Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics for the Veterinary Technician

by Bill

• ISBN13: 9780323011136
• ISBN10: 0323011136
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-04-01
• Publisher: MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC

Summary

In order to facilitate a better understanding of the "how's" and "why's" behind current drug therapies administered in the veterinary field, this text takes a comprehensive look at therapeutic agents in use today. Following a unique body systems organization method, this text clearly identifies and rationalizes the effects of veterinary medication treatments that will allow better anticipation of a patients response to various remedies. A variety of review methods including self-tests, summary tables, and critical thinking questions aid the readers understanding of material presented and allow for practical application in the veterinary world. Covers fundamental principles of pharmacology in a manner appropriate for both veterinary technicians and students. Provides strong introductory content on safety, terminology, pharmaceutical procedures, drug handling, dosage calculations, and pharmacokinetics. Systematically organized, using chapter outlines for ease of pinpointing desired material, key terms, and learning objectives to better focus readers' learning. Summarizes ideas presented using review questions to better facilitate comprehension, and integrated Pharm Facts boxes highlighting important points within the text. Contains the latest OSHA requirements of safe drug and chemical handling in professional environments. New and updated information is presented on all drug categories including new types, applications of existing drugs, and descriptions of previous methods employed. The original, modern design features using a full-color format, new artwork, and a visually engaging design. "Clinical Applications" vignettes included in the text emphasize concepts related to how problems have arisen with individual drugs or therapies, and what can be learned to avoid similar situations. Self-test questions have been added to the end of each chapter, to help readers prepare for national and state credentialing examinations, as well as classroom work.

Table of Contents

Introduction to Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutic Applications	1	(18)
Role and Responsibilities of Today's Veterinary Technician and Technologist	2	(1)
All Drugs Are Poisons	3	(1)
Terminology Used in Describing Therapeutic Agents	3	(5)
Drug Names	3	(1)
Dose versus Dosage	4	(1)
Clinical Application: Switching Medicines Produces Seizures	5	(1)
Dosage Forms	6	(2)
Sources of Drug Information	8	(1)
Information Listed in Drug References	9	(3)
Clinical Application: Watch the Inert Ingredients	10	(1)
Clinical Application: Extra-Label Drug Use	11	(1)
Reporting Adverse Drug Reactions	12	(7)
Clinical Application: The Long Regulatory Arm of the Law	13	(6)
Pharmacy Procedures, Drug Handling, and Dosage Calculations	19	(24)
Prescription Drugs versus Over-the-Counter Drugs	20	(1)
Prescriptions and Drug Orders	20	(1)
Abbreviations Used in Drug Orders	21	(1)
Containers for Dispensing Medication	22	(1)
Storage of Drugs in the Veterinary Facility	23	(2)
Clinical Application: A Good Idea That Did Not Work	23	(1)
Clinical Application: Detective Work to Solve a Diabetic's Problem	24	(1)
Environmental Considerations	25	(1)
Special Storage and Handling Requirements for Controlled Substances	25	(3)
Clinical Application: The Forgotten Medication	26	(2)
Storage and Handling of Cytotoxic and Hazardous Drugs	28	(2)
