Class Actions and Other Multi-Party Litigation in a Nutshell

by Klonoff, Robert H.

• ISBN13: 9780314144119
• ISBN10: 0314144110
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-11-30
• Publisher: West Group

Summary

Covers all of the major topics of class action law and practice, such as commencement of a class action, requirements for class certification, class action discovery, notice to class members, "opt-out" rights, Seventh Amendment and due process issues, class settlements, remedies, appellate review, issue and claim preclusion, and ethical and policy issues. Also contains a special focus on securities, mass tort, and employment discrimination class actions, defendant class actions and shareholder derivative suits. Explores the latest cutting-edge issues in multi-party litigation and discusses numerous ground-breaking court decisions.

Table of Contents

PREFACE	v
TABLE OF CASES	xxix
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23. Class Actions	1	(8)
Chapter 1. Introduction	9	(5)
Chapter 2. Evolution and Overview of Federal Court Class Actions	14	(11)
I. Equity Rule 48	17	(1)
II. Equity Rule 38	17	(1)
III. The 1938 Version of Rule 23	18	(1)
IV. The 1966 Version of Rule 23	19	(1)
V. Overview of Current Rule 23	20	(5)
Chapter 3. Class Certification Requirements: Implicit Requirements and Rule 23(A)	25	(36)
I. Implicit Requirements	26	(5)
A. A Definable Class	26	(2)
B. A Representative Who Is a Member of the Class	28	(1)
C. A Claim That Is Not Moot	29	(2)
II. Rule 23(a)	31	(30)
A. Numerosity	31	(5)
§ 3.1 Overview	31	(1)
§ 3.2 Size of the Potential Class	32	(1)
§ 3.3 Possible Future Claimants	33	(1)
§ 3.4 Other Factors Bearing on Numerosity	33	(2)
§ 3.5 Applicability to Subclasses	35	(1)
§ 3.6 Re Evaluation of Numerosity	35	(1)
B. Commonality	36	(6)
§ 3.7 Overview	36	(1)
§ 3.8 Whether More Than One Common Legal or Factual Issue Is Necessary	36	(1)
§ 3.9 Core Focus of Rule 23(a)(2)	37	(1)
§ 3.10 Law or Fact	38	(1)
§ 3.11 Other Purposes Underlying Rule 23(a)(2)	39	(1)
§ 3.12 Approaches to Commonality	39	(1)
§ 3.13 Differences From "Predominance" Inquiry of Rule 3(b)(3)	40	(1)
§ 3.14 Examples of Commonality and Lack of Commonality	40	(2)
C. Typicality	42	(6)
§ 3.15 Lack of Consensus on Meaning	42	(1)
§ 3.16 General Approach by Courts Giving Separate Meaning to Typicality	43	(1)
§ 3.17 Unique Defenses	44	(2)
§ 3.18 Plaintiff Seeking Recovery Against Only One of Several Defendants	46	(1)
§ 3.19 Factual Disparities Defeating Typicality	46	(2)
D. Adequacy of Representation	48	(13)
§ 3.20 Overview	48	(1)
§ 3.21 Challenges to Adequacy Raised by Defendants	49	(1)
§ 3.22 Adjudicating the Adequacy of Class Representatives	50	(1)
§ 3.23 Vigorous Prosecution	51	(1)
§ 3.24 Knowledge of the Case	51	(1)
§ 3.25 Honesty, Good Character, and Credibility	52	(1)
§ 3.26 Lack of Conflicts of Interest	53	(2)
§ 3.27 Ability to Finance the Class Action	55	(1)
§ 3.28 Membership in the Class	56	(1)
§ 3.29 Adequacy of Class Counsel	56	(2)
§ 3.30 Duty of Counsel to Educate Representatives and Identify Inadequate Representatives	58	(1)
§ 3.31 New Rule 23(g)	58	(2)
§ 3.32 Solutions to Inadequate Representation	60	(1)
Chapter 4. Class Certification Requirements: Rule 23(b)	61	(40)
I Rule 23(b)(1)(A) and (b)(1)(B)	61	(15)
A. Rule 23(b)(1)(A) Classes	62	(5)
§ 4.1 The Purposes of Rule 23(b)(1)(A) Classes	62	(1)
§ 4.2 Requirements for Certification Under Rule 23(b)(1)(A)	63	(1)
