Choice and Change The Psychology of Personal Growth and Interpersonal Relationships

by O'Connell, April, Professor Emerita; O'Connell, Vincent, Retired; Kuntz, Lois-Ann

• ISBN13: 9780131891708
• ISBN10: 0131891707
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-07-16
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

Written in a warm and humanistic stylewith an abundance of examplesthis solid, comprehensive introduction to the essentials of psychology offers an accessible balance of theory, research, and applications which focuses on the positive. It encourages readers to apply material to their personal, social, educational, and vocational lives. Holistic in approach, it emphasizes responsible self-direction and moral/ethical values. This seventh edition draws heavily on the exciting and provocative research of the positive psychologists over the last two decades.Differentiating true happiness and a sense of well-being from that of hedonistic pleasure; The growing surge of cults and hate groups, even on the web; New discoveries of the sensitivity of the child in the womb, the importance of strong infant attachment, and how to communicate with the infant through the many physical senses; the ¿Flynn effect,¿ ¿IQ¿ testing, and the ¿New Three R¿s¿; Marriage and relationships.For psychologists, educators, and anyone interested in personal growth.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
The Psychology of the Self: Self-Concept, Self-Esteem, and Self-Actualizing	1	(24)
How We Cope with Life Events Depends on Our Personality Style	2	(7)
Defining Personality: It Includes Every Dimension of Human Experience	2	(1)
Self Concept: How We Think of Ourselves	3	(1)
Self-Esteem: How We Feel About Ourselves	3	(1)
Sometimes Our Self-Concept and Our Self-Esteem Can Be Diametrically Opposed	4	(5)
How the Study of What Makes for Happy and Healthy People Came About	9	(14)
Humanistic Psychology as the ``Third Force'' Movement	9	(9)
Studying Human Personality Via the Case Study Method	18	(5)
End-of-Chapter Aids	23	(2)
The Self in Society: How Groups Affect Our Attitudes and Behaviors	25	(22)
The Powerful Forces of Our Group Membership	26	(10)
Adorno's Study of the Authoritarian Personality	27	(5)
Solomon Asch's Studies of Conformity: Giving into Social Pressure	32	(1)
Milgram's Experiments in Obedience: Blindly Obeying Authority	33	(2)
Zimbardo's Prison Experiment: The Powerful Effect of Our Social Roles	35	(1)
What Makes Decent Human Beings Make Morally Wrong Choices? Some Theories and Explanations	36	(4)
Carl Jung: Deindividuation	37	(1)
When Will People Help? The Bystander Effect	38	(2)
Characteristics of Highly Self-Actualizing, Integrated, and Creative Human Becomings	40	(5)
A Metastudy Approach	40	(5)
End-of-Chapter Aids	45	(2)
Personality Theory: Emotional/Social Influences Throughout the Life Span	47	(33)
Sigmund Freud: Revealing the ``Darker Side of Human Nature''	48	(9)
Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development	49	(1)
Five Stages of the Libidinal Drive	50	(7)
Alfred Adler: The Striving for Competence and Power	57	(7)
Life Style	57	(1)
Living a Life Lie	58	(1)
The Inferiority-Superiority Complex	58	(2)
Gemeinschaftsgefuhl: The Development of Character	60	(1)
Birth Order	61	(3)
Carl Jung's Transpersonal Model of Human Existence	64	(3)
A Four-Stage Model of the Life Span	64	(3)
Erik Erikson's Eight-Stage Psychosocial Theory of Personality	67	(3)
Anxiety and the Defense Mechanisms	70	(4)
Symptoms of Anxiety: Their Many Shapes and Forms	71	(3)
But Aren't There Any Healthy Defense Mechanisms?	74	(3)
End-of-Chapter Aids	77	(3)
Parenting Babies and Young Children: From Conception to Preschool	80	(27)
The Child's Personality Development: A Mix of Many Factors	81	(6)
Children Come Into the World with Different Personality Temperaments	81	(2)
Ethnically and Racially Distinct Characteristics	83	(1)
Environmental Influences	84	(1)
A New View of Life-in-the-Womb: Amazing Fetal Sensitivity	85	(2)
Birthing and Parenting the New Baby: Welcoming the ``New Immigrant'' into Our World	87	(3)
Gentle Birthing	87	(1)
Bonding and Attachment in Early Infancy	88	(1)
Positive Parenting of the Infant: Birth to Two Years	88	(2)
Play as Preparation for Life	90	(6)
Positive Parenting for the Preschooler	91	(2)
