Classical Japanese

by Shirane, Haruo

• ISBN13: 9780231135245
• ISBN10: 0231135246
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-09-14
• Publisher: Ingram Pub Services

Summary

Written by a leading scholar in the field, Classical Japanese: A Grammaris an elegant, comprehensive, and practical guide to classical Japanese. Extensive notes and historical explanations make this volume useful as both a reference for advanced students and a textbook for beginning students. Classical Japanese ( bungo) was used to write Japanese for more thirteen hundred years, until World War II. The volume, which explains how classical Japanese is related to modern Japanese, includes Detailed explanations of basic grammar, including helpful, easy-to-use tables of grammatical forms Annotated excerpts from classical premodern texts, with accompanying grammar and vocabulary notes Exercises and an answer booklet Detailed explanations of honorific expressions Appendixes on sound changes, prefixes, and suffixes, rhetorical techniques, and auxiliary verb combinations

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
Acknowledgments	xxiii
Elements of the Book	1	(324)
Grammatical Terms and Translations	1	(3)
Major Historical Periods	4	(1)
Romanization	4	(2)
Source and Text Abbreviations	6	(2)
Translations of Ranks and Titles	8	(3)
Part I Inflected Forms
Basic Grammatical Terms and Concepts	11	(7)
Subject and Predicate	11	(1)
Sentence Structure	11	(1)
Autonomous and Dependent Forms	12	(1)
Inflected and Noninflected Forms	13	(1)
Inflected Autonomous Words	14	(1)
Inflected Dependent Forms	14	(1)
Noninflected Dependent Forms	15	(1)
Noninflected Autonomous Words	15	(1)
Modifying Words	16	(1)
Parts of Speech	17	(1)
Orthography and Pronunciation	18	(6)
Table of Fifty Sounds	18	(1)
Voiced Sounds	19	(1)
Sound Changes	19	(1)
Pronouncing Historical kana	20	(1)
w-Row Pronunciation	20	(1)
h-Row Pronunciation	20	(1)
Pronouncing Long Sounds	21	(3)
a-Vowels	21	(1)
i-Vowels	21	(1)
u-Vowels	21	(1)
e-Vowels	22	(1)
o-Vowels	22	(1)
The Iroha Poem	22	(2)
Verbs	24	(13)
The Six Inflected Forms	24	(2)
The Mizenkei, or Imperfective Form	24	(1)
The Ren'yokei, or Continuative Form	24	(1)
The Shushikei, or Final Form	25	(1)
The Rentaikei, or Attributive Form	25	(1)
The Izenkei, or Perfective Form	25	(1)
The Meireikei, or Imperative Form	25	(1)
Regular Verbs	26	(11)
Yodan Verbs	27	(1)
Kami-ichidan Verbs	28	(2)
Shimo-ichidan Verb	30	(2)
Kami-nidan Verbs	32	(2)
Shimo-nidan Verbs	34	(3)
Irregular Verbs	37	(13)
Irregular Verbs	37	(9)
Nahen Irregular Verbs	37	(2)
Rahen Irregular Verbs	39	(3)
Kahen Irregular Verb	42	(2)
Sahen Irregular Verbs	44	(2)
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs	46	(1)
Supplementary Verbs	47	(1)
Sound Changes in Verbs	48	(2)
i-Sound Change	48	(1)
u-Sound Change	48	(1)
Nasalized Sound Change	48	(1)
Compressed Sound Change	49	(1)
Adjectives and Adjectival Verbs	50	(14)
Adjectives	50	(7)
Adjectives Ending in ku	50	(2)
okari and nakari	52	(1)
Adjectives Ending in shiku	53	(2)
Adjectives Ending in ji	55	(1)
The Mizenkei of Adjectives plus wa (ha)	55	(1)
The Rentaikei of onaji	55	(1)
Summary of Adjectival Inflections	56	(1)
Adjectival Verbs	57	(5)
nari Adjectival Verbs	57	(2)
tari Adjectival Verbs	59	(3)
Two Modifying Functions	62	(2)
The Rentaikei Attributive Modifier	62	(1)
The Ren' yokei Continuative Modifier	62	(1)
Sound Changes in Adjectives and Adjectival Verbs	63	(1)
Negative and Recollective Auxiliary Verbs	64	(12)
Negative zu	64	(4)
zu-wa	65	(1)
Nara-Period na and ni	66	(2)
naku-ni	68	(1)