§ 4.3 Certification Under Rule 23(b)(1)(A) in Cases Seeking Monetary Damages	64	(1)
§ 4.4 Certification of Medical Monitoring Classes Under Rule 23(b)(1)(A)	65	(1)
§ 4.5 Other Kinds of Cases Involving Rule 23(b)(1)(A)	66	(1)
B. Rule 23(b)(1)(B) Classes	67	(9)
§ 4.6 Overview of Rule 23(b)(1)(B)	67	(1)
§ 4.7 Stare Decisis Effect Insufficient to Satisfy (b)(1)(B)	68	(1)
§ 4.8 Requirements for "Limited Fund" Treatment	69	(4)
§ 4.9 Rule 23(b)(1)(B) and Punitive Damages	73	(1)
§ 4.10 Other Types of Rule 23(b)(1)(B) Cases	74	(1)
§ 4.11 Comparisons Between Rule 23(b)(1)(B) and Other Joinder Devices	74	(1)
§ 4.12 Preference Between Mandatory and Opt-Out Classes	75	(1)
§ 4.13 Opting Out of a Rule 23(b)(1) Class	76	(1)
II. Rule 23(b)(2)	76	(10)
A. Overview	76	(1)
B. Issues Under Rule 23(b)(2)	77	(9)
§ 4.14 General Requirements	77	(1)
§ 4.15 Whether the Party Seeking Certification Must Show Predominance of Common Issues	78	(2)
§ 4.16 Requirement That NonMonetary Relief Predominate Over Damages	80	(3)
§ 4.17 Medical Monitoring Under Rule 23(b)(2)	83	(1)
§ 4.18 Notice and Opt Out Rights	84	(1)
§ 4.19 Classes Appropriate for Certification Under Both Rule 23(b)(2) and Rule 23(b)(3)	84	(1)
§ 4.20 Defendant Classes Under Rule 23(b)(2)	85	(1)
§ 4.21 Whether Rule 23(b)(2) Contains a "Necessity" Requirement	85	(1)
III. Rule 23(b)(3)	86	(15)
A. Overview	86	(3)
B. Issues Under Rule 23(b)(3)	89	(12)
§ 4.22 Special Issues Regarding Fraud and Reliance	89	(2)
§ 4.23 Submission of a Trial Plan	91	(1)
§ 4.24 Securities Cases: Special Situations in Which a Court May Presume Reliance	91	(1)
§ 4.25 Predominance and Mass torts	92	(1)
§ 4.26 Rule 23(b)(3) Predominance and Choice-of-Law Concerns in Multi-Jurisdictional Class Actions	92	(1)
§ 4.27 Superiority in Rule 23(b)(3) Classes: Alternative Methods for Resolving the Dispute	93	(1)
§ 4.28 Assessing Superiority in Rule 23(b)(3) Classes Using Enumerated Factors	94	(1)
§ 4.29 Rule 23(b)(3)(A): Interest in Individual Control of Litigation	95	(2)
§ 4.30 Rule 23(b)(3)(B): Extent and Nature of Pending Litigation	97	(1)
§ 4.31 Rule 23(b)(3)(C): Desirability or Undesirability of Concentrating the Litigation in Particular Forum	98	(1)
§ 4.32 Rule 23(b)(3)(D): Manageability Issues	98	(2)
§ 4.33 Assessing Superiority in Rule 23(b)(3) Classes Using Factors Other Than Those Enumerated	100	(1)
Chapter 5. Litigating a Class Action	101	(46)
I. Strategic Considerations	101	(7)
A. Plaintiffs Perspective	101	(5)
B. Defendant's Perspective	106	(2)
II. Discovery in Class Actions	108	(17)
A. Class Certification Discovery	108	(15)
§ 5.1 Overview	108	(1)
§ 5.2 Granting or Denying Class Certification Without Discovery	109	(2)
§ 5.3 Conditional Certification or Deferral of Certification Pending Discovery	111	(1)
§ 5.4 Discovery of Merits Issues Prior to Class Certification	112	(2)
§ 5.5 Types of Pre-Certification Discovery	114	(1)
§ 5.6 Limitations on the Scope of Class Certification Discovery	115	(3)
§ 5.7 Discovery of Names of Absent Class Members	118	(2)
§ 5.8 Pre-Certification Discovery Directed at Absent Class Members	120	(1)
§ 5.9 Expert Discovery and Judicial Gatekeeping	121	(2)
B. Post-Certification Merits Discovery in Class Actions	123	(2)
§ 5.10 General Principles	123	(1)
§ 5.11 Discovery of the Unnamed Class Members' Individual Claims	124	(1)
§ 5.12 Penalties for Noncompliance With Discovery Requests	124	(1)
§ 5.13 Stay of Discovery Pending Dispositive Motions	125	(1)
