Civil Rights since 1787 : A Reader on the Black Struggle

by Birnbaum, Jonatha; Taylor, Clarence

• ISBN13: 9780814782491
• ISBN10: 0814782493
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-06-01
• Publisher: New York University Press

Summary

Winner of the 2001 Gustavus Myers Program Book Award.Contrary to simple textbook tales, the civil rights movement did not arise spontaneously in 1954 with the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision. The black struggle for civil rights can be traced back to the arrival of the first Africans, and to their work in the plantations, manufacturies, and homes of the Americas. Civil rights was thus born as labor history.Civil Rights Since 1787tells the story of that struggle in its full context, dividing the struggle into six major periods, from slavery to Reconstruction, from segregation to the Second Reconstruction, and from the current backlash to the future prospects for a Third Reconstruction. The "prize" that the movement has sought has often been reduced to a quest for the vote in the South. But all involved in the struggle have always known that the prize is much more than the vote, that the goal is economic as well as political. Further, in distinction from other work,Civil Rights Since 1787establishes the links between racial repression and the repression of labor and the left, and emphasizes the North as a region of civil rights struggle.Featuring the voices and philosophies of orators, activists, and politicians, this anthology emphasizes the role of those ignored by history, as well as the part that education and religion have played in the movement.Civil Rights Since 1787serves up an informative mix of primary documents and secondary analysis and includes the work of such figures as Ella Baker, Mary Frances Berry, Clayborne Carson, Frederick Douglass, W. E. B. DuBois, Eric Foner, Herb Gutman, Fannie Lou Hamer, A. Leon Higginbotham, Darlene Clark Hine, Jesse Jackson, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, Manning Marable, Nell Painter, Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward, A. Philip Randolph, Mary Church Terrell, and Howard Zinn.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments	xxi
Introduction: It Didn't Start in 1954	1	(6)
Jonathan Birnbaum
Clarence Taylor
PART I: Slavery: America's First Compromise
Introduction: Original Sin	7	(2)
Jonathan Birnbaum
Clarence Taylor
The International Slave Trade	9	(7)
Philip Foner
Slavery, the Constitution, and the Founding Fathers	16	(8)
Mary Frances Berry
Our Pro-Slavery Constitution	24	(5)
William Lloyd Garrison
Slave Religion, Rebellion, and Docility	29	(6)
Albert J. Raboteau
1787 Petition for Equal Educational Facilities	35	(1)
Rev. Prince Hall
The Abolitionist Movement	36	(5)
Herbert Aptheker
Too Long Have Others Spoken for Us	41	(4)
Freedom's Journal
Education for Black Women	45	(2)
Matilda
Walker's Appeal	47	(3)
David Walker
On African Rights and Liberty	50	(3)
Maria W. Stewart
The Liberator: Opening Editorial	53	(2)
William Lloyd Garrison
An Address to the Slaves of the United States	55	(3)
Rev. Henry Highland Garnet
Free Blacks and Suffrage	58	(1)
Alexis de Tocqueville
Silencing Debate: The Congressional Gag Rule	59	(1)
Equality before the Law	60	(6)
Charles Sumner
Free Blacks and the Fugitive Slave Act	66	(4)
Martin Delany
The Fugitive Slave Law	70	(4)
Harriet Jacobs
What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?	74	(4)
Frederick Douglass
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)	78	(5)
Illinois No Longer a Free State	83	(2)
Chicago Tribune
Literacy, Slavery, and Religion	85	(5)
Janet Duitsman Cornelius
Who Freed the Slaves?	90	(11)
Ira Berlin
PART II: Reconstruction
Introduction: The Second American Revolution	101	(2)
Jonathan Birnbaum
Clarence Taylor
The Second American Revolution	103	(6)
Eric Foner
Schools for Freedom	109	(7)
Herbert Gutman
The Southern Black Church	116	(2)
Clarence Taylor
