Chromatography of Natural, Treated and Waste Waters

by Crompton; T R

• ISBN13: 9780415280044
• ISBN10: 0415280044
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-06-24
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Chromatography of Natural, Treated and Waste Watersis the first book to bring together information of a range of chromatographic techniques in all types of water,from precipitation to sewage effluents. Organic and inorganic compounds, cations, anions and elements are all discussed. Particular attention is paid to multi compound analysis of water, and the analysis of minute traces of pollutants. Gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry are included, and this book is well referenced and easy to use.

Author Biography

T. R. Crompton BSc, MSc, PhD is a consultant and former Chief Chemist for the North West Water Authority.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxi
1 Brief summary of methodologies	1	(36)
1.1 Ion chromatography	1	(3)
1.2 Electrostatic ion chromatography	4	(1)
1.3 High performance liquid chromatography	5	(9)
1.3.1 Reversed phase chromatography	7	(1)
1.3.2 Size exclusion chromatography	8	(1)
1.3.3 Ion exclusion chromatography	9	(1)
1.3.4 Micelle exclusion chromatography	10	(1)
1.3.5 Ion suppression chromatography	10	(1)
1.3.6 Gel permeation chromatography	11	(1)
1.3.7 Gel filtration chromatography	11	(1)
1.3.8 Supercritical fluid chromatography	11	(3)
1.4 Ion exchange chromatography	14	(3)
1.4.1 Anion exchange chromatography	14	(1)
1.4.2 Cation exchange chromatography	15	(1)
1.4.3 Ion exchange chromatography theory	16	(1)
1.5 Conventional column chromatography	17	(1)
1.6 High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry	18	(1)
1.7 Capillary column coupling isotachoelectrophoresis	18	(6)
1.8 Gas chromatography	24	(2)
1.9 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry	26	(2)
1.10 Thin layer chromatography	28	(1)
1.11 Chromatographic detectors	29	(6)
1.11.1 Visible spectrophotometric detector	29	(1)
1.11.2 Fluorescence detector	29	(2)
1.11.3 Infrared and Raman spectrometric detectors	31	(1)
1.11.4 Atomic absorption spectrometric detectors	32	(1)
1.11.5 Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometric detectors	33	(2)
References	35	(2)
2 Ion chromatography	37	(62)
2.1 Organic compounds	37	(1)
2.1.1 Non saline waters	37	(1)
2.1.1.1 Miscellaneous organic compounds	37	(1)
2.1.2 Waste waters	37	(1)
2.1.2.1 Carboxylic acids	37	(1)
2.2 Cations	38	(9)
2.2.1 Non saline waters	38	(8)
2.2.1.1 Transition metals, alkaline and alkaline earth metals	40	(3)
2.2.1.2 Ammonium ion	43	(1)
2.2.1.3 Total organic carbon	43	(3)
2.2.1.4 Other applications	46	(1)
2.2.2 Aqueous precipitation	46	(1)
2.2.2.1 Alkali and alkaline earth metals and ammonium	46	(1)
2.2.3 Trade effluents and waste waters	47	(1)
2.2.3.1 Heavy metals	47	(1)
2.2.3.2 Uranium	47	(1)
2.2.3.3 Ammonium	47	(1)
2.3 Anions	47	(43)
2.3.1 Ultraviolet versus conductivity detectors	47	(4)
2.3.2 Non saline waters	51	(14)
