Clashing Values in the Administration of Public Policy

by LeMay, Michael C.

• ISBN13: 9780534601379
• ISBN10: 0534601375
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-07-19
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Develop an understanding of how values connote principles, goals, or standards that an individual, class, organization, or society holds dear with this affordable CENGAGE ADVANTAGE BOOKS version of PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: CLASHING VALUES IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF PUBLIC POLICY. This textbook uses a "clash of values" approach that gets to the heart of how administrators make decisions and implement public policy. Case studies and examples capture the intricacies of this unique area of political science. You'll also investigate the role public administrators play throughout the policy process, including targeting a problem, placing it on the government's agenda, structuring the alternatives that elected officials use, implementing public policy through the programs and procedures they largely determine, and finally, evaluating the success or failure of a policy. Finally, you'll explore the reorganization of the national bureaucracies following the 9/11 attacks that prompted the enactment of the PATRIOT Act and the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security.

Table of Contents

List of Boxes, Cartoons, Figures, Photos, and Tables	p. xiii
Preface	p. xv
Balancing Values in the Administration of Public Policy	p. 1
Introduction	p. 2
The Clash of Values in the Administration of Public Policy	p. 5
Efficiency versus Responsiveness	p. 5
Public versus Private	p. 6
Neutrality versus Tolerance	p. 7
Uniformity versus Diversity	p. 7
Economic Capitalism versus Individual Rights	p. 7
Limited Government versus Popular Sovereignty	p. 8
The Study of Public Administration	p. 8
Key Concepts in the Study of Public Administration	p. 8
Line versus Staff Agencies	p. 12
The Structures of Government in the Executive Branch	p. 13
The Executive Office of the President	p. 13
Cabinet-Level Departments	p. 14
Independent Agencies	p. 16
Government Corporations	p. 16
Intergovernmental Agencies	p. 17
Evolving Approaches to the Study of Public Administration	p. 18
The Era of Representativeness	p. 18
Neutral Competence and the Period of Reform	p. 18
The Principles of Administration	p. 19
The Executive Leadership Era	p. 20
The Systems Framework and the Ecology of Public Administration	p. 20
The Public Choice Model and Public Administration	p. 20
The Net and School Choice	p. 22
Net Assignment	p. 23
Summary	p. 23
Glossary of Key Terms	p. 23
Review Questions	p. 25
Surfing the Net	p. 25
The Social, Political, Economic, and Environmental Context of Administration	p. 27
Introduction	p. 28
The Political System, Values, and Social Change	p. 28
The Concept of Administrative Agencies in the Political System	p. 28
The Systems Model, Public Administration, and Transportation Policy	p. 29
Developing Value Conflicts	p. 30
Social Change and Value Conflict in Administration	p. 32
Abortion	p. 32
Affirmative Action	p. 34
The Development of the Political Party System	p. 36
The Role of Third Parties as Value Sources	p. 37
Interest Groups and Values in Public Administration	p. 38
Relationships between Regulators and the Regulated	p. 39
The Economic Context of Public Administration	p. 41
Industrialization and Changing Economic Values	p. 42
Value Shifts and Technology Changes in the Postindustrial Era	p. 44
The Ecological and Environmental Context	p. 45
Environmental Concerns and Value Conflicts in Public Administration	p. 46