Compounding Drugs	30	(1)
Calculating Drug Doses	31	(12)
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: The Principles of How Drugs Work	43	(50)
Therapeutic Range	45	(1)
Dosage Regimen and Routes of Administration	46	(5)
Drug Dose	47	(1)
Dosage Interval	48	(1)
Routes of Administration	49	(2)
Movement of Drug Molecules	51	(4)
Passive Diffusion	51	(1)
Facilitated Diffusion	51	(1)
Active Transport	52	(1)
Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis	53	(1)
Factors that Affect Rate of Drug Molecule Transport	53	(1)
Clinical Application: Ototoxicosis and Nephrotoxicosis from Drug Accumulation	54	(1)
Effect of a Drug's Lipophilic or Hydrophilic Nature on Drug Molecule Movement	55	(1)
Pharmacokinetics: Absorption	55	(11)
Drug Absorption and Bioavailability	56	(1)
Effect of Route of Administration on Absorption	56	(1)
Effect of Lipophilic and Hydrophilic Properties on Absorption	57	(1)
Effect of pH of the Environment on Absorption	58	(3)
Ion Trapping and Absorption of Drugs	61	(1)
Effect of Dissolution and Gastrointestinal Motility on Absorption of Orally Administered Drugs	62	(3)
First-Pass Effect	65	(1)
Effect of Perfusion on Absorption of Parenterally Administered Drugs	65	(1)
Clinical Application: Lidocaine With and Without Epinephrine	65	(1)
Pharmacokinetics: Drug Distribution	66	(6)
Barriers to Drug Distribution	66	(1)
Effect of Tissue Perfusion on Drug Distribution	67	(2)
Effect of Plasma Protein Binding on Drug Distribution	69	(1)
Clinical Application: Highly Protein-Bound Drugs	69	(1)
Volume of Distribution	70	(2)
Pharmacodynamics: The Way Drugs Exert Their Effects	72	(3)
Antagonists and Agonists	73	(1)
Clinical Application: Agonists, Antagonists, and Partial Agonists/Partial Antagonists in Anesthesia	74	(1)
Non-Receptor-Mediated Reactions	75	(1)
Pharmacokinetics: Biotransformation and Drug Metabolism	75	(2)
Drug Interactions Affecting Biotransformation	75	(1)
Clinical Application: Cats Are Not Little Dogs	76	(1)
Species and Age Differences in Drug Biotransformation	77	(1)
Pharmacokinetics: Drug Elimination	77	(7)
Routes of Drug Elimination	77	(1)
Renal Elimination of Drugs	77	(2)
Hepatic Elimination of Drugs	79	(1)
Half-Life and Clearance: Measures of Drug Elimination Rates	79	(2)
Relation of Half-Life to Steady-State Concentrations	81	(2)
Clinical Application: Young Animals Are Special Cases	83	(1)
Drug Withdrawal Times	84	(1)
Using Concepts of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics	84	(9)
Drugs Affecting the Gastrointestinal Tract	93	(30)
Function and Control of the Gastrointestinal Tract	94	(3)
Autonomic Nervous System Control	95	(1)
Biologic Mediators of Gastrointestinal Function	96	(1)
Emetic Drugs	97	(5)
Vomiting Reflex	97	(2)
Induction of Vomiting	99	(1)
Centrally Acting Emetics	100	(1)
Locally Acting Emetics	101	(1)
Antiemetic Drugs	102	(3)
Antidiarrheal Drugs	105	(4)
Antidiarrheals that Modify Intestinal Motility	105	(1)
Antidiarrheals that Block Hypersecretion	106	(2)
Adsorbents and Protectants as Antidiarrheal Agents	108	(1)
Laxatives, Cathartics, and Purgatives	109	(1)
Laxatives	109	(1)
Cathartics	110	(1)
Antacids and Antiulcer Drugs	110	(3)
Physiology of Stomach Acid Secretion	110	(1)
Drugs Used to Counter Acidity and Ulcers	111	(2)
Ruminatories and Antibloat Medications	113	(1)
Other Drugs Used for Gastrointestinal Problems	114	(9)
Antimicrobials	114	(1)
Clinical Application: ``Brain Tumor'' in a Dog	115	(1)
Oral Electrolyte Replacements	115	(1)
Pancreatic Enzyme Supplements	116	(1)
Corticosteroids	116	(7)
Drugs Affecting the Cardiovascular System	123	(34)
Normal Cardiac Function	124	(8)
