Preface | p. vii |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Killer Germs That Clog Arteries | p. 1 |
The Germ's Story | p. 3 |
A Life of Infection and Destruction | p. 3 |
The Deadly Disease | p. 6 |
A Very Common Disease | p. 6 |
A Little Bit of History | p. 8 |
Research | p. 10 |
Cholesterol | p. 10 |
Other Components | p. 11 |
Molecular Biology of the Lesion | p. 12 |
The Age of Statistics | p. 12 |
Animal Studies | p. 13 |
Modern View of the Lesion | p. 13 |
Atheroma Gruel | p. 17 |
Study of Fatty Gruel That Clogs Arteries | p. 17 |
Electron Microscope | p. 19 |
Electron Microscopic Features of Atheroma Gruel | p. 20 |
Discovery | p. 29 |
Does Atheroma Gruel Consist of Fat or Germs? | p. 29 |
Which Germ? | p. 30 |
A Chlamydia Germ | p. 31 |
Which Chlamydia Species? | p. 35 |
Some Unique Features of the Chlamydia Germ in Atheroma | p. 35 |
Not Conventional Chlamydia Species | p. 36 |
A New Chlamydia Species | p. 37 |
Other Chlamydia Species | p. 41 |
Identification of the Atheroma Germ | p. 43 |
Attempts at Identification of the Germ | p. 43 |
Positive Identification of Chlamydia TWAR | p. 45 |
Methods of Identification | p. 45 |
Publications, Presentations, and Confirmation | p. 48 |
Publications | p. 48 |
Presentations | p. 49 |
Confirmation | p. 50 |
Possible Special Strain of Chlamydia pneumoniae | p. 50 |
Chlamydia Are Inherent Components of Atheroma | p. 54 |
Serology Not Helpful | p. 54 |
Previous Journal Articles on Atheroma Contain Pictures of Unrecognized Chlamydia Germs | p. 55 |
Persons with Congenital Raised Cholesterol Contain Chlamydia pneumoniae Germs in Atheroma | p. 56 |
Are There Other Germs in Atheroma? | p. 57 |
Do Chlamydia Germs Cause Atherosclerosis? | p. 60 |
Determining Causality | p. 60 |
Statistical Criteria | p. 61 |
Koch's Postulates | p. 62 |
Does Eradication of Germ Prove Causality? | p. 62 |
No Disease Without Causal Agent | p. 63 |
Pathological Lesion Diagnosis | p. 64 |
Lesion Examination | p. 64 |
Lesion Diagnosis | p. 65 |
Inability to Diagnose Atheroma Lesion | p. 65 |
Study of Atheroma Lesions | p. 67 |
Steps in Atheroma Lesion Formation | p. 67 |
Aspects Requiring Reexamination | p. 68 |
Addressing the Problem of Atheroma Lesion Formation | p. 68 |
New Findings Concerning the Initial Lesion | p. 71 |
Initial Lesion | p. 71 |
Primary Muscle Damage | p. 72 |
Chlamydia Cause Muscle Cell Damage | p. 80 |
Fatty Streak Lesion | p. 82 |
Macrophage Infiltration | p. 82 |
Macrophages Phagocytose Fat, Germs, and Muscle | p. 82 |
Macrophage Reaction Resulting from Germs and Muscle Damage | p. 87 |
Formation of Fibronecrotic Plaque | p. 89 |
Formation of Atheroma Gruel | p. 89 |
Ceroid or Blighted Chlamydia Vacuoles? | p. 95 |
Cholesterol Crystallization | p. 98 |
Late Sequelae: Fibrosis, Calcification, and Angiogenesis | p. 101 |
Interpretation of Lesion | p. 104 |
Another Way to Look at the Lesion | p. 104 |
Assessment of Evidence | p. 109 |
What Do We Call the Lesion? | p. 111 |
Confirmatory Molecular Biological Studies | p. 112 |
Is Lymphocytic Infiltrate Caused by Chlamydia? | p. 112 |
Intimal Smooth Muscle Cell Damage | p. 113 |
Monocyte and Macrophage Infiltrate | p. 113 |
Endothelial Changes | p. 114 |
Collagen Formation | p. 114 |
Derivation of Lipid in Lesion | p. 117 |
Atheroma Lipid | p. 117 |
Chlamydia Lipid | p. 119 |
Cholesterol: Friend or Foe? | p. 121 |
Acceptance | p. 124 |
Old Ideas Do Not Change | p. 124 |
Rejection of New Ideas | p. 125 |
Diagnosis of Atheroma Lesions | p. 127 |
Serology | p. 128 |
Heat Shock Protein | p. 128 |
C-Reactive Protein | p. 128 |
Detection of Chlamydia in White Blood Cells and Blood | p. 129 |
Other Possible Tests | p. 129 |
Pathological Diagnosis | p. 129 |
Chlamydia Inclusion Bodies | p. 129 |
Electron Microscopy | p. 130 |
Immunohistochemical Detection | p. 130 |
Polymerase Chain Reaction | p. 130 |
Culture | p. 130 |
Treatment | p. 132 |
Antibiotic Sensitivity | p. 133 |
What Happens to the Lesion? | p. 134 |
Does the Lesion Change in Size? | p. 134 |
Does the Lesion Change in Character? | p. 135 |
Pathological Study | p. 137 |
Eradication of Germ | p. 138 |
Size of Lesion | p. 139 |
Stage of Lesion | p. 139 |
Decrease in Inflammation | p. 139 |
Fibrosis and Scar Formation | p. 139 |
Regeneration | p. 142 |
Does Treatment Increase Healing? | p. 142 |
Other Studies | p. 144 |
Animal Studies | p. 144 |
Retrospective Studies | p. 144 |
Secondary Prevention Trials | p. 145 |
Meta-Analysis | p. 147 |
Relevance of Clinical Trials | p. 147 |
Unconsidered Aspects | p. 147 |
Noncardiac Treatment Trials | p. 148 |
What Do We Know About Treatment of Atheroma Lesions? | p. 151 |
Physiology of the Heart | p. 151 |
What Causes a Heart Attack? | p. 152 |
Atherosclerosis Is Not the Same as Ischemic Heart Disease | p. 153 |
Other Treatment Possibilities | p. 155 |
Statins | p. 155 |
Aspirin | p. 156 |
Antihypertensive Agents | p. 157 |
New Innovative Agents | p. 157 |
Immunization | p. 158 |
Conclusion | p. 160 |
Glossary of Terms | p. 161 |
Index | p. 163 |
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.
The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.