2.3.2.1 Bromide, fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, sulphate, phosphate and ammonium	51	(6)
2.3.2.2 Metal cyanide complexes	57	(1)
2.3.2.3 Cyanide, sulphide, iodide and bromide	58	(1)
2.3.2.4 Arsenate, arsenite, selenate and selenite	59	(1)
2.3.2.5 Mixtures of organic and inorganic anions	60	(5)
2.3.2.5.1 Bromate, chloride, bromide, nitrite, nitrate, hypophosphite (HP022-), selenite, selenate, sulphate, phosphate, pyrophosphate, arsenate, chromate, cx-hydroxybutyrate, butyrate, formate, acetate, glycolate, gluconate, valerate, cx-hydroxy valerate, pyruvate, monochloroacetate, dichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, galactonurate, glucuronate, cx-ketoglutarate, oxalate, fumarate, phthalate, oxalacetate, citrate, isocitrate, cis aconitate, trans aconitate, succinate, maleate, malonate, quinate, tartrate, hexane sulphonate, octane sulphonate, octane sulphate, decane sulphonate, dodecane sulphonate and dodecane sulphate	60	(2)
2.3.2.5.2 Lactate, glycolate, succinate, chloride, malate, sulphate, tartrate, maleate, fluoride, a-hydroxybutyrate, hydroxy valerate, formate, valerate, pyruvate, monochloroacetate, bromate, galaconurate, nitrite, gluconurate, dichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, hypophosphite, selenite, bromide, nitrate, oxalate, selenate, a-ketoglutarate, fumarate, phthalate, oxalacetate, phosphate, arsenate, chromate, citrate, isocitrate, cis aconitate and transaconitrate	62	(3)
2.3.2.6 Other applications	65	(1)
2.3.3 Aqueous precipitation	65	(10)
2.3.3.1 Bromide	65	(5)
2.3.3.2 Chloride, bromide, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, sulphate, sulphite and phosphate	70	(5)
2.3.3.3 Other applications	75	(1)
2.3.4 Seawater	75	(2)
2.3.4.1 Iodide	75	(1)
2.3.4.2 Nitrate and phosphate	75	(1)
2.3.4.3 Sulphate	75	(2)
2.3.5 Potable water	77	(4)
2.3.5.1 Bromide, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, sulphate and phosphate	77	(1)
2.3.5.2 Chloride, bromide and iodide	77	(2)
2.3.5.3 Chlorite and chlorate	79	(1)
2.3.5.4 Sulphide and cyanide	79	(2)
2.3.5.5 Other applications	81	(1)
2.3.6 Waste waters	81	(3)
2.3.6.1 Cyanide, free and total	81	(1)
2.3.6.2 Borate	81	(1)
2.3.6.3 Sulphide	82	(1)
2.3.6.4 Other applications	82	(2)
2.3.7 Trade effluents	84	(3)
2.3.7.1 Chloride, bromide, fluoride, nitrite, nitrate, sulphate and phosphate	84	(1)
2.3.7.2 Borate	84	(1)
2.3.7.3 Cyanide, sulphide, iodide and bromide	85	(1)
2.3.7.4 Metal cyanide complexes	86	(1)
2.3.7.5 Other applications	87	(1)
2.3.8 Ground and surface waters	87	(1)
2.3.8.1 Chloride, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and sulphate	87	(1)
2.3.8.2 Bromide	88	(1)
2.3.8.3 Selenate and selenite	88	(1)
2.3.9 Boiler waters	88	(2)
2.3.9.1 Chloride, sulphate and nitrite	88	(2)
2.3.9.2 Carbonate	90	(1)
2.3.9.3 Other applications	90	(1)
2.4 Mixtures of anions and cations	90	(5)
2.4.1 Introduction	90	(1)
2.4.2 Aqueous precipitation	91	(2)
2.4.2.1 Alkali metals, alkaline earths and anions	91	(2)