Bar Wars	p. 48
Net Assignment	p. 49
Summary	p. 49
Glossary of Key Terms	p. 49
Review Questions	p. 51
Surfing the Net	p. 51
The Anatomy of Public Organization: Bureaucratic Power and Politics	p. 53
Introduction	p. 54
Internal Sources of Values	p. 54
The Concepts of Organizational Culture and Bureaucratic Ideology	p. 55
The Organizational Culture	p. 55
Groupthink	p. 56
Functions of Organizational Culture	p. 58
The Use of Symbols	p. 60
The Bureaucratic Ideology	p. 61
Bureaucratic Symbols	p. 61
Symbolic Management	p. 62
Organizational Effects on Cognitive Processes and Value Systems	p. 63
Special Uses of Jargon	p. 63
The Foundations of Bureaucratic Power	p. 65
Organizational Structure	p. 67
Bureaucrats as Politicians	p. 70
Internal Sources of Values	p. 72
The Groupthink Failure: A Centralized Bureaucracy Won't Improve Intelligence	p. 78
Net Assignment	p. 79
Summary	p. 79
Glossary of Key Terms	p. 79
Review Questions	p. 80
Surfing the Net	p. 81
Administration in the Federal System: Intergovernmental Relations and Constitutional Sources of Values	p. 83
Introduction	p. 84
The Backdrop of Federalism	p. 86
Models of U.S. Federalism	p. 89
The Layer-Cake Model	p. 89
The Marble-Cake Model	p. 89
The Picket-Fence Model	p. 89
Approaches to Federalism	p. 90
Dual Federalism	p. 91
Cooperative Federalism	p. 92
Creative Federalism	p. 93
New Federalism	p. 94
Renewed Federalism	p. 95
Fiscal Federalism	p. 96
Types of Governmental Grants-in-Aid	p. 97
Coercive Federalism and the Use of Unfunded Mandates	p. 102
Intergovernmental Relations and Public Administration	p. 105
No Child Left Behind Act: What Will It Cost States?	p. 108
Net Assignment	p. 109
Summary	p. 109
Glossary of Key Terms	p. 110
Review Questions	p. 111
Surfing the Net	p. 112
Alternative Theories of Organizational Behavior: Classic Models and Ideological Sources of Values	p. 113
Introduction	p. 114
Schools of Organizational Theory	p. 114
The Classical School of Organizational Theorists	p. 115
The Human Relations School of Organizational Theorists	p. 119
The Neoclassical School of Organizational Theorists	p. 125
The Systems School of Organizational Theorists	p. 127
The New Public Management School of Organizational Theorists	p. 131
The Budget-Minimizing Bureaucrat? Empirical Evidence from the Senior Executive Service	p. 135
Net Assignment	p. 137
Summary	p. 137
Glossary of Key Terms	p. 138
Review Questions	p. 140
Surfing the Net	p. 141
Decision Making in the Administration of Public Policy	p. 143
Introduction	p. 144
Models of Decision Making in Administration	p. 145
Rational-Comprehensive Model	p. 145
Bargaining Model	p. 148
Incremental Model	p. 149
Participate Model	p. 151
Public Choice Model	p. 152
The Ethical Dimensions of Decision Making	p. 157
Institutional Ethics	p. 157
Personal Ethics	p. 159
The Limits of Decision Making	p. 159
Time	p. 159
Uncertainty	p. 161
Distortion of Information	p. 161
Crisis	p. 163
Comprehensive Administrative Reform Implementation	p. 164
Net Assignment	p. 166
Summary	p. 166
Glossary of Key Terms	p. 167
Review Questions	p. 168
Surfing the Net	p. 168
Management of Bureaucratic Organizations: The Strategic Use of Values in Policy Making and Administration	p. 169
Introduction	p. 170
Management and Managerialism	p. 170
Approaches to Management	p. 173
Management by Objectives	p. 173
Organizational Development	p. 173
Operations Research	p. 174
Program Evaluation and Review Technique	p. 174
Quality Circles	p. 175
Total Quality Management	p. 175
Entrepreneurialism	p. 175
Performance Management	p. 179
Contracting Out	p. 180
Exploring Total Quality Management	p. 180
Strategic Management	p. 182
Capabilities and Environmental Constraints	p. 183