Auxiliary Verbs ki and keri	68	(8)
ki	68	(3)
keri	71	(2)
Distinguishing Between ki and keri	73	(3)
Perfective and Continuative Auxiliary Verbs	76	(12)
Auxiliary Verbs nu and tsu	77	(5)
nu	77	(2)
tsu	79	(3)
Resultative-Continuative Auxiliary Verbs tari and ri	82	(6)
tari	82	(3)
ri	85	(3)
Copular Auxiliary Verbs	88	(6)
nari	88	(3)
tari	91	(3)
Auxiliary Verbs of Speculation and Supposition	94	(29)
mu	94	(5)
muzu	99	(1)
kemu	100	(3)
ramu	103	(4)
rashi	107	(2)
mashi	109	(3)
beshi	112	(5)
meri	117	(1)
Hearsay nari	118	(3)
Summary of the Basic Functions of Speculative Auxiliary Verbs	121	(2)
Negative Speculative, Desiderative, and Comparative Auxiliary Verbs	123	(17)
Negative Speculative Auxiliary Verbs ji and maji	123	(7)
ji	123	(2)
maji	125	(5)
Desiderative Auxiliary Verbs tashi and mahoshi	130	(4)
tashi	130	(2)
mahoshi	132	(2)
aramahoshi	134	(1)
gotoshi	134	(6)
gotoku-nari	136	(1)
yo-nari	136	(4)
Passive-Causative Auxiliary Verbs	140	(15)
ru, raru	140	(7)
su, sasu, shimu	147	(4)
Summary of Auxiliary Verbs	151	(4)
Part II Noninflected Forms
Case Particles	155	(23)
ga	156	(2)
no	158	(1)
o	159	(3)
o-ba	161	(1)
ni	162	(4)
e	166	(1)
to	166	(4)
yori	170	(1)
kara	171	(2)
kara-ni	172	(1)
shite	173	(2)
nite	175	(3)
Conjunctive Particles	178	(23)
ba	178	(2)
to, tomo	180	(2)
do, domo	182	(2)
ni, o	184	(3)
ga	187	(2)
te, shite	189	(4)
zu-te	191	(1)
te-wa	191	(1)
Conjunctive Particle te plus Supplementary Verb	192	(1)
de	193	(1)
tsutsu	194	(1)
nagara	195	(2)
mono-o, mono-kara, mono-no, mono-yue	197	(2)
Summary of Connections	199	(2)
Bound Particles	201	(20)
wa	201	(4)
wa as Final Particle	203	(1)
The Ren'yokei plus wa	203	(1)
o-ba	204	(1)
mo	205	(2)
mo at the End of a Sentence	207	(1)
zo	207	(4)
zo at the End of a Sentence	209	(2)
namu (nan)	211	(1)
ya (yawa)	212	(2)
ya (yawa) as Final Particle	213	(1)
ka (kawa)	214	(3)
ka (kawa) at the End of a Sentence	215	(2)
koso	217	(4)
A Bound Ending Without a Bound Particle	220	(1)
Adverbial Particles	221	(17)
sura	221	(1)
dani	222	(2)
sae	224	(2)
nomi	226	(2)
bakari	228	(3)
nado	231	(2)
made	233	(2)
shi, shimo	235	(2)
Note on Adverbial Particles Versus Adverbs	237	(1)
Final and Interjectory Particles	238	(17)
Final Particles	238	(12)
ka, kana	238	(1)
kamo	239	(1)
Exclamatory na	240	(1)
mono-o	241	(1)
Negative Imperative na	242	(1)
so	243	(1)
kashi	244	(1)
namu	245	(1)
baya	246	(1)
gana, mogana	247	(1)
moga, mogamo	248	(1)
teshiga, teshigana	249	(1)
nishiga, nishigana	249	(1)
Interjectory Particles	250	(4)
ya	251	(1)
yo	252	(1)
o	253	(1)
Bound Particles at the Ends of Sentences	254	(1)
Nouns, Pronouns, Adverbs, Interjections, Conjunctions, and Attributive Words	255	(16)
Nouns	255	(1)
Pronouns	256	(3)
Personal Pronouns	256	(1)
Demonstrative Pronouns	256	(3)
Adverbs	259	(4)
Circumstantial Adverbs	259	(1)
Degree Adverbs	259	(1)
Correlated Adverbs	260	(3)
Interjections	263	(1)
Conjunctions	264	(2)
Attributive Words	266	(5)
Part III Honorifics
Honorific Expressions	271	(16)
Noninflected Honorifics	271	(1)
Prefixes	271	(1)
Suffixes	271	(1)
Nominals	272	(1)
Honorific Supplementary Verbs	272	(1)
Honorific Verbs	273	(12)
tamau (tamo)	274	(1)
tabu	274	(2)
owasu	276	(1)
owashimasu	277	(1)
masu	277	(1)
notamo (notamau)	278	(1)
osu	278	(1)
obosu	279	(1)
oboshimesu	280	(1)
kikoshimesu	280	(1)
otonogomoru	281	(1)
goranzu	282	(1)
mesu	283	(1)
asobasu	284	(1)
Honorific Auxiliary Verbs	285	(2)
ru, raru	285	(1)
su, sasu, shimu	285	(2)
Humble and Polite Expressions	287	(21)
Humble Verbs	287	(11)
tatematsuru	288	(1)
kikoyu	289	(1)
Nonhumble kikoyu	290	(2)
mosu (mausu)	292	(1)
haberi	293	(1)