Jonathan Birnbaum
Forty Acres and a Mule: Special Field Order No. 15	118	(3)
General William Tecumseh Sherman
A Proposal for Reconstruction	121	(6)
Thaddeus Stevens
Woman's Rights	127	(3)
Sojourner Truth
Woman Suffrage	130	(1)
Charlotte Rollin
Black Women during Reconstruction	131	(4)
Frances Ellen Watkins Harper
Southern Discomfort	135	(3)
Whitelaw Reid
The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy	138	(3)
Eugene Lawrence
Black Workers and Republicans in the South	141	(9)
David Montgomery
The Reconstruction Myth	150	(4)
Peyton McCrary
The Impeachment of President Andrew Johnson	154	(7)
Joshua Zeitz
PART III: Segregation
Introduction: Separate and Unequal	161	(4)
Jonathan Birnbaum
Clarence Taylor
The Repression of Free Blacks
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)	165	(5)
Newspapers on Plessy v. Ferguson	170	(2)
How Disenfranchisement Was Accomplished	172	(5)
Frances Fox Piven
Richard A. Cloward
Lynching	177	(4)
Ida B. Wells-Barnett
The Atlanta Massacre	181	(3)
The Race War in the North	184	(6)
William English Walling
Jim Crow and the Limits of Freedom, 1890--1940	190	(9)
Neil R. McMillen
Blacks and the First Red Scare	199	(4)
Theodore Kornweibel, Jr.
The Second Klan	203	(12)
Nancy MacLean
The Black and Progressive Response
Black Workers from Reconstruction to the Great Depression	215	(7)
Nell Irvin Painter
The Atlanta Address	222	(4)
Booker T. Washington
Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others	226	(6)
W. E. B. Du Bois
Report of the 1900 Pan-African Conference	232	(2)
The Niagara Movement Declaration of Principles	234	(4)
The Task for the Future	238	(4)
Returning Soldiers	242	(2)
W. E. B. Du Bois
Lynching a Domestic Question?	244	(2)
Address to President Wilson	246	(3)
William Monroe Trotter
The Higher Education of Women	249	(3)
Anna Julia Cooper
Black Women and the Right to Vote	252	(8)
Darlene Clark Hine
Christie Anne Farnham
Woman Suffrage and the Fifteenth Amendment	260	(2)
Mary Church Terrell
Woman Suffrage and the Negro	262	(2)
The Great Migration	264	(3)
W. E. B. Du Bois
Migration and Political Power	267	(1)
The Objectives of the Universal Negro Improvement Association	268	(6)
Marcus Garvey
The Garvey Milieu	274	(4)
Alan Dawley
The Scottsboro Case	278	(2)
Robin D. G. Kelley
Women and Lynching	280	(3)
Jacquelyn Dowd Hall
Blacks and the New Deal	283	(4)
Harvard Sitkoff
Mary McLeod Bethune and the Black Cabinet	287	(3)
Darlene Clark Hine
Kathleen Thompson
Marian Anderson, Eleanor Roosevelt, and the D. A. R.	290	(2)
Elmer Anderson Carter
Blacks and the CIO	292	(6)
Richard Thomas
The Harlem Bus Boycott of 1941	298	(5)
Dominic J. Capeci, Jr.
The March on Washington Movement	303	(4)
A. Philip Randolph
Executive Order 8802: Establishing the FEPC	307	(2)
Franklin D. Roosevelt
The Sharecroppers' Tale	309	(6)
Paul Buhle
The ``Double V'' Campaign	315	(3)
Edgar T. Rouzeau
Nazi and Dixie Nordics	318	(3)
Langston Hughes
The Civil Rights Congress	321	(6)
Gerald Horne
PART IV: The Second Reconstruction
Introduction: The Modern Civil Rights Movement	327	(6)
Jonathan Birnbaum
Clarence Taylor
The Legal Strategy
Charles Hamilton Houston and the NAACP Legal Strategy	333	(8)
Patricia Sullivan
The NAACP and Brown	341	(8)
Harvard Sitkoff
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)	349	(6)
Mississippi Murders	355	(8)
Myrlie Evers
William Peters
Labor Days
Labor, Radicals, and the Civil Rights Movement	363	(20)
Robert Korstad
Nelson Lichtenstein
Migration and Electoral Politics	383	(5)
Frances Fox Piven
Richard A. Cloward
To Secure These Rights	388	(6)
Executive Order 9981: Barring Segregation in the Armed Forces	394	(2)
Harry S. Truman
The Second Red Scare: The Cold War in Black America	396	(13)
Manning Marable
Remembering Jackie Robinson	409	(3)
Peter Dreier
Paul Robeson and the House Un-American Activities Committee	412	(4)
The Highlander School	416	(5)
Myles Horton
If the Negro Wins, Labor Wins	421	(7)
Martin Luther King, Jr.