SWOT Analysis	p. 183
Strategic Factors in Management	p. 183
Challenges to Strategic Management	p. 184
Mandates	p. 185
Efficiency	p. 186
Competitiveness	p. 186
Boundaries	p. 186
Public versus Private Interests	p. 187
Service	p. 188
Performance-Based Budgeting in a Performance-Based Budget-Cutting Environment	p. 189
Net Assignment	p. 191
Summary	p. 192
Glossary of Key Terms	p. 192
Review Questions	p. 193
Surfing the Net	p. 193
Evaluation of Public Policy: Swinging the Pendulum of Administrative Politics	p. 195
Introduction	p. 196
Values and the Public Policy Process	p. 196
The Example of Head Start	p. 196
The Role of Elites	p. 197
Results-Oriented and Process-Oriented Management	p. 199
The Policy-Making Process	p. 201
The Bureaucratic Politics Model	p. 201
Stages in the Policy Process	p. 203
The Feedback Effect	p. 203
The Influence of Administrators	p. 205
Values and Implementation	p. 205
The Bald Eagle Protection Act and the Pathfinder Program Examples	p. 207
The Welfare Reform Example	p. 208
Administrators and Measuring Policy Results	p. 208
Program Evaluation and Policy Development	p. 211
Program Evaluation Standards	p. 212
Deconstructing Research on Systems of Care for Youth with EBD	p. 215
Net Assignment	p. 217
Summary	p. 217
Glossary of Key Terms	p. 217
Review Questions	p. 218
Surfing the Net	p. 218
Personnel Administration and Unionism in Public Administration	p. 219
Introduction	p. 220
Affirmative Action and Reverse Discrimination	p. 221
The Functions of Personnel Administration	p. 222
Position Classification and the General Schedule System	p. 222
Senior Executive Service	p. 223
Recruitment	p. 224
Collective Bargaining	p. 226
Performance Appraisal	p. 228
Common Performance Appraisals	p. 229
Training and Development	p. 230
Public Employee Strikes and Job Actions	p. 231
Rights of Employees	p. 231
The Historical Development of Personnel Administration	p. 232
The Pendleton Act	p. 232
Civil Service Reform Act of 1978	p. 234
Affirmative Action and Comparable Worth	p. 234
National Performance Review	p. 236
The Ebb and Flow of Union Strength	p. 236
The Evolution of Collective Bargaining	p. 237
Merit, Management, and Neutral Competence	p. 239
Net Assignment	p. 241
Summary	p. 241
Glossary of Key Terms	p. 241
Review Questions	p. 242
Surfing the Net	p. 243
Leadership: The Chief Executive, the Bureaucracy, and the Search for Accountability	p. 245
Introduction	p. 246
Defining Authority and Leadership	p. 246
Personality Types	p. 248
Micromanagement	p. 248
Approaches to Leadership	p. 249
Leadership and Management	p. 251
The Search for Leadership Traits	p. 253
Transactional Leadership	p. 256
Transformational Leadership	p. 256
Styles of Leadership	p. 257
The Director	p. 258
The Motivator	p. 259
The Coordinator or Facilitator	p. 260
The Catalyst	p. 261
The Spokesperson	p. 261
The Crisis Manager	p. 262
Accountability in Public Administration	p. 263
Constitutional and Legal Constraints	p. 263
Casework	p. 264
Political Values versus Organizational Goals	p. 266
Aspects of Leadership	p. 268
Net Assignment	p. 270
Summary	p. 270
Glossary of Key Terms	p. 270
Review Questions	p. 272
Surfing the Net	p. 272
Communication Flows in Administration: The Fuzzing of Values	p. 273
Introduction	p. 274
Communication in Administration	p. 275
Value Content in Communication	p. 275
Types of Communication	p. 276
Formal Communication	p. 276
Informal Communication	p. 277
Communication's Role in Organizations	p. 281
Communication Networks and Efficiency	p. 281
Small Groups in Organizational Communication Channels	p. 283
The Flows of Communication	p. 284
Downward Communication	p. 284
Upward Communication	p. 286