The Therapeutic Power of Play	93	(1)
Art Play Often Reveals What Children Cannot Verbalize	94	(2)
Helping Children Cope with Their Fears	96	(4)
Children's Literature: Moral/Ethical Instruction in a Language Children Can Understand	97	(3)
Parenting the Child for School Readiness	100	(5)
Parenting Styles: Authoritarian, Permissive, and Authoritative	101	(3)
Psychological Androgyny: A Larger Worldview and Expanded Capabilities	104	(1)
End-of-Chapter Aids	105	(2)
Fostering Caring, Conscientious, and Creative Children: From School Entrance to Puberty	107	(33)
The Grade School Years: The Development of Industry, Competence, and Moral/Ethical Values	108	(2)
Acquiring the Task of Industry	108	(1)
The Most Intelligent Generation of Children Ever---The Flynn Effect!	108	(2)
So What Is Going Wrong? Some Dilemmas	110	(1)
Jean Piaget: The Pioneer of Cognitive and Moral/Ethical Development in Children	110	(11)
A Qualitative Model of Cognitive (Thinking) Development	110	(2)
Piaget's Four-Stage Model of Cognitive Development	112	(7)
Piaget's Theory of Moral/Ethical Development: A Two-Stage Theory	119	(2)
Hartshorne and May: Morality Is a Developmental Process . . . and Situational	121	(1)
Lawrence Kohlberg and Carole Gilligan: Is Morality Gender Specific?	122	(5)
Lawrence Kohlberg	122	(1)
Kohlberg's Three-Level, Six-Stage Model of Moral/Ethical Development	123	(2)
Carole Gilligan: A Feminine Perspective	125	(2)
What Can We Do Now to Foster More Care---Orientation in Our Children?	127	(2)
Who Reaches the Highest Levels of Moral/Ethical Development? College Students Like You!	128	(1)
Some Answers to What Is Going Wrong?	129	(6)
Learning the ``Three R's'' Involves Learning a Whole New Set of Behaviors	129	(1)
Environmental Deprivation	130	(1)
Sexual Abuse of Children	131	(2)
Physical Abuse of Children	133	(1)
The Emotional Consequences of School Failure and Retention	133	(2)
If ``IQ'' Scores Are Highly Suspect, How About Multiple Intelligences?	135	(1)
New Definitions for Intelligence	135	(3)
Defining Emotional Intelligence (EQ)	135	(1)
And Still Another Definition of Intelligence: The ``New Three R's''	136	(2)
End-of-Chapter Aids	138	(2)
The Agonizing Journey Through Adolescence: Teaching Our Children How to Avoid the Perils of the Teenage Years	140	(25)
Under a Calm Exterior: Anxieties, Fears, Emotional Mood Swings	141	(1)
Puberty versus Adolescence	141	(1)
The Troubled Adolescent: More Frightened and Insecure Than Adults Realize	141	(3)
Their Struggle for Identity: More Difficult Than During Past Eras	142	(2)
Three Perspectives: The Adolescent Girl; The Adolescent Boy; and Their Parents	144	(6)
From the Perspective of the Adolescent Girl	144	(1)
From the Perspective of the Adolescent Boy	145	(3)
Homosexual Adolescents: ``High Risk'' for Suicide	148	(2)
From the Perspective of Their Parents	150	(6)
Sudden Personality Changes in Their Adolescents	150	(2)
Rape: The Reported Figures Are Rising	152	(2)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)	154	(2)
Early and Late-Maturing Adolescents: A Surprising Reversal of Self-Esteem	156	(4)
Advantages of Early Maturation	156	(1)
Disadvantages of Late Maturation	156	(1)
So Where Is the Happy Ending?	157	(1)
But Why Do Adolescents Make Wrong Choices? Many Environmental Explanations	157	(3)
Fostering Higher Emotional Intelligence and the ``New Three R's''	160	(3)
Guidelines for Young Adolescents	160	(1)
For More Mature Adolescents: Replace Rules and Regulations with Guidelines and Principles	161	(2)
End-of-Chapter Aids	163	(2)
The College Experience Today: Whether Fifteen or Fifty, Traditional or Nontraditional, College Is for Everyone	165	(26)
What It Means To Be a College Student Today	166	(2)
Today: A Multivariate Approach to Education to Fit Our Multicultural College Population	167	(1)
Your Personality ``Type''	168	(6)
Making Friends, Maintaining Friendships, and Making Amends	174	(7)
Proxemics: Interpersonal Distance	174	(3)
Maintaining Relationships	177	(4)
Premarital Relationships: Attraction, Dating, and Falling In and Out of Love	181	(8)
The Initiating Stage	182	(1)
The Casual Dating Stage	183	(1)
The Being-in-Love Stage	184	(1)
The Deepening Stage	184	(1)
The Decay of Premarital Relationships	185	(1)
Terminating Premarital Relationships	185	(1)
