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9780190063696

Climate Change, Science, and The Politics of Shared Sacrifice

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  • ISBN13:

    9780190063696

  • ISBN10:

    0190063696

  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 2021-07-08
  • Publisher: Oxford University Press

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Summary

Designed for undergraduate courses that cover climate change politics within environmental studies, politics, and international relations courses, Climate Change, Science, and The Politics of Shared Sacrifice integrates science and policy within each chapter by considering technical issues as well as their political implications. It reflects the recent changes in US climate policy under President Biden, as well as by other international actors, and covers recent technological advances, including carbon capture, storage and solar energy efficiency.

This text presents the questions students need to address in an interdisciplinary approach to perhaps the most encompassing and "wicked" threat to our well-being in the 21st Century. It addresses the impacts of climate change, the history of international negotiations leading to the Paris Agreement and its possible "ambition gap," approaches to decarbonization by nations and economic sectors, and efforts to construct post-fossil fuel energy systems. It also considers implications of recent technological advancements in energy and its distribution, the debate about the "social cost of carbon," the economic costs of adapting to climate change, and the proper roles of individuals versus governments, corporations, and environmental groups.

More than a dozen applied exercises and case studies at the conclusion of each chapter further illustrate the timeliness of the subject matter and give students "hands on" experience with role-playing exercises as United Nations negotiators, or Peruvian peasants suing a German utility company, to give a few examples. The text addresses the "collective action problem" early in the text, discussing the strength of the scientific evidence, the failure to come to terms with related social and political problems, and the scope of the problem and why so little has been done. At a theoretical level, the text addresses the discord between theories of collective action and interest groups for explaining inaction on climate policy. The text also considers the increasingly prevalent view of climate change as a security threat affecting some groups and countries more than others; it considers the need of some countries to adapt as well as addressing the more traditional approach of mitigating climate change. The second part of the book discusses that while there is no single magical solution, there are many partial solutions which could contain global climate change within prescribed limits. We also discuss forms of solving the political, social, and economic problems stemming from climate change, but note that different solutions produce different "winners" and "losers." Changes to how we produce and consume energy will be driven by market forces, thoughtful policy, and by steady efforts to inform the public.

The instructor resources site includes access to chapter graphics, class PowerPoints, and case study sample solutions.

Author Biography


Todd A. Eisenstadt is professor of political science at American University, where he serves as research director of the Center for Environmental Policy (CEP) in the School of Public Affairs. He has published ten books and dozens of articles on development issues and environmental politics. Part of his work on this text was conducted at The World Bank, where he spent 2018-19 as a recipient of the Council on Foreign Relations International Affairs Fellowship for Tenured Professors.

Stephen MacAvoy joined the faculty of American University in 2003 and has been Director of the Graduate Program in Environmental Science since that time. He became Chair of the Department of Environmental Science in 2016. Recent publications have appeared in Applied Geochemistry, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Ecological Engineering and Marine Mammal Science.

Table of Contents

About the authors
Preface

Chapter 1: How Humans Tried to Take Control of Nature: From Cuddly "Teddy Bears" to the Anthropogenic Tempest of Climate Change

Humanity has Impacted Climate, Ushering in the Anthropocene Epoch
The Art and Science of Modeling Impacts of Climate Change on Natural Phenomena
Modeling versus measuring natural drivers
Where do We Get the Energy to Tackle Climate Change?
Natural gas as a bridge fuel
Drivers of Natural Climate Change Are Real
Suess Effect: the smoking gun
Technical and Scientific Menas of Addressing Climate Change
Impacts of Climate Change on Human Populations
Climate Change Dilemma: How Do We Stop the "Denialist" Cross-Talk and Buckle Down?
Climate Change Dilemma: Can We Offset (Outsource) Some of this Sacrifice?
Climate Change Dilemma: Equity and Climate Justice Across Countries
Climate Change Dilemma: Equity and Climate Justice Across Generations
Public Goods, the Tragedy of the Commons and the Role of Interests
Where You Come In: Fostering Cooperation from Individuals to Nation-States to the Planet
References Cited

Exercise 1.1: Making Coffee; Getting to Cooperation

Chapter 2: Learning to Listen to the Earth: The evidence and the scope of the problem

Seasons and Phenological Change
Shifts in migration patterns
Shifting Distribution of Marine Species
Plight of the Pacific walrus
Shifting Terrestrial Climate Zones
Effects on Biodiversity
Effects on Cyclones (Hurricanes)
The Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Changing Precipitation Patterns
Sea Level Rise
Effects on Coral Reefs
Effects on Biosphere Vegetation and Soils
1.5 vs 2.0°C Warming: the Meaning of 0.5°C Change
Change at 3°C
Conclusion