2.4.3 Potable waters	93	(9)
2.4.3.1 Alkali metals, alkaline earths and anions	93	(2)
References	95	(4)
3 Electrostatic ion chromatography	99	(3)
3.1 Introduction	99	(1)
3.2 Determination of anions	100	(1)
References	101	(1)
4 High performance liquid chromatography	102	(80)
4.1 Organics	102	(35)
4.1.1 Non saline waters	102	(22)
4.1.1.1 Amides	102	(1)
4.1.1.2 Chlorophenols	102	(2)
4.1.1.3 Chlorophyll pigments	104	(2)
4.1.1.4 Carboxylic acids	106	(1)
4.1.1.5 Non ionic surfactants	107	(1)
4.1.1.6 Pesticides and herbicides	107	(2)
4.1.1.7 Phenols	109	(1)
4.1.1.8 Phthalate esters	109	(1)
4.1.1.9 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons	110	(2)
4.1.1.10 Polychlorobiphenyls	112	(1)
4.1.1.11 Volatile organic compounds	112	(1)
4.1.1.12 Ethylene diamine tetraacetate	112	(1)
4.1.1.13 Other applications	113	(11)
4.1.2 Seawater	124	(1)
4.1.2.1 Amino acids	124	(1)
4.1.2.2 Aromatic amines	124	(1)
4.1.2.3 Other applications	125	(1)
4.1.3 Aqueous precipitation	125	(1)
4.1.3.1 Phenols	125	(1)
4.1.3.2 Formate	125	(1)
4.1.4 Ground and surface waters	125	(2)
4.1.4.1 Pesticides	125	(1)
4.1.4.2 Other applications	125	(2)
4.1.5 Potable waters	127	(4)
4.1.5.1 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons	127	(4)
4.1.5.2 Other applications	131	(1)
4.1.6 Waste waters	131	(2)
4.1.6.1 Nitroaromatic compounds	131	(1)
4.1.6.2 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons	131	(1)
4.1.6.3 Chlorinated polyaromatic hydrocarbons	132	(1)
4.1.6.4 Ozonisation and chlorination products	132	(1)
4.1.6.5 Other applications	132	(1)
4.1.7 Trade effluents	133	(2)
4.1.7.1 Mercaptobenzthiazole	133	(1)
4.1.7.2 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons	133	(1)
4.1.7.3 Miscellaneous pollutants	133	(2)
4.1.7.4 Other applications	135	(1)
4.1.8 Sewage effluents	135	(2)
4.1.8.1 Non ionic surfactants	135	(1)
4.1.8.2 Cobalamins	135	(1)
4.1.8.3 Other applications	135	(2)
4.1.9 Ultrapure waters	137	(1)
4.2 Organometallic compounds	137	(9)
4.2.1 Non saline waters	137	(9)
4.2.1.1 Organomercury compounds	137	(3)
4.2.1.2 Organotin compounds	140	(5)
4.2.1.3 Organoarsenic compounds	145	(1)
4.2.1.4 Organomanganese compounds	145	(1)
4.2.1.5 Organocopper compounds	146	(1)
4.2.2 Aqueous precipitation	146	(1)
4.2.2.1 Organolead compounds	146	(1)
4.2.3 Sea and estuary water	146	(1)
4.2.3.1 Organotin compounds	146	(1)
4.3 Cations	146	(13)
4.3.1 Non saline waters	147	(4)
4.3.1.1 Heavy metals, mercury and aluminium	147	(3)
4.3.1.2 Selenium	150	(1)
4.3.1.3 Vanadium	151	(1)
4.3.1.4 Other applications	151	(1)
4.3.2 Seawater	151	(6)
4.3.2.1 Heavy metals	151	(3)
4.3.2.2 Plutonium	154	(3)
4.3.2.3 Other applications	157	(1)
4.3.3 Ground waters	157	(1)
4.3.3.1 Uranium	157	(1)
4.3.4 Potable water	157	(2)
4.3.4.1 Copper, beryllium, aluminium, gallium, palladium and iron	157	(2)
4.3.5 Waste waters and trade effluents	159	(1)
4.3.5.1 Heavy metals and ammonium	159	(1)
4.4 Anions	159	(12)
4.4.1 Non saline waters	159	(7)
4.4.1.1 Nitrate and nitrite	159	(1)
