CliffsQuickReview course guides cover the essentials of your toughest classes. Get a firm grip on core concepts and key material, and test your newfound knowledge with review questions.CliffsQuickReview Statistics introduces you to the fascinating world of statistics - a powerful tool used for finding patterns in data and inferring important connections between events in the real world. Many people find statistics confusing and intimidating; however, whether you're new to statistics or need to review for an important test, this reference will easily help clarify some of the elements of statistical reasoning and analysis. As you work your way through this review, you'll be ready to tackle such concepts as Graphical displays and numerical measures Probability and sampling Principles of testing and univariate inferential tests Bivariate relationshipsCliffsQuickReview Statistics can act as a supplement to your textbook and to classroom lectures. Use this reference in any way that fits your personal style for study and review - you decide what works best with your needs. You can read the book from cover to cover or just look for the information you want and put it back on the shelf for later. Here are just a few ways you can search for topics: Use the free Pocket Guide full of essential information Get a glimpse of what you'll gain from a chapter by reading through the Chapter Check-In at the beginning of each chapter Use the Chapter Checkout at the end of each chapter to gauge your grasp of the important information you need to know Test your knowledge more completely in the CQR Review and look for additional sources of information in the CQR Resource Center Use the glossary to find key terms fastWith titles available for all the most popular high school and college courses, CliffsQuickReview guides are a comprehensive resource that can help you get the best possible grades.

David Voelker is a respected educator and author from the San Francisco Bay area.

Introduction

1

(1)

Why You Need This Book

1

(1)

How to Use This Book

1

(1)

Visit Our Web Site

2

(1)

Overview

3

(5)

Types of Statistics

3

(1)

Numerical statistics

3

(1)

Pictorial statistics

3

(1)

Method of Statistical Inference

4

(1)

Steps in the Process

4

(1)

Making Predictions

5

(1)

Comparing Results

6

(1)

Probability

7

(1)

Common Statistics Mistakes

7

(1)

Graphic Displays

8

(15)

Bar Chart

9

(1)

Dot Plot

10

(1)

Pie Chart

10

(1)

Ogive

11

(1)

Frequency Histogram

12

(1)

Relative Frequency Histogram

13

(1)

Frequency Polygon

14

(1)

Frequency Distribution

15

(2)

Stem-and-Leaf

17

(1)

Box Plot (Box-and-Whiskers)

18

(2)

Scatter Plot

20

(3)

Numerical Measures

23

(14)

Measures of Central Tendency

23

(6)

Mean

24

(1)

Median

24

(1)

Mode

25

(1)

Notation and formulae

25

(1)

Mean for grouped data

25

(1)

Median for grouped data

26

(2)

Symmetric distribution

28

(1)

Skewed curves

28

(1)

Measures of Variability

29

(5)

Range

30

(1)

Deviation and variance

30

(1)

Standard deviation

31

(1)

Notation

31

(1)

Empirical rule: The normal curve

31

(1)

Shortcut formulae

32

(1)

Percentile

33

(1)

Quartiles and interquartile range

33

(1)

Measurement Scales

34

(3)

Probability

37

(13)

Classic Theory

37

(1)

Relative Frequency Theory

38

(1)

Probability of Simple Events

38

(1)

Independent Events

39

(1)

Dependent Events

39

(1)

Probability of Joint Occurrences

40

(2)

Multiplication rule

40

(1)

Addition rule

41

(1)

Non-Mutually Exclusive Outcomes

42

(1)

Double Counting

42

(2)

Conditional Probability

44

(1)

Probability Distributions

44

(2)

Discrete vs. continuous variables

45

(1)

Total of probabilities of discrete variables

46

(1)

The Binomial

46

(4)

Binomial experiments

46

(1)

Binomial table

47

(1)

Mean and standard deviation

47

(3)

Sampling

50

(12)

Populations, Samples, Parameters, and Statistics

50

(2)

Sampling Distributions

52

(1)

Random and Systematic Error

53

(1)

Central Limit Theorem

54

(1)

Properties of the Normal Curve

54

(4)

Normal Approximation to the Binomial

58

(4)

Principles of Testing

62

(14)

Stating Hypotheses

62

(1)

The Test Statistic

63

(3)

One- and Two-tailed Tests

66

(2)

Type I and II Errors

68

(1)

Significance

69

(2)

Point Estimates and Confidence Intervals

71

(1)

Estimating a Difference Score

72

(1)

Univariate Tests: An Overview

73

(3)

Univariate Inferential Tests

76

(20)

One-sample z-test

76

(3)

Confidence interval for population mean using z

78

(1)

Choosing a sample size

79

(1)

One-sample t-test

79

(4)

Confidence interval for population mean using t

82

(1)

Two-sample z-test for Comparing Two Means

83

(1)

Two-sample t-test for Comparing Two Means

84

(4)

Confidence interval for comparing two means

85

(1)

Pooled variance method

86

(2)

Paired Difference t-test

88

(1)

Test for a Single Population Proportion

89

(2)

Confidence interval for a single population proportion

90

(1)

Choosing a sample size

90

(1)

Test for Comparing Two Proportions

91

(5)

Confidence interval for comparing two proportions

93

(3)

Bivariate Relationships

96

(18)

Correlation

96

(6)

Finding the significance of r

100

(2)

The coefficient of determination

102

(1)

Simple Linear Regression

102

(8)

Confidence interval for the slope

105

(2)

Confidence interval for prediction

107

(1)

Assumptions and cautions

108

(2)

Chi-Square (χ2)

110

(4)

Appendix A: Common Mistakes

114

(3)

Appendix B: Tables

117

(19)

CQR Review

136

(6)

CQR Resource Center

142

(3)

Glossary

145

(6)

Index

151

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