Exercise 2.1: Will reforestation efforts make a difference?
Exercise 2.2: Modeling terrestrial carbon storage
References Cited

Chapter 3: International Relations and Global Climate Politics

The Broader Problem of Climate in International Relations: An Anarchic World or an Ordered One?
Climate Change and Security: From Remote Perceived Link to Admitted Threat-Magnifier
The History of Liberal Institutionalism and Climate Change: The IPCC, Science, and Policy
Getting the Science Right: Importance of the Inter-government Panel on Climate Change
Ideas into Climate Action: The Montreal and Kyoto Protocols
Pros and cons of the Kyoto precedent
Assessing the largest emitters (corporations as well as countries)
The Paris Agreement: Voluntary Nationally-Determined Contributions but Without Needed Ambition
Distributive Dilemma of Climate Change Solutions: Who Should Suffer and Who Should Pay?
Ways of Thinking About Ethics of Who is Responsible and Who Should Pay?
Five logics for allocating emissions blame (and responsibility)
Inadequacy of Paris Agreement to keep warming to 1.5°C (or even 2.0°C?)
We'll Always Have Paris: Overcoming Limitations of the International Climate Change Regime
References Cited

Exercise 3.1: A United Nations Simulation to Specify Loss and Damage in the Paris Agreement

Case Study 3.1: Ecuador Forest Carbon Sinks, National Governments, and the International Community - Fernando Hernandez
Scenario for Classes
Indigenous Communities, Prior Consultation, and Rainforest Preservation
The Amazon's Riches: Environmental Services and Protecting Ecosystems
The Role of REDD+
REDD+ in Ecuador: The Socio Bosque Program
Critiques of Socio Bosque
What Has Socio Boque Done Right?
Conclusion
References Cited

Chapter 4: The Domestic Politics of Climate Change: Environmentalists Versus Energy Interests and the Fight for Public Attention

Following the Big Tobacco Model? ExxonMobil and the "Selling" of Climate Change Doubt
Climate Change, the Tragedy of the Commons, and the Problem of Interest Group Pluralism
What Causes Some Nations to Have Better Climate Policies? Low Fossil Fuel Subsidies, Low GHG Emissions, and High Vulnerability
Fossil fuel subsidies
Low emissions
High vulnerability
Levels of democracy
The climate leadership vacuum
China as Unlikely Emerging International Leader in Emissions and in Green Economy
Climate Footprint "Foot-Dragging" in India, the "Conscience" of the Developing World
Reconsidering the Sources of Emissions: Evaluating Emissions by Sector (Rather than Country)
Industry
Agriculture, Forestry, and Land Use
Buildings
Transportation
Energy/Power
Conclusions: How Can Domestic Energy Interests be Tamed?
References Cited

Case Study 4.1: Can State Action Overcome National Inaction on the Emissions-reducing Clean Power Plan? - Laurel Wolf
International Context - What Reductions Need to Be Made?
Kyoto Protocol
National Context - What Have We Done (or not)?
Air Pollution Laws and Regulations
Partisan and Bipartisan Efforts to Tackle the Issue
Waxman-Markey (2009)
The Clean Power Plan
Montana, The Climate Stakes
Reaction to CPP
New York
Governor's Reaction
Oklahoma and Alabama - the Climate Deniers
Reaction to the CPP
Current Status - Trump and Beyond
Replacing the CPP
Montana Reactions Post-Trump Announcement
New York Reaction Post-Trump
Oklahoma and Alabama Reactions
Conclusion
Can States Take it All the Way?
Final Thoughts
Scenario
References Cited

Chapter 5: Short-term versus Long-term Crude Solutions: Peak Oil, Fracking, the "Natural Gas" Bridge, and the Promise of Renewables

Prospects for Cooling the Earth
Carbon capture before release
Carbon capture and storage
Enhancing natural carbon sinks
Cap and trade and carbon taxes
Fracking and Natural Gas: The Rise of a Bridge Fuel
Electric Power for All: The Rise of Wind and Solar Plus the Changing Face of Biofuels and Hydropower
Wind Energy
Present and Future of Hydroelectric Power
Nuclear Power
Biomass/Biofuel
Is a Zero-carbon Energy Sector Even Possible?
Summary
COVID-19 Energy and Emissions Impacts

Exercise 5.1: United States commitments in The Paris Agreement
Exercise 5.2: Calculating the value of natural gas extraction for property owners
References Cited

Case Study 5.1 Fracking, Climate Change, and the Regional Economy of Pennsylvania: An Imaginary Debate in the 2022 Governor's Race
Hypothetical but Fact-Based Report of the Blue-Ribbon Commission on Fracking's Future in Pennsylvania
Economic Impact
Fracking's Impact on Climate Change
Methane Leakage
Reducing Methane Leakage
A Bridge to Renewables
Transitioning Directly to Renewables
Local Environmental Risks
Conclusion
Scenario for Classes
References Cited