4.4.1.2 Phosphate	160	(4)
4.4.1.3 Halides	164	(1)
4.4.1.4 Chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate and thiocyanate	164	(2)
4.4.1.5 Chromium(III) and chromium(VI)	166	(1)
4.4.1.6 Other applications	166	(1)
4.4.2 Aqueous precipitation	166	(1)
4.4.2.1 Nitrite and nitrate	166	(1)
4.4.3 Seawater	167	(3)
4.4.3.1 Carboxylic acids	167	(1)
4.4.3.2 Iodide	167	(3)
4.4.4 Potable water	170	(1)
4.4.4.1 Iodide, chloride, bromide, chlorate, bromate and iodate	170	(1)
4.4.4.2 Nitrate	170	(1)
4.4.4.3 Chloride, nitrate and sulphate	170	(1)
4.4.5 Trade effluents	170	(1)
4.4.5.1 Thiosulphate and polythionates	170	(1)
4.4.5.2 Fluoride	170	(1)
4.4.6 Sewage effluents	171	(1)
References	171	(11)
5 High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry	182	(8)
5.1 Organic compounds	182	(6)
5.1.1 Non saline waters	182	(1)
5.1.1.1 Sulphonylurea herbicides	182	(1)
5.1.1.2 Organophosphorus insecticides	182	(1)
5.1.1.3 Ozonisation products	183	(1)
5.1.1.4 Other applications	183	(1)
5.1.2 Potable waters	183	(4)
5.1.2.1 Sulphonylurea herbicides	183	(3)
5.1.2.2 Non volatile organic compounds	186	(1)
5.1.3 Ground waters	187	(1)
5.1.3.1 Organophosphorus insecticides	187	(1)
5.1.4 Waste waters	188	(2)
5.1.4.1 Azo dyes	188	(1)
References	188	(2)
6 Conventional column chromatography	190	(12)
6.1 Organic compounds	190	(5)
6.1.1 Non saline waters	190	(1)
6.1.1.1 Hydrocarbons	190	(1)
6.1.1.2 Non ionic detergents	190	(1)
6.1.1.3 Other applications	191	(1)
6.1.2 Seawater	191	(3)
6.1.2.1 Hydrocarbons	191	(3)
6.1.2.2 Organoboron compounds	194	(1)
6.1.3 Sewage effluents	194	(1)
6.1.3.1 Carboxylic acids	194	(1)
6.1.4 Swimming pool waters	194	(1)
6.1.4.1 Organochlorine compounds	194	(1)
6.1.5 Waste waters and trade effluents	195	(1)
6.1.5.1 Miscellaneous organic compounds	195	(1)
6.2 Organometallic compounds	195	(4)
6.2.1 Non saline waters	195	(3)
6.2.1.1 Organogermanium compounds	195	(1)
6.2.1.2 Organomercury compounds	195	(3)
6.2.1.3 Organotin compounds	198	(1)
6.2.2 Aqueous precipitation	198	(1)
6.2.2.1 Organolead compounds	198	(1)
6.2.3 Seawater	198	(1)
6.2.3.1 Organoarsenic compounds	198	(1)
6.2.4 Potable waters	198	(1)
6.2.4.1 Organoarsenic compounds	198	(1)
6.3 Cations	199	(1)
6.3.1 Non saline waters	199	(1)
6.3.1.1 Calcium and magnesium	199	(1)
6.3.1.2 Cobalt	199	(1)
6.3.2 Seawater	199	(1)
6.3.2.1 Transition metals	199	(1)
6.4 Anions	199	(1)
6.4.1 Non saline waters	199	(1)
6.4.1.1 Carboxylates	199	(1)
6.4.2 Waste waters	199	(3)
6.4.2.1 Sulphate	199	(1)
References	200	(2)
7 Ion pair high performance liquid chromatography	202	(5)
7.1 Organic compounds	202	(3)
7.1.1 Non saline waters	202	(3)
7.1.1.1 Linear alkylbenzene sulphonates and p-sulphonylcarboxylate salts	202	(1)
7.1.1.2 Cationic surfactants	202	(1)
7.1.1.3 Chlorophylls	203	(2)
7.1.1.4 Other applications	205	(1)
7.1.2 Seawater	205	(1)
7.1.2.1 Thiols	205	(1)
7.1.2.2 Flavins	205	(1)
7.1.3 Waste waters	205	(1)
7.1.3.1 Sulphonated polyphenols	205	(1)
7.2 Cations	205	(1)
7.2.1 Non saline waters	205	(1)