CORE and the Pacifist Roots of Civil Rights	428	(7)
Milton Viorst
The Churches' Hour
The Baton Rouge Bus Boycott	435	(8)
Aldon Morris
Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott	443	(14)
Herbert Kohl
The Social Organization of Nonviolence	457	(4)
Martin Luther King, Jr.
SCLC and ``The Beloved Community''	461	(3)
On King's Influences and Borrowings	464	(3)
Arnold Rampersad
Women and Community Leadership	467	(5)
Ella Baker
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee	472	(2)
Howard Zinn
SNCC Statement of Purpose	474	(1)
James M. Lawson, Jr.
Suppose Not Negroes but Men of Property Were Being Beaten in Mississippi	475	(2)
I. F. Stone
Letter from Birmingham City Jail	477	(13)
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Television Address on Civil Rights	490	(3)
John F. Kennedy
What Really Happened at the March on Washington?	493	(8)
Nicolaus Mills
Which Side Is the Federal Government On?	501	(3)
John Lewis
I Have a Dream	504	(4)
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Movie Myths about Mississippi Summer	508	(3)
Nicolaus Mills
Freedom Schools	511	(6)
Howard Zinn
The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party	517	(4)
Testimony before the 1964 DNC Credentials Committee	521	(3)
Fannie Lou Hamer
Civil Rights and Black Protest Music	524	(4)
Bernice Johnson Reagon
From Protest to Politics	528	(11)
Bayard Rustin
The Selma Movement and the Voting Rights Act of 1965	539	(7)
Steven F. Lawson
Address on Voting Rights	546	(7)
Lyndon Johnson
Economic Justice: The North Has Problems Too
Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders	553	(2)
Kerner Commission
The Watts Uprising	555	(6)
Gerald Horne
The Great Society	561	(4)
Lyndon Johnson
The SCLC and Chicago	565	(9)
Adam Fairclough
Resurrection City and the Poor People's Campaign	574	(6)
I. F. Stone
The Welfare Rights Movement	580	(7)
James MacGregor Burns
Stewart Burns
Black Power
We Must Have Justice	587	(2)
Elijah Muhammad
The Ballot or the Bullet	589	(15)
Malcolm X
Malcolm and Martin: A Common Solution	604	(7)
Clayborne Carson
What We Want	611	(4)
Stokely Carmichael
The Black Panther Party Ten-Point Program	615	(3)
Huey Newton
The Black Panther Party	618	(3)
Clayborne Carson
David Malcolm Carson
Women and the Black Panther Party	621	(3)
Angela G. Brown
Black Power and Labor	624	(7)
William L. Van Deburg
Electoral and Street Politics
The Nixon Administration and Civil Rights	631	(4)
William Clay
The Gary Black Political Convention of 1972	635	(6)
Manning Marable
Police Violence and Riots	641	(4)
John Conyers, Jr.
Rodney King, Police Brutality, and Riots	645	(4)
Nell Irvin Painter
Black Power in the Age of Jackson	649	(6)
Andrew Kopkind
Race and the Democrats	655	(4)
Richard A. Cloward
Frances Fox Piven
Mississippi Abolishes Slavery	659	(2)
Undercounting Minorities	661	(2)
Clarence Lusane
The Color of Money	663	(6)
Discrimination: Ongoing Examples
The Possessive Investment in Whiteness	669	(10)
George Lipsitz
Discrimination and Racism Continue	679	(5)
John Conyers, Jr.