III. The Class Certification Decision	125	(15)
A. Overview	125	(1)
B. Timing of Certification Decision	125	(2)
C. Raising the Certification Issue	127	(1)
D. Court's Obligation to Rule	128	(1)
E. Appropriateness of Inquiry into the Merits	129	(3)
F. The Certification Hearing	132	(2)
§ 5.14 Need for a Hearing on Class Certification	132	(1)
§ 5.15 Burden of Proof and Procedures at the Hearing	133	(1)
§ 5.16 Reasons for the Certification Ruling	134	(1)
G. Certification Options	134	(6)
§ 5.17 Conditional Certification	134	(1)
§ 5.18 Use of Subclasses	135	(2)
§ 5.19 Partial Certification and Bifurcation	137	(1)
§ 5.20 Multiple or Competing Classes	138	(1)
§ 5.21 Decertification	139	(1)
IV. Orders Controlling Class Proceedings	140	(4)
A. Rule 23(d)(1)	140	(1)
B. Rule 23(d)(2)	141	(1)
C. Rule 23(d)(3)	141	(2)
D. Rule 23(d)(4)	143	(1)
E. Rule 23(d)(5)	143	(1)
V. Miscellaneous Trial Issues	144	(1)
VI. Alternative Dispute Resolution	144	(3)
Chapter 6. Notice, Opt-Out Rights, and Communications With Class Members	147	(21)
I. Class Notice and "Opt-Out" Rights	147	(15)
A. Notice and Opt-Out Rights in Rule 23(b)(3) Class Actions	147	(3)
B. Methods for Providing Notice in Rule 23(b)(3) Class Actions	150	(1)
C. Timing of Rule 23(c)(2) Notice	151	(1)
D. Form and Content of Rule 23(c)(2) Notice	152	(1)
E. The Cost of Providing Notice in Rule 23(b)(3) Class Actions	153	(2)
F. Ability to Opt Out of a Rule 23(b)(3) Class	155	(1)
G. Notice in 23(b)(1) and 23(b)(2) Class Actions	156	(2)
H. Opt-Out Rights in (b)(1) and (b)(2) Classes	158	(2)
I. Other Notices Pursuant to Rule 23(d)(2)	160	(1)
J. Notice to Absent Class Members of Proposed Dismissal or Compromise Under Rule 23(e)	160	(2)
II. Communications With Class Members	162	(6)
A. Contacts With Potential Class Members Before Class Action is Filed	162	(1)
B. Communications With Potential Class Members Between Filing and Class Certification	162	(4)
§ 6.1 Reasons for Contacting Class Members	162	(1)
§ 6.2 Use of Rule 23(d) to Regulate Communications With Class Members	163	(1)
§ 6.3 The Gulf Oil Decision	163	(1)
§ 6.4 Developments After Gulf Oil	164	(1)
§ 6.5 Application of Gulf Oil to Defense Communications	165	(1)
§ 6.6 Correcting Misleading or Otherwise Improper Communications	166	(1)
C. Communications With Class Members After Class Certification	166	(2)
Chapter 7. Multi-Jurisdictional and State Court Class Actions	168	(45)
I. Nationwide and Other Multi-Jurisdictional Class Actions	169	(9)
A. Standards for Certifying a Multi-Jurisdictional Class	169	(2)
B. Procedural and Manageability Issues	171	(12)
§ 7.1 Overview	171	(1)
§ 7.2 Due Process Constraints on Multi-Jurisdictional Classes	171	(4)
§ 7.3 Post-Shutts Choice-of-Law Issues in Multi-Jurisdictional Class Actions	175	(3)
II. State Court Class Actions	178	(1)
A. Importance of State Court Class Actions Overview of State Class Action Rules	179	(4)
Chapter 8. Constitutional and Procedural Issues	183	(1)
I. Statute of Limitations Issues in Class Actions	183	(5)
A. Overview of "Tolling" Principles in Class Actions	183	(1)
B. When Tolling Ceases	184	(1)
C. Limitations on the American Pipe Tolling Rule	185	(1)
D. Application of American Pepe to Opt Outs	186	(1)
E. Amending Individual Actions to Assert Class Claims	187	(1)
II. Jurisdictional Issues	188	(6)
A. Aggregation of Claims for Purposes of Jurisdictional Amount	189	(3)
B. Determining Citizenship for Diversity Purposes	192	(2)