7.2.1.1 Miscellaneous metals including sodium, lithium, ammonium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, lead, copper, cadmium, cobalt, nickel, iron, zinc and 14 lanthanides	205	(1)
7.2.2 Trade effluents	205	(1)
7.2.2.1 Copper (II), silver(I), iron(II), iron(III), cobalt(III), nickel(II) and gold(I)	205	(1)
7.3 Anions	206	(1)
7.3.1 Non saline waters	206	(1)
7.3.1.1 Miscellaneous	206	(1)
References	206	(1)
8 Micelle chromatography	207	(3)
8.1 Organic compounds	207	(1)
8.1.1 Non saline waters	207	(1)
8.1.1.1 Polyaromatic compounds	207	(1)
8.1.2 Sewage effluents	207	(1)
8.1.2.1 Sodium-N-methyldithiocarbamate and methylisothiocynate	207	(1)
8.1.3 Trade effluents	207	(1)
8.1.3.1 Phthalate esters	207	(1)
8.2 Cations	208	(1)
8.2.1 Non saline waters	208	(1)
8.2.1.1 Calcium, potassium and sodium	208	(1)
8.3 Anions	208	(1)
8.3.1 Non saline waters	208	(2)
8.3.1.1 Iodate	208	(1)
8.3.1.2 Iodide, nitrate, nitrite, bromide and iodide	208	(1)
8.3.1.3 Thiocyanate, sulphite and sulphide, nitrate, thiosulphate and cyanide	208	(1)
References	208	(2)
9 Ion exclusion chromatography	210	(6)
9.1 Organic compounds	210	(1)
9.1.1 Non saline waters	210	(1)
9.1.1.1 Carboxylates	210	(1)
9.1.2 Rainwater	210	(1)
9.1.2.1 Carboxylates	210	(1)
9.2 Cations	210	(1)
9.2.1 Non saline waters	210	(1)
9.2.1.1 Arsenic	210	(1)
9.2.2 Ground waters	211	(1)
9.3 Anions	211	(4)
9.3.1 Non saline waters	211	(2)
9.3.1.1 Arsenate and arsenite	211	(1)
9.3.1.2 Organic anions, tartrate, maleate, malonate, citrate, glycollate, formate and fumarate	212	(1)
9.3.1.3 Nitrite	212	(1)
9.3.1.4 Phosphate	212	(1)
9.3.2 Aqueous precipitation	213	(1)
9.3.2.1 Chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, nitrite and thiocyanate	213	(1)
9.3.3 Seawater	213	(1)
9.3.3.1 Silicate	213	(1)
9.3.4 Potable waters	213	(3)
9.3.4.1 Bicarbonate and carbon dioxide	213	(2)
9.3.4.2 Nitrite	215	(1)
References	215	(1)
10 Size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography	216	(5)
10.1 Organic compounds	216	(1)
10.1.1 Potable waters	216	(1)
10.1.1.1 Ozonisation products	216	(1)
10.1.1.2 Chlorinated humic acids	217	(1)
10.1.2 Waste waters and trade effluents	217	(1)
10.1.2.1 Polyacrylamide	217	(1)
10.2 Cations	217	(1)
10.2.1 Non saline waters	217	(1)
10.2.1.1 Calcium and magnesium	217	(1)
10.2.1.2 Copper complexes	218	(1)
10.3 Anions	218	(2)
10.3.1 Non saline waters	218	(1)
10.3.1.1 Sulphide and sulphite	218	(1)
10.3.2 Waste waters	219	(2)
10.3.2.1 Phosphate, chloride, carbonate and sulphate	219	(1)
References	220	(1)
11 Gel permeation chromatography	221	(4)
11.1 Organic compounds	221	(2)
11.1.1 Non saline waters	221	(1)
11.1.1.1 Haloforms	221	(1)
11.1.1.2 Humic and fulvic acids	221	(1)
11.1.1.3 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons	222	(1)
11.1.2 Seawater	222	(1)
11.1.2.1 Crude oils	222	(1)
11.1.3 Trade effluents	223	(1)
11.1.3.1 Carbohydrates	223	(1)
11.1.3.2 Calcium sulphonate	223	(1)
11.2 Cations	223	(1)
11.2.1 Seawater	223	(2)
11.2.1.1 Lithium	223	(1)