But How Can We Know If Our Particular Relationship Will Last?	186	(3)
End-of-Chapter Aids	189	(2)
Adulthood Through the Second Half of Life: Marriage, Divorce and Child Custody, Remarriage, and Stepfamilies	191	(29)
Developing Healthy and Happy Marriages and Other Long-Term Relationships: To Recap the Stages of Love	192	(2)
The Sweeping Sociological Changes of the Last Fifty Years	192	(1)
So What Is Going Wrong with Modern Marriage? Romantic Love versus the Realities of Living	193	(1)
The Evolution of a New Breed of People: The American Family	194	(2)
A New World Personality Style for Women	195	(1)
A New World Personality Style for Men	195	(1)
Marriage Present: The Exhausted Nuclear Family	196	(5)
The Extended Rural Family	196	(1)
The Plight of the Modern Husband-and-Father	197	(1)
The Plight of the Modern ``Super Mom''	197	(1)
The Stresses and Strains of Modern Parenting	198	(3)
Developing Better Interpersonal Communication	201	(17)
Men and Women Develop Different Communication Styles	201	(3)
When Romantic Love Ebbs, Compassionate Love Endures	204	(1)
When Vows Are Broken	205	(3)
When Divorce Is Inevitable	208	(3)
Alternatives to Divorce Court Battles: Mediation, Prenuptial, and Living Together Contracts	211	(3)
The Effects of Divorce on Children	214	(1)
Intimacy: The Keystone of Building and Maintaining a Supportive Family Environment	215	(3)
End-of-Chapter Aids	218	(2)
Conditioning and Learning: How We Have Been Conditioned and How We Can Use Conditioning to Build Constructive Habits	220	(18)
Conditioning and the Science of Learning	221	(11)
Ivan Pavlov: A Dog Is Conditioned to Salivate to a Bell	221	(2)
John Watson Applies Conditioning to a Human Baby	223	(2)
The Russians and Ferdinand Lamaze Adapt Classical Conditioning for Natural Birthing	225	(1)
B.F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning	226	(3)
Behavior Modification: Reinforcing the Desirable Behaviors Through Environmental Engineering	229	(3)
Developing Better Study Habits Using the Facts of Learning, Conditioning, and Memory	232	(4)
Three Types of Memory: Sensory, Short-Term, Long-Term	232	(4)
End-of-Chapter Aids	236	(2)
The Psychotherapies: Many Approaches, Many Applications	238	(25)
The Need to Be Therapy Literate	239	(1)
The Insight Therapies	239	(11)
Freud and the Psychoanalytic Approach	239	(1)
Carl Rogers and the Client-Centered Counseling Approach	240	(3)
Frederick Perls' Gestalt Therapy	243	(1)
Group Insight Therapies	244	(6)
The Behavior Therapies: Insight Isn't Necessary---Just Change the Behavior	250	(3)
Skinner's Behavior Modification (Therapy)	250	(1)
Joseph Wolpe's Systematic Desensitization	251	(1)
Biofeedback Training	252	(1)
The Cognitive Therapies: Combining Insight and Behavior Therapies	253	(8)
Albert Ellis' Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET): ``Get Rid of Your Irrational Beliefs; They're Driving You Crazy!''	253	(4)
Aaron Beck's Cognitive Therapy	257	(1)
Albert Bandura's Social Learning Therapy and Guided Mastery Technique	258	(1)
Eclecticism: Most Psychologists These Days Use a Multivariate Approach	258	(3)
End-of-Chapter Aids	261	(2)
Psychological Disorders: Trying to Function in Dysfunctional Ways	263	(28)
Why Study Dysfunctional (Abnormal) Psychology?	264	(25)
Difficulties of Defining and Diagnosing ``Mental Disorders''	265	(4)
The Anxiety Disorders	269	(4)
The Mood Disorders	273	(5)
The Schizophrenias	278	(3)
The Dissociative Disorders	281	(2)
The Personality Disorders: Let the Reader Take Warning!	283	(6)
End-of-Chapter Aids	289	(2)
Strategies for Staying Healthy: Coping with the Stresses and Strains of Modern Life	291	(27)
A Brief History of Disease Theory	292	(8)
Charcot's Hypnotism: Physical Symptoms Can Have Psychological Etiology	292	(1)
Sigmund Freud: Conversion Hysteria	293	(1)
The Era of Psychosomatic Medicine	294	(1)
Heart Disease and the Type A Personality	294	(1)
Too Many Life Changes---Even ``Happy'' Changes---Can Affect Our Health	295	(2)
Our Significantly Overweight and Obese Population	297	(3)
But Just How Does the Body---Mind Connection Work?	300	(16)
Homeostasis	300	(4)
The Placebo Effect and Its Applications	304	(1)
Psychoneuroimmunology: An Interdisciplinary Science of Health and Disease	305	(5)
The Holistic Approach to Psychophysical Health	310	(5)
