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Summary

This text is particularly strong in helping students understand assessment as a tool of classroom learning. Classroom Applications and Educational Measurements presents comprehensive and balanced coverage of all aspects of assessment relevant to classroom teachers: the construction and use of paper-and-pencil and alternative assessments as well as coverage of instructional objectives, grading, judging assessment quality, and standardized testing. The third edition expands its coverage of alternative assessments, now with a total of four chapters devoted to performance assessments, portfolios, and informal observations and questions. Specific guidelines and illustrations are included throughout this discussion. A chapter on the use of computers to facilitate assessment includes overlooked ways of using word processors to provide written tests, computer scoring of responses to essay tests, computer-administered and adaptive tests and computer management of student records. The text addresses the distinction that cognitive psychologists make between declarative and procedural knowledge and explains the important implications of this distinction to classroom assessments. Throughout the book, readers learn and immediately apply techniques for measuring these different types of student knowledge.

PART ONE Foundation

(84)

Measurement, Assessment, and Evaluation

(10)

Criterion- and Norm-Referenced Interpretations

(14)

Measurable Objectives

(18)

Validity

(16)

Reliability

(24)

PART TWO Written Tests

(104)

Completion and Short-Answer Items

(10)

Essay Items

(18)

Multiple-Choice Items

115

(24)

Alternate-Choice Items

139

(20)

Producing, Administering, and Analyzing Written Tests

159

(30)

PART THREE Alternative Assessment Techniques

189

(82)

Informal Observations and Questions

191

(22)

Considerations When Using performance Assessments

213

(18)

Creating Performance Assessments

231

(20)

Portfolios

251

(20)

PART FOUR Special Topics Related to the Assessment Process

271

(64)

Questions for Guiding Student Assessments

273

(14)

Teaching Students How to Take-Tests

287

(14)

Using Computers to Facilitate Assessment

301

(18)

Reporting Student Performance to Parents and Others

319

(16)

PART FIVE Standardized Tests

335

(2)

Characteristics of Standardized Tests

337

(22)

Using Standard Deviation to Interpret Scores

359

(20)

Interpreting Percentile Ranks and Grade-Equivalent Scores

379

(16)

Evaluating Uses of Standardized Tests

395

Supplemental Materials

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Excerpts

PrefaceClassroom Applications of Educational Measurement,Third Edition, is written for prospective and practicing teachers, and is designed for use as the primary text in introductory measurement courses.This book includes but goes beyond the traditional coverage of measurement concepts. For example, four chapters are devoted to the development and use of performance assessment portfolios and informal observations and questions. Additional chapters describe how to plan and implement an overall assessment strategy, how to help students learn to take tests, and ways for using computers to facilitate assessment.This book actively engages the reader and emphasizes theapplicationof educational measurement in the classroom. Take time to page through this book to find numerous embedded queries where readers immediately apply what they are learning. To help engage the reader, the introduction to each chapter builds on familiar experiences in order to explain the relevance of concepts about to be addressed. Although the book is theoretically based, the focus is on specific implications of measurement concepts for the classroom and other instructional environments.The book is organized into five parts. Part One introduces fundamental concepts such as validity, reliability, and criterion- and norm-reference interpretations. A careful distinction is drawn between student's internal knowledge and the outward behaviors upon which all assessments must be based. Readers of this book learn how to distinguish between types of declarative and procedural knowledge, and how to select appropriate tasks for measurements of these distinct knowledge types. These foundational topics are introduced in Part One, and then consistently and visibly applied throughout the remainder of the book.Part Two describes how to develop and administer written tests. Separate chapters discuss advantages and limitations of the short-answer, essay, multiple-choice and alternate-choice formats. Check lists summarize characteristics essential to each format. Readers immediatelyapplywhat they are learning by finding and fixing problems within example test items rather than simply reading about qualities one should incorporate into test items.Part Three describes alternative assessment techniques. Even though most formative evaluations in the classroom are based on informal questioning and observation, many measurement books only allude to these informal assessments. This book devotes a chapter to these assessments, using experiences common to all of us to identify their important characteristics and establish guidelines. Two chapters are devoted to performance assessments. The first addresses the characteristic for performance assessments and describes scoring options. The next chapter illustrates several performance assessments, describing how one first establishes the capability to be assessed, then selects an appropriate performance to observe, and finally designs a plan for scoring students' responses. The chapter on portfolios describes how to organize, score, and use portfolios.Chapters in Part Four address topics that evolve from the use of measurement in the classroom. Four questions that can be used to guide the student assessment process are established. A separate chapter describes how to help students take tests. The last chapter in this section helps readers to become familiar with some of the significant roles computers are beginning to play within testing.Part Five concludes the book with a discussion of standardized tests. These chapters describe the types of tests used in schools and show how to interpret the scores most commonly used to report student performance. A unique feature of this book is a chapter that shows readers how toevaluatecommon uses of standardized tests that affect teachers, including the trouping of students, selection of students to be placed