References	223	(2)
12 Ion exchange chromatography	225	(8)
12.1 Organic compounds	225	(1)
12.1.1 Non saline waters	225	(1)
12.1.1.1 Non ionic surfactants	225	(1)
12.1.2 Seawater	226	(1)
12.1.2.1 Carbohydrates	226	(1)
12.1.3 Sewage effluents	226	(1)
12.1.3.1 Miscellaneous organics	226	(1)
12.2 Organometallic compounds	226	(2)
12.2.1 Non saline waters	226	(2)
12.2.1.1 Organoarsenic compounds	226	(2)
12.3 Cations	228	(2)
12.3.1 Non saline waters	228	(1)
12.3.1.1 Cobalt	228	(1)
12.3.1.2 Vanadium	228	(1)
12.3.1.3 Miscellaneous cations	228	(1)
12.3.2 Surface waters	228	(1)
12.3.2.1 Miscellaneous cations	228	(1)
12.3.3 Mineral, spa and spring waters	229	(1)
12.3.3.1 Lithium, sodium, potassium and caesium	229	(1)
12.3.3.2 Nickel	229	(1)
12.3.3.3 Copper	229	(1)
12.3.3.4 Boron	229	(1)
12.3.4 High purity waters	229	(1)
12.4 Anions	230	(1)
12.4.1 Non saline waters	230	(1)
12.4.1.1 Arsenate and arsenite	230	(1)
12.4.1.2 Chloride, bromide, iodide, chlorate, bromate and iodate	230	(1)
12.4.1.3 Fluoride	230	(1)
12.4.1.4 Nitrate and nitrite	230	(1)
12.4.1.5 Sulphate and chloride	230	(1)
12.4.1.6 Miscellaneous	231	(1)
12.4.2 Aqueous precipitation	231	(1)
12.4.2.1 Chloride and bromide	231	(1)
12.4.3 Potable water	231	(2)
12.4.3.1 Nitrate and nitrite	231	(1)
References	231	(2)
13 Column coupling capillary isotachoelectrophoresis and isotachelectrophoresis	233	(7)
13.1 Organic compounds	233	(1)
13.1.1 Non saline waters	233	(1)
13.1.1.1 Carboxylates	233	(1)
13.1.1.2 Chlorinated carboxylic acids	233	(1)
13.1.1.3 Herbicides	234	(1)
13.1.1.4 Aminoacetates	234	(1)
13.2 Cations	234	(2)
13.2.1 Non saline waters	234	(2)
13.2.1.1 Chromium	234	(2)
13.3 Anions	236	(2)
13.3.1 Non saline waters	236	(4)
13.3.1.1 Chloride, fluoride, nitrite, nitrate, sulphate and phosphate	236	(2)
13.3.1.2 Other applications	238	(1)
References	238	(2)
14 Thin layer chromatography	240	(31)
14.1 Organic compounds	240	(24)
14.1.1 Non saline waters	240	(8)
14.1.1.1 Petroleum spills	240	(3)
14.1.1.2 Carboxylates	243	(1)
14.1.1.3 Phenolic acids	243	(1)
14.1.1.4 Chlorinated hydrocarbons	244	(1)
14.1.1.5 Phenoxy acetic acid herbicides	244	(1)
14.1.1.6 Carbamate herbicides	245	(1)
14.1.1.7 Miscellaneous herbicides	246	(1)
14.1.1.8 Urea herbicides	247	(1)
14.1.1.9 Chlorophylls	247	(1)
14.1.1.10 Other applications	248	(1)
14.1.2 Seawater	248	(12)
14.1.3 Potable waters	260	(1)
14.1.3.1 Phenols	260	(1)
14.1.3.2 Chlorinated insecticides	260	(1)
14.1.3.3 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons	261	(1)
14.1.4 Sewage effluents	261	(1)
14.1.4.1 Abate insecticides	261	(1)
14.1.5 Waste waters	262	(1)
14.1.5.1 Petroleums	262	(1)
14.1.5.2 Phenols	263	(1)
14.1.5.3 Quinones	263	(1)
14.1.6 Trade effluents	263	(1)
14.1.6.1 Quinones	263	(1)
14.1.6.2 Dibutylethylene carboxylate, stilbenzene, azobenzene and azoxybenzene	263	(1)
14.1.7 High purity waters	264	(1)
14.1.7.1 Octodecylamine	264	(1)
14.1.7.2 Cyclohexylamine	264	(1)
14.2 Organometallic compounds	264	(2)
14.2.1 Non saline waters	264	(1)