Cardiac Anatomy and Dynamics of Blood Flow	124	(1)
Electrical Conduction Through the Heart	125	(2)
Depolarization, Repolarization, and Refractory Periods	127	(3)
Role of the Autonomic Nervous System in Cardiovascular Function	130	(2)
Antiarrhythmic Drugs	132	(6)
Antiarrhythmic Drugs that Inhibit Sodium Influx	134	(2)
β-Blocker Antiarrhythmic Drugs	136	(1)
Calcium Channel Blocker Antiarrhythmic Drugs	137	(1)
Positive Inotropic Agents	138	(4)
Clinical Application: ``You Gave Him His Medicine Too?!''	140	(2)
Vasodilators	142	(4)
Vasoconstriction in Heart Disease	142	(1)
Vasoconstriction in Systemic Hypertension	143	(1)
Vasodilator Drugs	144	(2)
Diuretics	146	(3)
Loop Diuretics	147	(1)
Thiazide Diuretics	148	(1)
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics	148	(1)
Osmotic Diuretics	149	(1)
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors	149	(1)
Other Drugs Used in Treating Cardiovascular Disease	149	(8)
Aspirin	149	(1)
Bronchodilators	149	(1)
Sedatives and Tranquilizers	149	(8)
Drugs Affecting the Respiratory System	157	(18)
Antitussives	158	(2)
Butorphanol	159	(1)
Hydrocodone	160	(1)
Codeine	160	(1)
Dextromethorphan	160	(1)
Mucolytics, Expectorants, and Decongestants	160	(3)
Mucolytics	161	(1)
Clinical Application: Metered-Dose Inhalers	162	(1)
Expectorants	162	(1)
Decongestants	163	(1)
Bronchodilators	163	(3)
β-Adrenergic Agonists	164	(1)
Methylxanthines	165	(1)
Other Drugs Used to Treat Respiratory Problems	166	(9)
Antimicrobials	166	(2)
Corticosteroids	168	(1)
Antihistamines	169	(1)
Diuretics	169	(1)
Oxygen	169	(6)
Drugs Affecting the Endocrine System	175	(28)
The Negative Feedback System	176	(2)
Drugs Used to Treat Thyroid Disease	178	(5)
Drugs Used to Treat Hypothyroidism	178	(3)
Clinical Application: Acute Overdose of Levothyroxine in a Dog	181	(1)
Drugs Used to Treat Hyperthyroidism	182	(1)
Endocrine Pancreatic Drugs	183	(4)
Types of Insulin	184	(2)
Other Drugs to Control Diabetes, and Drugs to Avoid	186	(1)
Drugs Affecting Reproduction	187	(1)
Hormonal Control of the Estrous Cycle	187	(2)
Hormonal Changes during Pregnancy and Parturition	189	(1)
Types of Reproductive Drugs	190	(3)
Uses of Reproductive Drugs	193	(3)
Other Uses of Reproductive Drugs	196	(1)
Uses of Reproductive Drugs No Longer Considered Legitimate	197	(6)
Drugs Affecting the Nervous System: Analgesics, Anesthetics, and Stimulants	203	(30)
Analgesics	204	(8)
The Pain Pathway	204	(1)
Opioid Analgesics	205	(6)
Clinical Application: Dangers from Fentanyl Patch	211	(1)
Opioid Antagonists	211	(1)
Tranquilizers and Sedatives	212	(5)
Acepromazine	212	(1)
Benzodiazepine Tranquilizers: Diazepam, Zolazepam, Midazolam, and Clonazepam	213	(1)
α2 Agonists: Xylazine, Detomidine, and Medetomidine	214	(3)
Anesthetics	217	(7)
Barbiturates	217	(3)
Propofol	220	(1)
Dissociative Anesthetics	220	(2)
Inhalant Anesthetics	222	(2)
Other Anesthetic Gasses	224	(1)
Central Nervous System Stimulants	224	(9)
Methylxanthines	225	(1)
Doxapram	225	(1)
α2 Antagonists: Yohimbine, Tolazoline, and Atipamezole	226	(7)
Drugs Affecting the Nervous System: Anticonvulsants and Behavior-Modifying Drugs	233	(18)
Anticonvulsants	234	(6)
Phenobarbital	235	(2)
Diazepam	237	(1)
Potassium Bromide	238	(1)
Other Anticonvulsants	238	(1)
Clinical Application: Use of Propofol for Seizures	239	(1)
Behavior-Modifying Drugs	240	(11)
What Are Behavior-Modifying Drugs?	241	(1)
Antipsychotic Drugs	241	(1)
Antidepressant Drugs	242	(1)
Anxiolytic Drugs	243	(1)
Other Behavior-Modifying Drugs	244	(7)
Antimicrobials	251	(40)
Types of Antimicrobials	252	(1)
Goals of Antimicrobial Therapy	252	(2)
Resistance of Microorganisms to Antimicrobial Therapy	254	(3)
