentrism	523	(5)
The Imaginary Audience	524	(2)
The Personal Fable	526	(1)
Reckless Behavior	526	(2)
Moral Development in Adolescence	528	(11)
Behaving Morally	529	(1)
Morality as an Understanding of Justice	529	(1)
Piaget's Approach to Morality	530	(1)
Kohlberg's Stages of Morality	531	(2)
The Generality of Kohlberg's Stages	533	(2)
Gilligan's Approach: Gender Differences in Morality	535	(2)
Implications of Research on Moral Development	537	(2)
Main Points	539	(2)
Focus Questions: Applications	541	(1)
Study Terms	541	(1)
Further Readings	541	(2)
Social Development in Adolescence	543	(58)
The Self	545	(11)
The Self in Adolescence	546	(1)
A Measure of Self-Image	546	(3)
Sturm und Drang?	549	(2)
Developmental Changes in Notions of Self	551	(1)
Some Origins of Self-Worth	552	(1)
Identity	553	(3)
Social Development in Context	556	(6)
Parenting Adolescents	557	(1)
Peer Groups	558	(4)
Gender Roles in Adolescence	562	(4)
Gender-Role Stereotypes	562	(1)
Gender Differences	563	(3)
Sex	566	(11)
Sexual Beliefs and Behavior	566	(3)
Adolescent Pregnancy	569	(5)
Homosexuality	574	(1)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases	574	(3)
The Turmoil Topics	577	(17)
Delinquency	577	(3)
Adolescent Gangs	580	(1)
Drugs	581	(9)
Suicide	590	(4)
Another Note	594	(1)
Main Points	594	(2)
Focus Questions: Applications	596	(1)
Study Terms	596	(1)
Further Readings	597	(4)
seven epilogue
The End	601	(9)
A Summary	603	(2)
Chapter 1	603	(1)
Chapter 2	603	(1)
Chapter 3	603	(1)
Chapter 4	604	(1)
Chapter 5 and 6	604	(1)
Chapter 7 and 8	604	(1)
Chapter 9 and 10	604	(1)
Chapter 11 and 12	604	(1)
Of ``Average Children'' and of Other Children	605	(1)
Other Views	605	(5)
Humanism	606	(1)
Existentialism	607	(3)
Glossary	610	(17)
References	627	(44)
Acknowledgments	671	(2)
Author Index	673	(9)
Subject Index	682