Chapter 6: Beyond the Energy Sector: Technological Transformations on the Way to "Decarbonization"

The Concept of "Stranded Oil"
Changing the Energy Grid System
Implementing the Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles and Sustainable Power
Tax Incentives, Externalities and the Market Place
Tax credits for alternatives
Externalized costs
LEED Building and Urban Population Density
The Nexus Between Land Use, Climate, and Food
Land Use Change and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Diet and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Exercise 6.1: Examining electrical power in the USA
Exercise 6.2: Calculating Hydroelectric power
References Cited

Chapter 7: The Economics of Carbon Taxes and Emissions Trading, and Who Will Foot the Bill?

Modeling the Financial Costs of “Fixing” Climate Change
The Social Cost of Carbon: The Most Important Number in the Green Economy
The Discount Rate of Uncertainty: A Second Important Number in the Green Economy
Carbon Taxes and ETS as Lynchpins of a Solution
Critiques of ETS: Marketization of Carbon Pricing, but with Offsets and Other Complications
Complications of Carbon Pricing: Transparency, Accountability and "Climate Corruption"
The Debate over the Climate Finance Architecture and its Fragmentation
A Golden Age of Green Technology? New and Improved Energy Sources
The promise of renewables
A revolution in battery storage of energy: cost and capacity
Development of carbon capture and sequestration
Improved prospects for biofuels
Subsidizing New Technologies: Picking Winners Yes, but Greening Growth in the Process
References Cited

Case Study 7.1: Fiduciary Responsibility, Climate Change, and the University Movement to Divest from Fossil Fuel Holdings - Lillian Frame
The Origin and Meaning of "Fossil Free" Divestment
Tactics Used by The Movement
University Reactions to Fossil Free Movements
The Fossil Free Argument
The Fiduciary Argument
What Changed at American University from 2014 to 2020
Where Does the Movement Go from Here?
Is it Financially Responsible to Divest?
Scenario
References Cited

Chapter 8: Fixing Eden: Ratcheting Up Ambition, Deep Decarbonization, and "Plan B"

The Challenges of Acquiring the Adaptation Mindset
The Debate over Measuring and Delivering Adaptation Finance
The scarcity of international funding for adaptation
What happened to the UN pledges for adaptation?
When Adaptation Fails: Legal, Economic, and Political Adjustments for Climate Migrants
The legal debate over migration as "loss and damages"
Does "migration with dignity" justify climate migration?
Climate migration and the North-South Divide
Fossil Fuel Subsidies and The Need for Creative Destruction of that Lobbying System
Thinking Outside the Gas Tank: Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty
Can the Courts be Used to Hold Fossil Fuel Companies Responsible for Climate Change?
Can the United Nations be Climate-Proofed?
The Paris Agreement's powerless "pledge and review" status
Climate clubs as more effective international organizations?
The Move to Deep Decarbonization in 2050
Mounting scientific pressures to decarbonize soon
Leaders and laggards and their approaches to decarbonization
Plan B: Geo-engineering, AKA Aerosol Injection and Solar Radiation Management
Ethical and Political pros and cons of geo-engineering
Ecological pros and cons of geo-engineering
Is SRM part of the climate solutions toolbox?

References Cited

Case Study 8.1: Can A German Utility Company be Sued for Flooding Damages in the Peruvian Andes? Assessing the Evidence of RWE Versus Huaraz - Laurel Wolf
Origins of a David vs. Goliath Climate Litigation Story on Two Continents
Forming of a n Alliance to Stem the Browning of the Cordillera Blanca
Beyond the Andes: Climate Litigation in Global Perspective
Conclusion
Scenario for Classes
References Cited

Exercise 8.1: Introduction to the Broken Cities Game on Urban Climate
References Cited

Chapter 9: Sowing Our Gardens is Not Enough: What Can We Do as Citizens and Consumers?

"The Grasping Problem" and What We Can (and Must) Do
Scientist-Policymaker Collaboration: Small Signs of Hope from the World's Most Vulnerable Region
Eat More Plants and Fewer Animals
Flight-Shaming and Bike Lanes: How Mech Must We Reduce Transportation Emissions?
Electric Cars and More Sustainable Cities
Can Mitigation Empower the Poor, Women, and People from the Global South?
Press Politicians and Nation-states and Corporations
We Must Think Big: Plant a Garden, Sure, But Also Empower an International "Climate Squad"
References Cited
Exercise 9.1: Exploring Your Carbon Footprint
Appendix: Solutions
Credits
Index

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