Horizontal Communication	p. 289
Diagonal Information	p. 289
Communication Technology	p. 293
The State of State Whistle-Blower Protection	p. 297
Net Assignment	p. 299
Summary	p. 299
Glossary of Key Terms	p. 299
Review Questions	p. 299
Surfing the Net	p. 300
Financial Management: Taxing, Budgeting, and Spending	p. 301
Introduction	p. 302
Placing Monetary Values on Priorities	p. 302
Values and Financial Planning	p. 302
The Role of the Budget Process	p. 302
The Functions of Financial Management	p. 303
The Taxing Function	p. 303
The Tax Burden	p. 303
The Budget-Making Function	p. 305
Types of Budgets	p. 305
The Auditing Function	p. 309
Types of Audits	p. 309
Auditing Agencies	p. 309
The Accounting Function	p. 310
Types of Accounting	p. 310
Accounting Practices	p. 310
The Evaluating Function	p. 311
Fiscal Policy Outcomes and Electoral Accountability in U.S. States	p. 312
The Politics of the Budgetary Process	p. 312
Sources of Revenue	p. 313
Areas of Expenditure	p. 314
Budget Theories and Practices	p. 314
Keynesian Theory	p. 315
Supply-Side Economics	p. 316
Budget Authorization and Appropriation	p. 318
Budget Execution and Implementation	p. 319
Budget Strategies	p. 320
Budget Reforms	p. 320
Congressional Influence	p. 321
Problems of Debt	p. 323
Economic Policy	p. 325
Fiscal Policy	p. 325
Monetary Policy	p. 325
Privatization	p. 326
The Congressional Budget Process and Some Proposed Reforms	p. 328
Net Assignment	p. 330
Summary	p. 330
Glossary of Key Terms	p. 331
Review Questions	p. 333
Surfing the Net	p. 333
Administrative Law and the Control of Public Agencies	p. 335
Introduction	p. 336
Law and Ethics as Sources of Public Values	p. 336
Courts, Democratic Ideals, and Administrative Law	p. 336
Accountability	p. 337
The Rise of Regulation	p. 338
State and Local Regulation	p. 339
The Upward Expansion of Regulation	p. 339
Regulation and the Courts	p. 342
Technology Issues	p. 346
Privacy versus the Public's Right to Know	p. 347
Administrative Law and Regulatory Agencies	p. 348
The Limits of Administrative Law	p. 349
Discretion	p. 350
Regulatory Procedures and the Adjudication Process	p. 350
The Expanding Role of Administrative Judges	p. 351
The Influence of Social Change	p. 352
The Influence of Economic Changes	p. 353
External and Internal Controls	p. 353
The Role of the Whistle-Blower	p. 355
The Regulatory System and Competing Values	p. 355
Trends in State Regulatory Power: Balancing Regulation and Deregulation	p. 357
Net Assignment	p. 359
Summary	p. 359
Glossary of Key Terms	p. 359
Review Questions	p. 360
Surfing the Net	p. 360
Clientele Pressure and Government Policy: Interest Groups as Sources of Values	p. 363
Introduction	p. 364
Societal Values and What Government Regulates	p. 365
Economic Regulation	p. 365
Social Regulation	p. 366
Subsidiary Regulation	p. 366
Regulatory Agencies and Clientele Groups	p. 366
Captive Agencies	p. 368
Types of Rules and Stages of Rule Making	p. 371
The Twelve Stages of Rule Making	p. 371
Clientele Groups and Captive Agencies	p. 373
The Unorganized Lose Out	p. 377
Strategies of Support	p. 377
Advisory Positions and Task Forces	p. 377
Public Hearings	p. 378
New Public Management	p. 379
What Makes a Clientele Group Effective?	p. 381
The Current and Future Directions of Regulation	p. 381
Government Support for Groups	p. 384
Economic Development Support	p. 384
Structures Matter, but Leadership Matters More	p. 385
Net Assignment	p. 387
Summary	p. 387
Glossary of Key Terms	p. 388
Review Questions	p. 388
Surfing the Net	p. 389
Chapter Notes	p. 391
Suggested Readings	p. 406
Bibliography	p. 419
Index	p. 444
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