Clean Synthesis Using Porous Inorganic Solid Catalysts and Supported Reagents

by Clark, James H.; Rhodes, Christopher N.

• ISBN13: 9780854045266
• ISBN10: 0854045260
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-05-01
• Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry

Summary

Waste minimisation has a number of aims which include enhancing the intrinsic selectivity of any given process, providing a means of recovering reagents in a form which allows easy regeneration and the replacement of stoichiometric processes with catalytic ones. Solids, as catalysts or as supports for other reagents, offer potential for benefit in all these areas. This monograph provides an overview of the properties of the more useful solid catalysts and supported reagents, and highlights their most valuable applications in the preparation of organic chemicals in liquid phase reactions. Clean Synthesis Using Porous Inorganic Solid Catalysts and Supported Reagents is concerned with the use of solid catalysts in the clean synthesis of organic chemicals. The emphasis is on chemical processes of importance to the manufacture/preparation of fine and speciality chemicals, chemical intermediates and pharmaceutical intermediates, especially where catalysis is not currently used or where current catalysts are homogeneous, leading to difficult separation procedures and unacceptable levels of waste. This book focuses on solid catalysts based on inorganic supports and covers the emerging area of chemically modified mesoporous solid catalysts.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(17)
Waste Minimisation	1	(1)
Clean Synthesis	1	(2)
Catalysts and Catalysis	3	(1)
Heterogeneous Catalysts	4	(1)
Heterogeneous Catalysis	5	(1)
Adsorption by Powders and Porous Solids	6	(1)
Reactor Types	7	(3)
Commercial Heterogeneous Catalytic Processes	10	(2)
Role of Catalysis in Industrial Waste Minimisation	12	(2)
Heterogenisation	14	(3)
References	16	(1)
Zeolitic Materials	17	(20)
Introduction	17	(1)
Compositions	18	(1)
Synthesis	18	(1)
Zeolite Catalysis	18	(2)
Isomorphously Substituted Zeolites	20	(1)
Mesoporous Molecular Sieves	21	(1)
Catalytic Applications of Zeolites and Related Materials	21	(7)
Alkylation of Aromatics	22	(1)
Catalytic Cracking	23	(1)
Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis	24	(1)
Aromatisation	24	(1)
Alcohol Dehydration	25	(1)
Methanol Synthesis	25	(1)
Base Catalysis	26	(1)
Oxidation	26	(1)
Rearrangements	27	(1)
Ammoxidation	27	(1)
Epoxidation	28	(1)
Future Trends in Zeolite Catalysts	28	(1)
New Developments in the Context of Clean Synthesis	28	(9)
References	34	(3)
Clay Materials	37	(18)
Introduction	37	(1)
Structure of Clays	37	(2)
Methods of Increasing the Catalytic Activity of Clays	39	(1)
Clay-supported Metal Catalysts	39	(1)
Pillared Clays	40	(2)
Clay Catalysed Reactions	42	(7)
Hydrogenation	42	(1)
Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis	43	(1)
Bronsted Acid Catalysed Reactions	43	(2)
Friedel-Crafts Alkylation	45	(3)
Aldol Condensation	48	(1)
Oxidation	48	(1)
New Developments in the Context of Clean Synthesis	49	(6)
References	53	(2)
Supported Reagents	55	(48)
Introduction to Supported Reagent Chemistry	55	(1)
Types of Supported Reagents	56	(4)
Porosity	57	(1)
Chemical Composition	58	(1)
Surface	58	(2)
Preparation of Supported Reagents	60	(2)
Properties of Supported Reagents	62	(9)
Methods of Studying Supported Reagents	62	(1)
Surface Structure	62	(6)
Catalyst Stability	68	(2)
Catalyst Recovery and Regenerability	70	(1)
Applications of Supported Reagents	71	(32)
Partial Oxidations	71	(8)
Reactions Catalysed by Solid Acid Supported Reagents	79	(9)
Base Catalysis	88	(4)
Other Applications for Supported Reagent Catalysts	92	(6)
References	98	(5)
Subject Index	103