14.2.1.1 Organolead compounds	264	(1)
14.2.1.2 Organotin compounds	265	(1)
14.2.2 Sewage effluents	265	(6)
14.2.2.1 Organomercury compounds	265	(1)
14.2.3 Trade effluents	266	(1)
14.2.3.1 Organomercury compounds	266	(1)
References	266	(5)
15 Gas chromatography	271	(168)
15.1 Organic compounds	271	(98)
15.1.1 Non saline waters	271	(75)
15.1.1.1 Aliphatic hydrocarbons, inland oil pollution incidents	271	(4)
15.1.1.2 Aromatic hydrocarbons	275	(1)
15.1.1.3 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons	276	(2)
15.1.1.4 Non ionic surfactants	278	(1)
15.1.1.5 Phenols	278	(3)
15.1.1.6 Carboxylic acids	281	(1)
15.1.1.7 Carbohydrates	282	(1)
15.1.1.8 Haloforms and aliphatic halogen compounds	282	(1)
15.1.1.9 Unsaturated aliphatic halogen compounds	283	(2)
15.1.1.10 Chlorophenols	285	(1)
15.1.1.11 Polychlorobiphenyls	285	(2)
15.1.1.12 Aliphatic amines	287	(2)
15.1.1.13 Nitrosamines	289	(1)
15.1.1.14 Nitriloacetic acid	289	(2)
15.1.1.15 Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid	291	(1)
15.1.1.16 Organosulphur compounds	291	(1)
15.1.1.17 Alkyl and aryl phosphates	292	(1)
15.1.1.18 Chlorinated insecticides and polychlorobiphenyls	293	(12)
15.1.1.19 Triazine herbicides	305	(2)
15.1.1.20 Organophosphorus insecticides	307	(6)
15.1.1.21 Carbamate insecticides	313	(1)
15.1.1.22 Substituted urea herbicides	314	(2)
15.1.1.23 Phenoxyacetic acid herbicides	316	(2)
15.1.1.24 Miscellaneous herbicides/pesticides	318	(1)
15.1.1.25 Growth regulators	319	(1)
15.1.1.26 Other applications	320	(26)
15.1.2 Aqueous precipitation	346	(1)
15.1.2.1 Chlorinated insecticides	346	(1)
15.1.2.2 Carboxylates	346	(1)
15.1.3 Seawater	346	(3)
15.1.3.1 Petroleum products	346	(1)
15.1.3.2 Chlorinated insecticides and polychlorobiphenyls	347	(2)
15.1.3.3 Other applications	349	(1)
15.1.4 Groundwaters	349	(20)
15.1.4.1 Hydrocarbons	349	(1)
15.1.5 Potable waters	349	(4)
15.1.5.1 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons	349	(1)
15.1.5.2 Chlorophenols	350	(1)
15.1.5.3 Vinyl chloride	350	(1)
15.1.5.4 Haloforms and halogenated aliphatic compounds	350	(2)
15.1.5.5 Nitrosamines	352	(1)
15.1.5.6 Chlorinated insecticides	352	(1)
15.1.5.7 Polychlorobiphenyls	352	(1)
15.1.5.8 Other applications	353	(1)
15.1.6 Sewage effluents	353	(10)
15.1.6.1 Carboxylates	353	(6)
15.1.6.2 Organochlorine insecticides and polychlorobiphenyls	359	(3)
15.1.6.3 Other applications	362	(1)
15.1.7 Waste waters	363	(6)
15.1.7.1 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons	363	(1)
15.1.7.2 Organosulphur compounds	363	(5)
15.1.7.3 Organophosphorus insecticides	368	(1)
15.1.7.4 Organochlorine insecticides and polychlorobiphenyls	368	(1)
15.1.7.5 Other applications	368	(1)
15.1.8 Trade, effluents	369	(1)
15.1.8.1 Miscellaneous organic compounds	369	(1)
15.1.9 High purity waters	369	(1)
15.1.9.1 Nitrosamines	369	(1)
15.1.10 Swimming pool waters	369	(1)
15.1.10.1 Aliphatic halogen compounds	369	(1)
15.2 Organometallic compounds	369	(26)
15.2.1 Non saline waters	369	(13)