III. Res Judicata, Collateral Estoppel, and Parallel Federal and State-Court Proceedings	194	(12)
A. Claim Preclusion (Res Judicata) in the Class-Action Context	195	(3)
§ 8.1 Overview	195	(1)
§ 8.2 Nonparties Who May be Bound by the Prior Determination	196	(1)
§ 8.3 Class Members Who May Not be Bound by a Prior Adjudication	196	(2)
§ 8.4 Limitations Upon the Res Judicata Effect of Class Actions Seeking Only Declaratory or Injunctive Relief	198	(1)
B. Issue Preclusion (Collateral Estoppel) in the Class Action Context	198	(2)
C. Federal Control Over State Courts	200	(6)
§ 8.5 Binding Effect of State Court Settlements of Exclusively Federal Claims	200	(2)
§ 8.6 Binding Effect of Prior Federal Court Denial of Class Certification Upon a Later State Court Class Action	202	(2)
§ 8.7 Federal Court Attempts to Enjoin Competing State Court Class Actions	204	(2)
IV. Constitutional Issues	206	(7)
A. Seventh Amendment	206	(6)
§ 8.8 Overview	206	(1)
§ 8.9 Bifurcated Trials and the Reexamination Clause	207	(3)
§ 8.10 Criticism of the Rhone-Poulenc and Castano Approach	210	(1)
§ 8.11 Other Seventh Amendment Issues	211	(1)
B. Due Process Issues	212	(1)
Chapter 9. Settlements, Remedies, and Attorneys' Fees	213	(22)
I. Class Action Settlements	213	(14)
A. Overview: Interested Participants	214	(1)
B. Pre-Certification Settlement With Only Named Plaintiffs	214	(2)
C. Notice of a Pre-Certification Settlement of Individual Claims	216	(1)
D. Certification for Settlement Purposes	217	(3)
E. Considerations in Approving Settlements	220	(3)
F. Notice of Settlement After Certification	223	(2)
G. Opportunity to Opt Out of a Proposed Settlement	225	(1)
H. Objections to Settlement	226	(1)
II. Class Action Remedies	227	(3)
III. Attorneys' Fees	230	(21)
A. Overview of New Rule 23(h)	230	(1)
B. Methods for Setting the Amount of Fees	231	(4)
Chapter 10. Appellate Review	235	(16)
A. Whether an Order Denying Class Certification is a Final Decision Under 28 U.S.C. § 1291	237	(1)
B. Appeal From a Denial of Class Certification When Class Representative Fails to Prosecute Individual Claim	238	(1)
C. Appeal of Denial of Certification Under Federal Rule 54(b)	239	(1)
D. Appeal of Denial of Certification Under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1)	239	(1)
E. Appeal of Class Certification Ruling Under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b)	240	(1)
F. Mandamus Review of Certification Ruling	241	(2)
G. Appeal Under Rule 23(f)	243	(4)
H. Intervention for Purposes of Appeal	247	(1)
I. Whether Tender to Named Plaintiff's Over Their Objection Can Terminate Appellate Rights	248	(1)
J. Appeal From Settlement	249	(1)
K. Standard of Review	249	(2)
Chapter 11. Special Focus on Mass Tort, Employment Discrimination, and Securities Fraud Class Actions	251	(38)
I Mass Torts	251	(14)
A. Judicial Trends in Mass Torts Class Actions	253	(8)
§ 11.1 Mass Torts in the 1960's and 1970's	253	(1)
§ 11.2 Mass Torts in the Mid 1980's	254	(2)
§ 11.3 Recent Judicial Skepticism	256	(3)
§ 11.4 Responses to Judicial Skepticism	259	(2)
B. Other Issues in Mass Tort Cases	261	(5)
§ 11.5 Exposure-Only Claimants	261	(1)
§ 11.6 "Mature" Versus "Immature" Mass Torts	262	(1)
§ 11.7 Problems of Classwide Proof in Mass Tort Cases	262	(3)
II. Employment Discrimination Class Actions	265	(12)
A. Rule 23 Cases	266	(7)
§ 11.8 Applicability of Rule 23 Requirements in Discrimination Cases	266	(2)
§ 11.9 Distinction Between Disparate Impact and Disparate Treatment Claims	268	(1)