Education's ``Savage Inequalities''	684	(4)
Steven Wishnia
Shopping While Black	688	(4)
Lena Williams
Environmental Racism	692	(5)
Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.
Dennis Rivera
Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action and History	697	(3)
Eric Foner
The Great White Myth	700	(2)
Anna Quindlen
How the Press Frames Affirmative Action	702	(6)
Janine Jackson
Position Paper on Affirmative Action	708	(9)
PART V: Backlash Redux
Introduction: Redemption II	717	(4)
Jonathan Birnbaum
Clarence Taylor
The Roots of Backlash
The Southern Manifesto	721	(4)
George Wallace and the Roots of Modern Republicanism	725	(6)
Taylor Branch
Segregation Forever	731	(4)
George Wallace
The Southern Strategy	735	(7)
Dan T. Carter
The Nixon That Black Folks Knew	742	(3)
Clarence Lusane
The FBI, COINTELPRO, and the Repression of Civil Rights	745	(8)
James W. Loewen
The Urban Fiscal Crisis and the Rebirth of Conservatism	753	(6)
William K. Tabb
Boston's Battle over Busing	759	(20)
Ronald P. Formisano
Backlash
The Tax Revolt	779	(1)
Alan Brinkley
Campus Racism and the Reagan Budget Cuts	780	(5)
Joseph S. Murphy
The War against the Poor	785	(7)
Herbert J. Gans
David Duke and the Southern Strategy	792	(2)
Tom Turnipseed
The Civil Rights Act of 1991	794	(4)
Richard O. Curry
How ``Welfare'' Became a Dirty Word	798	(5)
Linda Gordon
Lazy Lies about Welfare	803	(2)
Derrick Z. Jackson
Race and the ``New Democrats''	805	(12)
Michael Omi
Howard Winant
Defunding the Congressional Black Caucus	817	(2)
Julianne Malveaux
Vouchers, the Right, and the Race Card	819	(4)
Bob Peterson
Barbara Miner
The Prison Industrial Complex	823	(6)
Angela Davis
Felony Disenfranchisement	829	(2)
Holly Sklar
Chain Gang Blues	831	(5)
Alex Lichtenstein
Breaking Thurgood Marshall's Promise	836	(7)
A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr.
PART VI: Toward a Third Reconstruction
Introduction: Where Do We Go from Here?	843	(3)
Jonathan Birnbaum
Clarence Taylor
Time for a Third Reconstruction	846	(3)
Eric Foner
Toward a New Protest Paradigm	849	(4)
Manning Marable
Why Inter-Ethnic Anti-Racism Matters Now	853	(3)
George Lipsitz
How the New Working Class Can Transform Urban America	856	(6)
Robin D. G. Kelley
What Works to Reduce Inequality?	862	(2)
Martin Carnoy
A Workers' Bill of Rights	864	(2)
Jesse Jackson
A Ten-Point Plan	866	(2)
Peter Dreier
Both Race and Class: A Time for Anger	868	(6)
Dan T. Carter
Fear of a Black Feminist Planet	874	(4)
Barbara Ransby
Response to the Million Man March	878	(2)
What Farrakhan Left Out	880	(3)
Peter Dreier
Clean-Money Campaign Finance Reform	883	(2)
Holly Sklar
Proportional Representation	885	(5)
Steven Hill
We Can Educate All Our Children	890	(6)
Constance Clayton
Algebra as Civil Rights: An Interview with Bob Moses	896	(3)
Peggy Dye
Pulpit Politics: Religion and the Black Radical Tradition	899	(5)
Michael Eric Dyson
Some Truths Are Not Self-Evident	904	(3)
Howard Zinn
We Don't Need Another Dr. King	907	(2)
Patricia Hill Collins
Index	909	(34)
About the Editors	943