15.2.1.1 Organoarsenic compounds	369	(7)
15.2.1.2 Organolead compounds	376	(1)
15.2.1.3 Organomanganese compounds	377	(1)
15.2.1.4 Organomercury compounds	377	(3)
15.2.1.5 Organoselenium compounds	380	(1)
15.2.1.6 Organosilicon compounds	380	(1)
15.2.1.7 Organotin compounds	380	(2)
15.2.2 Aqueous precipitation	382	(6)
15.2.2.1 Organolead compounds	382	(1)
15.2.2.2 Organotin compounds	382	(6)
15.2.3 Seawater	388	(5)
15.2.3.1 Organomercury compounds	388	(1)
15.2.3.2 Organotin compounds	389	(4)
15.2.4 Potable waters	393	(2)
15.2.4.1 Organolead compounds	393	(2)
15.2.4.2 Organotin compounds	395	(1)
15.2.5 Trade effluents	395	(1)
15.2.5.1 Organomercury compounds	395	(1)
15.3 Cations	395	(8)
15.3.1 Non saline waters	395	(7)
15.3.1.1 Arsenic, antimony, selenium and tin	395	(1)
15.3.1.2 Beryllium	396	(1)
15.3.1.3 Selenium	397	(5)
15.3.1.4 Other applications	402	(1)
15.3.2 Seawater	402	(1)
15.3.2.1 Aluminium	402	(1)
15.3.2.2 Selenium	402	(1)
15.3.3 Potable water	403	(1)
15.3.3.1 Beryllium	403	(1)
15.4 Anions	403	(11)
15.4.1 Non saline waters	403	(3)
15.4.1.1 Nitrite	403	(2)
15.4.1.2 Selenate and selenite	405	(1)
15.4.1.3 Other applications	406	(1)
15.4.2 Aqueous precipitation	406	(1)
15.4.2.1 Chloride, bromide and iodide	406	(1)
15.4.2.2 Sulphate, nitrate and phosphate	406	(1)
15.4.3 Seawater	406	(1)
15.4.3.1 Sulphide	406	(1)
15.4.3.2 Selenate and selenite	407	(1)
15.4.4 Potable water	407	(4)
15.4.4.1 Chloride, bromide and iodide	407	(3)
15.4.4.2 Nitrate	410	(1)
15.4.5 Waste waters	411	(2)
15.4.5.1 Cyanide	411	(2)
15.4.5.2 Polysulphide	413	(1)
15.4.5.3 Sulphide	413	(1)
15.4.5.4 Thiocyanate	413	(1)
15.4.6 Mineral waters	413	(26)
15.4.6.1 Iodide	413	(1)
References	414	(25)
16 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry	439	(50)
16.1 Organic compounds	439	(35)
16.1.1 Non saline waters	439	(1)
16.1.1.1 Alkylbenzene sulphonates	439	(1)
16.1.1.2 Other applications	440	(1)
16.1.2 Aqueous precipitation	440	(1)
16.1.2.1 Miscellaneous organic compounds	440	(1)
16.1.3 Seawater	440	(14)
16.1.3.1 Petroleum hydrocarbons	440	(13)
16.1.3.2 Phenols	453	(1)
16.1.4 Potable water	454	(8)
16.1.4.1 Nitrosamines	454	(1)
16.1.4.2 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons	454	(1)
16.1.4.3 Multiorganic mixtures	455	(7)
16.1.4.4 Other applications	462	(1)
16.1.5 Sewage effluents	462	(1)
16.1.5.1 Chlorinated insecticides and polychlorobiphenyls	462	(1)
16.1.5.2 Other applications	463	(1)
16.1.6 Waste effluents	463	(6)
16.1.6.1 Insecticides	463	(3)
16.1.6.2 Other applications	466	(3)
16.1.7 Trade effluents	469	(5)
16.1.7.1 Miscellaneous applications	469	(5)
16.2 Organometallic compounds	474	(3)
16.2.1 Non saline waters	474	(2)
16.2.1.1 Organoarsenic compounds	474	(1)
16.2.1.2 Organotin compounds	474	(2)
16.2.2 Seawater	476	(1)
16.2.2.1 Organoarsenic compounds	476	(1)
16.2.3 Potable water	476	(1)
16.2.3.1 Organolead compounds	476	(1)
16.3 Cations	477	(4)
16.3.1 Seawater	477	(4)
16.3.1.1 Chromium	477	(4)
References	481	(8)
Index	489