Clinical MR Spectroscopy First Principles

by Salibi, Nouha; Brown, Mark A.

• ISBN13: 9780471182801
• ISBN10: 047118280X
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1997-12-22
• Publisher: Wiley-Liss

Summary

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has been an important analytical tool in organic chemistry, biology, and materials science for more than a half-century. Now, recent advances in the clinical application of MRS are allowing radiologists to more effectively diagnose lymphoma, head and neck cancers, and brain tumors, as well as to understand metabolic brain anomalies such as stroke and dementia. Clinical MR Spectroscopy: First Principles acquaints readers with the basic physics and chemistry of MRS while providing clear, practical guidelines for its clinical use. While most readers are likely to have had experience with MRI, this is not a prerequisite for understanding either the basic science or applied sections of the book. Individual chapters address such topics as: * The basic concepts of MRS * Hardware and software requirements * Techniques for localized spectroscopy * Spectroscopy data processing * The application of MRS in examining the brain, heart, muscles, and liver. Clinical MR Spectroscopy: First Principles features numerous line drawings to clarify the basic science of MRS and images to illustrate its clinical utility. This concise and timely book provides an accessible but comprehensive resource for radiologists, MRI technologists, and radiology residents.

Author Biography

Nouha Salibi and Mark A. Brown are the authors of Clinical MR Spectroscopy: First Principles, published by Wiley.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
1. Introduction	1	(4)
2. Concepts of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy	5	(45)
2.1. Properties of the Atom	5	(1)
2.2. Production of Net Magnetization	6	(8)
2.3. Resonance Absorption	14	(3)
2.4. Signal Analysis and the MR Spectrum	17	(3)
2.5. Time-Independent Interactions	20	(9)
2.5.1. Chemical Shift	20	(4)
2.5.2. Spin Coupling	24	(5)
2.6. Time-Dependent Interactions	29	(21)
2.6.1. Relaxation	30	(16)
2.6.1.1. T1 Relaxation, Saturation, and the Nuclear Overhauser Effect	31	(7)
2.6.1.2. T2 Relaxation, T2(*) Relaxation, and Spin Echoes	38	(8)
2.6.2. Chemical Exchange	46	(4)
3. Instrumentation	50	(12)
3.1. Magnet System	50	(5)
3.2. Gradient System	55	(2)
3.3. Radiofrequency System	57	(2)
3.4. Data Acquisition System	59	(2)
3.5. Computer System	61	(1)
4. Techniques for Localized Spectroscopy	62	(44)
4.1. Introduction	62	(1)
4.2. Basic Concepts in MR Localization	63	(7)
4.3. Localization in MR Imaging	70	(1)
4.4. Spectra vs Images	71	(2)
4.5. MRS Localization Techniques	73	(25)
4.5.1. Surface Coils	75	(1)
4.5.2. Single Voxel Spectroscopy	75	(8)
4.5.2.1. Point Resolved Spectroscopy	75	(1)
4.5.2.2. Stimulated Echo Acquisition Method	76	(4)
4.5.2.3. Image Selected In Vivo Spectroscopy	80	(3)
4.5.2.4. Advantages and Disadvantages of SVS	83	(1)
4.5.3. Multiple Voxel Techniques	83	(12)
4.5.3.1. Chemical Shift Imaging	83	(8)
4.5.3.2. Volume-Selective 2D CSI	91	(3)
4.5.3.3. Multiple Slice CSI	94	(1)
4.5.3.4. Fast CSI	94	(1)
4.5.4. Other Approaches to Localization	95	(3)
4.6. Water Suppression in Proton MRS	98	(1)
4.7. Elimination of Lipid Signals in Proton MRS	99	(7)
5. Spectroscopy Data Processing	106	(37)
5.1. The Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Signal	106	(2)
5.2. Processing of the MR Signal	108	(17)
5.2.1. Processing of the Time Domain Signal	112	(10)
5.2.1.1. Offset Correction	112	(2)
5.2.1.2. Zero Filling	114	(1)
5.2.1.3. Apodization	115	(7)
5.2.2. Processing of the Frequency Domain Signal	122	(3)
5.2.2.1. Phase Correction	122	(3)
5.2.2.2. Baseline Correction	125	(1)
5.3. Interpretation of Spectra and Quantitative Analysis	125	(12)
5.3.1. Peak Identification	128	(1)
5.3.2. Peak Editing	129	(1)
5.3.3. Peak Area	130	(5)
5.3.3.1. Peak Area Calculation	130	(1)
5.3.3.2. Normalized Peak Area	131	(3)
5.3.3.3. Peak Area Ratios	134	(1)
5.3.4. Absolute Quantitation	135	(2)
5.4. Eddy Currents and MR Spectroscopy	137	(1)
5.5. Chemical Shift Imaging Postprocessing	138	(5)
6. Clinical Applications	143	(60)
6.1. General Concepts	143	(1)
6.2. Clinical MRS: Getting Started	144	(1)
6.3. Hydrogen Spectroscopy	144	(29)
6.3.1. Brain	144	(1)
6.3.2. (1)H MRS Brain Exam: Measurement Steps	145	(12)
6.3.2.1. Patient Positioning	145	(1)
6.3.2.2. Global Shim	146	(1)
6.3.2.3. Scout Images	146	(1)
6.3.2.4. Selection of the Measurement Technique and Parameters	146	(9)
6.3.2.5. Positioning of the VOI	155	(1)
6.3.2.6. Local Shim	156	(1)
6.3.2.7. Water Suppression	156	(1)
6.3.2.8. Measurement	157	(1)
6.3.2.9. Data Processing and Display of the Spectrum	157	(1)
6.3.3. (1)H MRS Brain Spectra	157	(7)
6.3.4. MRS Following Contrast Agent Administration	164	(5)
6.3.5. (1)H MRS in Other Organs	169	(4)
6.4. Phosphorus Spectroscopy	173	(11)
6.4.1. Patient Exam	175	(3)
6.4.2. (31)P MRS of the Brain	178	(1)
6.4.3. (31)P MRS in Muscle	179	(3)
6.4.4. (31)P MRS in the Heart	182	(1)
6.4.5. (31)P MRS in Other Organs	183	(1)
6.5. Clinical Applications of MRS With Other Nuclei	184	(2)
6.6. Past, Present, and Future	186	(17)
Appendix A: Early Localization Techniques	203	(6)
A. Rotating Frame Zeugmatography	203	(1)
B. Depth Pulses	204	(1)
C. Topical Magnetic Resonance	204	(1)
D. Depth Resolved Surface Coil Spectroscopy	205	(1)
E. Fast Rotating Gradient Spectroscopy	206	(3)
Appendix B: Molecular Structure of Selected Metabolites	209	(4)
Index	213