Clinical Application: Time-Dependent versus Concentration-Dependent Effects	255	(2)
Concern over Antimicrobial Residues	257	(1)
Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action	257	(2)
Classes of Antimicrobials	259	(19)
Penicillins	259	(3)
Cephalosporins	262	(2)
Aminoglycosides	264	(2)
Clinical Application: Topical Application Induces Renal Failure	266	(3)
Quinolones	269	(1)
Clinical Application: Nephrotoxicosis in a Horse	270	(2)
Tetracyclines	272	(2)
Sulfonamides and Potentiated Sulfonamides	274	(3)
Clinical Application: Skin Eruptions in Dogs on Sulfonamides	277	(1)
Other Antimicrobials Used in Veterinary Medicine	278	(4)
Lincosamides	278	(1)
Macrolides	278	(1)
Metronidazole	279	(1)
Chloramphenicol and Florfenicol	280	(1)
Rifampin	281	(1)
Miscellaneous Antibiotics	281	(1)
Antifungals	282	(9)
Amphotericin B	282	(1)
Azoles: The Imidazole Derivatives	282	(1)
Griseofulvin	283	(8)
Disinfectants and Antiseptics	291	(14)
Terminology Describing Disinfecting Agents	292	(1)
Appropriate Use of Disinfecting Agents	293	(1)
Selecting an Appropriate Disinfecting Agent	294	(2)
Types of Disinfecting Agents	296	(9)
Alcohols	296	(1)
Chlorine Compounds	297	(1)
Iodine Compounds and Iodophors	297	(1)
Chlorhexidine	298	(1)
Glutaraldehyde	299	(1)
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds	299	(1)
Other Disinfecting Agents	299	(6)
Antiparasitics	305	(38)
Importance of the Veterinary Technician's Role	306	(1)
Principles of Antiparasitic Use	307	(1)
Internal Antiparasitics	308	(1)
Terminology Used to Describe Internal Antiparasitics	309	(1)
Antinematodals	309	(9)
Avermectins and Milbemycin Group (the Macrolides)	309	(2)
Ivermectin	311	(1)
Clinical Application: Ivermectin Toxicosis in Two Australian Shepherds	312	(1)
Selamectin	313	(1)
Livestock Macrolides: Doramectin and Eprinomectin	313	(1)
Milbemycin Oxime	314	(1)
Moxidectin	314	(1)
Benzimidazoles	314	(1)
Clinical Application: Respiratory Failure Attributable to Moxidectin Intoxication in a Dog	315	(2)
Pyrantel	317	(1)
Piperazines	317	(1)
Organophosphates	318	(1)
Anticestodals	318	(1)
Praziquantel	318	(1)
Epsiprantel	319	(1)
Antiparasitics Used in Heartworm Treatment	319	(4)
Heartworm Adulticides	320	(1)
Microfilaricides	321	(1)
Preventatives	322	(1)
Antiprotozoals	323	(1)
External Antiparasitics	324	(9)
Organophosphates and Carbamates	325	(3)
Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids	328	(1)
Amitraz	329	(1)
Macrolides	330	(1)
Imidacloprid	331	(1)
Fipronil	331	(1)
Nitenpyram	332	(1)
Insect Growth Regulators, Insect Development Inhibitors, and Juvenile Hormone Mimics	333	(1)
Insect Repellents	334	(9)
Antiinflammatory Drugs	343	(24)
Inflammation Pathway	344	(1)
Arachidonic Acid Pathway	344	(1)
Corticosteroids	345	(1)
Glucocorticoids	345	(6)
Types of Glucocorticoid Drugs	346	(1)
Formulations of Glucocorticoids	347	(1)
Effects of Glucocorticoids	348	(2)
Disease Caused by Glucocorticoid Use	350	(1)
Safe Use of Glucocorticoids	350	(1)
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs	351	(8)
NSAIDs as Analgesics	352	(1)
NSAID Precautions and Side Effects	352	(2)
Specific NSAIDs	354	(1)
Clinical Application: Are These COX-2 Inhibitors Like Vioxx and Celebrex?	355	(4)
Chondroprotective Agents	359	(1)
Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycans	359	(1)
Hyaluronic Acid or Hyaluronate Sodium	359	(1)
Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate	359	(1)
Other Drugs Used to Fight Inflammation	359	(8)
Acetaminophen	359	(1)
Orgotein	360	(1)
Gold Salts	360	(1)
Piroxicam	360	(7)
Answers to Self-Assessment Review Questions and Application	367