§ 11.10 Rule 23(b) Requirements	269	(2)
§ 11.11 Pattern-and-Practice Cases	271	(1)
§ 11.12 Whether a Finding of No Pattern or Practice Precludes Subsequent Individual Actions	271	(1)
§ 11.13 Seventh Amendment Issues	272	(1)
B. Collective Actions	273	(4)
§ 11.14 Overview of Age Discrimination Suits	273	(2)
§ 11.15 Notice to Plaintiffs in ADEA Cases	275	(1)
§ 11.16 Certification of an ADEA Case as a Collective Action	276	(1)
III. Securities Fraud Class Actions	277	(12)
A. Overview	277	(1)
B. Elements of a Rule 10b-5 Claim	278	(6)
§ 11.17 The Reliance Element	279	(1)
§ 11.18 Fraud-on-the-Market Approach to Reliance	280	(2)
§ 11.19 The Affiliated Ute Presumption of Reliance	282	(1)
§ 11.20 Fraud-Created-the-Market Theory	283	(1)
§ 11.21 Materiality of the Misrepresented or Omitted Fact	283	(1)
C. Reform Legislation	284	(5)
§ 11.22 The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995	284	(4)
§ 11.23 Post-Reform Act Federal Removal Legislation	288	(1)
Chapter 12. Defendant Class Actions, Derivative Suits, and Suits Involving Unincorporated Associations	289	(21)
I. Defendant Class Actions	289	(9)
A. Overview	289	(2)
B. Rule 23 Criteria and Defendant Classes	291	(5)
§ 12.1 Overview	291	(1)
§ 12.2 Typicality	291	(1)
§ 12.3 Adequacy of Representation	292	(1)
§ 12.4 Rule 23(b)(1)(A) Classes	293	(1)
§ 12.5 Rule 23(b)(1)(B) Classes	294	(1)
§ 12.6 Rule 23(b)(2) Classes	294	(1)
§ 12.7 Rule 23(b)(3) Classes	295	(1)
B. Other Issues	296	(2)
§ 12.8 Statutes of Limitation	296	(1)
§ 12.9 Notice	297	(1)
§ 12.10 Personal Jurisdiction	298	(1)
II. Shareholder Derivative Suits	298	(6)
A. Overview	298	(1)
B. Requirements of Rule 23.1	299	(5)
§ 12.11 Derivative Injury Requirement	300	(1)
§ 12.12 Plaintiff Must be a Share holder at the Time of the Alleged Wrongdoing	301	(1)
§ 12.13 Demand for Corporate Action	301	(1)
§ 12.14 Derivative Actions May Not be Collusive	302	(1)
§ 12.15 Plaintiff Must Fairly and Adequately Represent the Interests of Other Shareholders Similarly Situated	302	(1)
§ 12.16 Notice of a Proposed Settlement to Shareholders	303	(1)
§ 12.17 Court Approval of Settlement or Dismissal	303	(1)
III. Class Actions Involving Unincorporated Associations	304	(6)
A. Overview	304	(2)
B. Enactment of Federal Rule 23.2	306	(4)
§ 12.18 Diversity Jurisdiction Issues	306	(2)
§ 12.19 Limitation on Qualifying Organizations	308	(1)
§ 12.20 Incorporation of Rule 23 Requirements into Rule 23.2	308	(2)
Chapter 13. Ethical and Policy Issues in Class Actions	310	(61)
I. Ethical Issues in Class Actions	310	(8)
A. Overview	310	(1)
B. Attorney Communications With Class Members	311	(2)
§ 13.1 Pre-Certification Communications	311	(1)
§ 13.2 Post-Certification Communications	312	(1)
C. Conflicts of Interest	313	(3)
§ 13.3 Collusion Between Plaintiffs' Counsel and Defense Counsel in Settlements	313	(1)
§ 13.4 Conflicts Among Class Members	314	(1)
§ 13.5 Conflicts Between Class Counsel and the Class Members	315	(1)
§ 13.6 Contingent-Fee Agreements	315	(1)
D. Other Ethical Issues	316	(2)
§ 13.7 Advancing Costs of Litigation	316	(1)
§ 13.8 Restrictions on Right to Practice	317	(1)
§ 13.9 Failure to Communicate With Class Members	318	(1)
II. Policy and Reform Issues	318	(9)
A. Proposed Federal Legislation	318	(5)
B. Proposals by the Advisory Committee on Civil Rules	323	(4)
§ 13.10 Proposed Rule 23(b)(4) Settlement Classes	323	(1)