saburo (saburau)	294	(1)
mairu	294	(1)
makaru	295	(1)
makazu	296	(1)
tamau	297	(1)
Mixing Honorific and Humble Forms	298	(1)
Summary of Key Honorific and Humble Verbs	298	(2)
Polite Verbs	300	(8)
haberi	301	(2)
saburo (saburau)	303	(2)
soro (saurau)	305	(3)
Nara-Period Grammar	308	(17)
Auxiliary Verbs	308	(5)
yu, rayu	308	(2)
su	310	(2)
hu	312	(1)
Case Particles	313	(2)
yu, yuri, yo	313	(1)
tsu	314	(1)
Final Particles	315	(6)
kamo	315	(1)
na	316	(1)
namo	317	(1)
ne	317	(1)
moga, mogamo	318	(1)
mo	319	(1)
koso	320	(1)
shika	320	(1)
teshika	320	(1)
so	321	(1)
The Bound Particle so	321	(4)
Part IV Appendixes
Appendix 1. Review of the Six Inflections	325	(14)
The Mizenkei, or Imperfective Form	325	(2)
The Ren'yokei, or Continuative Form	327	(4)
The Shushikei, or Final Form	331	(1)
The Rentaikei, or Attributive Form	332	(4)
The Izenkei, or Perfective Form	336	(2)
The Meireikei, or Imperative Form	338	(1)
Appendix 2. Overview of Sound Changes	339	(9)
i-Sound Change	339	(2)
Verbs	339	(1)
Adjectives	340	(1)
Auxiliary Verbs	340	(1)
Nouns, Adverbs, and the Like	340	(1)
u-Sound Change	341	(1)
Verbs	341	(1)
Adjectives	342	(1)
Auxiliary Verbs	342	(1)
Nouns	342	(1)
Nasalized Sound Change	342	(2)
Verbs	343	(1)
Verbs Followed by Auxiliary Verbs	343	(1)
Adjectives	343	(1)
Auxiliary Verbs	344	(1)
Compressed Sound Change	344	(1)
Verbs	344	(1)
Unmarked Nasalized Sound Changes	345	(3)
Before meri	346	(1)
Before Hearsay nari	346	(2)
Appendix 3. Prefixes and Suffixes	348	(9)
Adjective and Verb Prefixes	348	(1)
nama-	348	(1)
sashi-	349	(1)
uchi-	349	(1)
Honorific Prefixes	349	(3)
mi-	350	(1)
omi-, on, on-, o-	350	(1)
go-	351	(1)
gyo-	351	(1)
Suffixes	352	(5)
-bu	352	(1)
-datsu	352	(1)
-gari	352	(1)
-garu	353	(1)
-gatera	353	(1)
-ge	353	(1)
-kanu	354	(1)
-ku	354	(1)
-meku	355	(1)
-mi	355	(1)
-sa	356	(1)
Appendix 4. Supplementary Verbs	357	(7)
ari Group	357	(2)
ari	357	(1)
ori	358	(1)
iru	359	(1)
Honorific Group	359	(2)
Honorific Supplementary Verbs	360	(1)
Humble Supplementary Verbs	360	(1)
Polite Supplementary Verbs	361	(1)
Realization Group	361	(3)
Appendix 5. Rhetorical Techniques in Japanese Poetry	364	(7)
makura-kotoba	364	(1)
jokotoba	365	(1)
kakekotoba	366	(1)
engo	367	(1)
kugire	368	(1)
taigendome	369	(2)
Appendix 6. Easily Confused Elements	371	(16)
Appendix 7. Auxiliary Verb Combinations	387	(14)
Combinations with tsu	387	(3)
te-keri	387	(1)
te-ki	388	(1)
te-mu	389	(1)
tsu-beshi	389	(1)
Combinations with nu	390	(4)
na-mu	390	(1)
ni-keri	391	(1)
ni-kemu	391	(1)
ni-ki	392	(1)
nu-beshi	392	(1)
nu-nari	393	(1)
Combinations with Resultative-Continuative tari	394	(2)
ta-nari, tan-nari	394	(1)
tara-mu	394	(1)
tari-keri	395	(1)
tari-tsu	396	(1)
Combinations with ri	396	(1)
ra-mu	396	(1)
ra-zu	396	(1)
ri-ki	397	(1)
Combinations with Hearsay nari	397	(1)
beka-nari	397	(1)
na-nari	398	(1)
za-nari	398	(1)
Combinations with Copular nari	398	(1)
na-meri	398	(1)
nari-keri	399	(1)
Combinations with rashi	399	(2)
kerashi	399	(1)
narashi	400	(1)
Appendix 8. Conjugational Shifts	401	(10)
The Disappearance of Conjugation Types	401	(4)
The Growth of the Rentaikei Form	405	(1)
New Adjectival Forms	406	(5)
Part V Grammar Exercises	411	(84)
Tables of Grammatical Forms	495	(20)
Table 1. Verb Conjugations	495	(1)
Table 2. Adjectives and Adjectival Verb Forms	496	(1)
Table 3. Sound Changes	497	(1)
Table 4. Auxiliary Verb Conjugations	498	(2)
Table 5. Auxiliary Verb Types and Functions	500	(1)
Table 6. Auxiliary Verb Connections	501	(1)
Table 7. Particles	502	(8)
Table 8. Main Functions of Inflected Forms	510	(5)
Index	515