Toward a Definition of Health: Harmony of BodyMindSpirit	315	(1)
End-of-Chapter Aids	316	(2)
Consciousness and Variations: Sleep and Dreaming, Hypnosis, Meditation and Meditational Prayer, Drug-Induced and Peak Experiences	318	(32)
Defining the Many Variations of Consciousness	319	(1)
Sleep and Dreaming	319	(2)
Sleep: We Just Aren't Getting Enough	319	(1)
REM Sleep and the Dreaming State	320	(1)
The Altered State of Dreaming	321	(9)
A Brief History of Dreams and Dreaming	321	(1)
Dreams in Ancient Times	321	(1)
Freud: Dreams as Catharsis and Wish-Fulfillment	322	(1)
The Jungian Approach: Dreams as Inspiration, Creativity, and Prediction	323	(7)
Stephen LaBerge: Lucid Dreaming	330	(1)
Daydreaming	330	(4)
Not Just Wishful Thinking, but Practical Problem Solving	331	(1)
Joseph Campbell: The Hero Archetype with a Thousand Faces	332	(2)
Meditation and Meditational Prayer	334	(1)
Results of Meditation and Meditational Prayer	334	(1)
Hypnosis: Its History and Applications	335	(3)
But What Is Hypnosis?	335	(3)
How Drugs Work on Our Psychophysical Mindbody	338	(9)
Peak Experiences	340	(7)
End-of-Chapter Aids	347	(3)
Building a Life-Career: Your Educational, Vocational, and Personal Future	350	(24)
Work as Essential for Our National and Personal Well-Being	351	(4)
If You Don't Know What You Want to Do When You ``Grow Up,'' Take Heart!	351	(1)
What Organizations Are Looking for in Prospective Employees	352	(2)
Douglas Macgregor: Theory X and Theory Y (and Now Theory Z)	354	(1)
Six Strategies for Landing Your First Real Job!	355	(3)
Ten Principles for Success in Your Job: Applying All the Principles of Psychology You Have Been Learning	358	(6)
Rebuilding a Community-Based Family	364	(8)
The Early American Community-Based Family	364	(8)
End-of-Chapter Aids	372	(2)
Glossary	374	(10)
References	384	(7)
Index	391

Excerpts

To Our Readers: Welcome to the 7th edition ofChoice and Change.You are an extraordinary generation of college students and we are honored to be the authors of your psychology textbook. Your generation is the most multiculturally diverse college population ever. You are also the most psychologically self-aware and the most intelligent generation of students that has ever existed. You are forging new paths toward your personal, educational, and vocational life-careers. Whether male or female, whatever your age or ethnic background, whatever walk of life you come from, and whatever path you take toward your future life, we are looking to you to be tomorrow's leaders. This is one of the continuing themes ofChoice and Change.Another theme of this book is that human existence is not simple. It requires all the courage, stamina, and integrity that we can muster to face the day-to-day challenges that come our way. You may find yourselves in difficult situations that are not of your choosing. To live authentically, you may have to "stand up and be counted" for unpopular causes and for what you believe to be truly right and just. You may even have to be a "minority of one" to live with your conscience. In which case, you will have joined those scholars and scientists, saints and sages who, down through the centuries and across cultures, helped this world to be a better place in which to live.A third theme of this text is embedded in the title of this text,Choice and Change;to help you to discover that there are always many possiblechoicesopen to you. Perceiving those choices is the first major step tochangingyour life for the better. A good example, although a tragic one, is what a young lad cried after he shot the classmates who had been bullying him. After giving himself up to the authorities, he crumpled on the ground, and kept repeating, "I had no choice. I had no choice:" The high school shooters at Columbine left tapes that indicate the only thing they could think to do was to shoot the students that bullied them, and then kill themselves. Then there are those people who continue to lead lives of "quiet desperation" because they do not know what else they can do. We hope that by the time you have finished this book, you will be better able to perceive the manychoicesalways available to you, and to be able to make thechangesnecessary for a happier, healthier, and more creative life-career.