§ 13.11 Proposed Addition of "Maturity" and "Cost-Benefit" Factors to Rule 23(b)(3) Certification Analysis	324	(2)
Chapter 14. Non-Class Aggregation Devices Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure	326	(3)
I. Permissive Joinder of Parties	327	(9)
A. Overview	327	(1)
B. Joinder of Plaintiffs	328	(4)
§ 14.1 Same Transaction or Occurrence	329	(1)
§ 14.2 Common Question of Fact or Law	330	(2)
§ 14.3 Interest in Obtaining All Relief Granted	332	(1)
C. Joinder of Defendants	332	(1)
D. Orders to Avoid Prejudice	333	(1)
E. Misjoinder of Parties	334	(1)
F. Jurisdictional Issues	334	(2)
II. Compulsory Joinder of Parties	336	(8)
A. Overview	336	(1)
B. Determination of Whether the Absent Party is Necessary	337	(3)
§ 14.4 Rule 19(a)(1) ("Complete Relief" Clause)	337	(1)
§ 14.5 Rule 19(a)(2)(i) ("Impair or Impede" Clause)	338	(2)
§ 14.6 Rule 19(a)(2)(ii) ("Multiple Liability" Clause)	340	(1)
C. Feasibility of Joinder	340	(1)
D. Resolution When Person Should Be Joined but Joinder is Not Feasible	341	(3)
E. Procedural Issues	344	(1)
III. Impleader	344	(8)
A. Overview	344	(2)
B. Circumstances in Which Impleader is Allowed	346	(2)
C. When Leave of Court is Required for Impleader	348	(1)
D. Assertion of Defenses	348	(1)
E. Pleading Requirements	349	(1)
F. Other Third Party Practice	349	(1)
G. Moving to Strike Third-Party Claims	350	(1)
H. Jurisdictional Requirements	350	(2)
IV. Interpleader	352	(4)
A. Overview	352	(1)
B. Rule Interpleader	352	(3)
§ 14.7 Stakeholder's Concern Over Multiple Claims	353	(1)
§ 14.8 At Least Two Adverse Claimants	353	(1)
§ 14.9 Jurisdiction, Venue, and Other Procedural Requirements for Rule Interpleader	354	(1)
§ 14.10 Two Stages of an Interpleader	354	(1)
C. Statutory Interpleader	355	(1)
§ 14.11 Overview	355	(1)
§ 14.12 Jurisdictional and Other Procedural Requirements for Statutory Interpleader	355	(1)
V. Intervention	356	(10)
A. Overview	356	(1)
B. General Requirements for Intervention as of Right	357	(5)
§ 14.13 Timeliness of a Motion to Intervene	358	(1)
§ 14.14 The Applicant's Interest in the Subject Matter	359	(1)
§ 14.15 Practical Impairment	360	(1)
§ 14.16 Inadequacy of Existing Representation	361	(1)
§ 14.17 Standing	361	(1)
C. Permissive Intervention	362	(2)
D. Procedures for Intervention	364	(1)
E. Jurisdictional Issues	365	(1)
F. Amicus Participation	366	(1)
VI. Consolidation	366	(5)
A. Overview	366	(1)
B. Nature and Purposes of Consolidation	367	(1)
C. Considerations in Evaluating Whether to Consolidate	368	(1)
D. Separate Trials	369	(2)
Chapter 15. Other Aggregation and Coordination Devices in Federal Practice	371	(20)
I. Multidistrict Litigation	371	(5)
A. Overview	371	(1)
B. Initiation of Proceedings Under Section 1407	372	(1)
C. Standards for Transfer	373	(1)
D. Selection of the Transferee Court	373	(1)
E. Effect of a Transfer Order	374	(1)
F. Transferee Court's Trial of a Case	375	(1)
G. Review of MDL Panel Rulings	375	(1)
II. Transfers Under 28 U.S.C. § 1404	376	(3)
A. Overview	376	(1)
B. Requirements for Transfer	376	(1)
C. For the Convenience of the Parties and Witnesses	377	(1)
D. Interest of Justice	377	(1)
E. Use of Section 1404(a) as an Aggregation Device	378	(1)
III. Multiparty, Multiforum Trial Jurisdiction Act of 2002	379	(1)
IV. Coordination Among Federal Courts	380	(1)
V. Bankruptcy as an Aggregation Device	381	(5)
VI. Federal/State Coordination	386	(5)
A. Overview	386	(2)
B. Reform Efforts Addressing Coordination of Federal and State Claims	388	(3)
INDEX	391