Clinical Phonetics

by Shriberg, Lawrence D.; Kent, Raymond D.

• ISBN13: 9780024102133
• ISBN10: 002410213X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

For more than 20 years, Clinical Phonetics has been the leading resource for those interested in acquiring both the academic content and the transcription skills required for responsible clinical decision-making. Clinical Phonetics, Third Edition, is a comprehensive introduction to the art and science of clinical transcription. The three primary strengths of Clinical Phonetics continue to be: a) authoritative coverage of the phonetics of American English, b) tested skills teaching in clinical transcription using four hours of audio examples, and c) discussion of a wealth of clinically-relevant topics throughout the text and numerous appendices. For professional in the fields of linguistics and language pathology.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xv
Preface	xvii
Preface to the First Edition	xix
Notes to Instructors	xxi
Contents of Audiocassette Tapes	xxv
Overview of Clinical Phonetics	1	(4)
Welcome	1	(1)
Clinical Phonetics	1	(2)
The Informational Domain of Clinical Phonetics	1	(1)
The Perceptual Domain of Clinical Phonetics	1	(2)
Summary	3	(1)
Exercises	3	(2)
Linguistic Phonetics	5	(10)
Language, Speech, and Dialect	5	(1)
The Morpheme	6	(1)
The Phoneme	7	(1)
Phonology and Phonetics	8	(1)
The Allophone	8	(1)
The Morph and the Phone	9	(1)
The Alphabet and the Allograph	10	(1)
Positional and Contextual Terminology for Phonetic Descriptions	10	(2)
Glossary	12	(1)
Exercises	12	(3)
The Three Systems of Speech Production	15	(10)
The Respiratory System	15	(1)
The Laryngeal System	16	(2)
The Supralaryngeal System	18	(4)
Velopharynx: Velum and Pharyngeal Walls	18	(2)
Jaw	20	(1)
Tongue	20	(1)
Lips	21	(1)
Conclusion	22	(1)
Glossary	22	(1)
Exercises	23	(2)
Vowels and Diphthongs	25	(38)
Vowel Articulation	26	(3)
Tongue Height	26	(1)
Tongue Advancement	27	(1)
Tenseness or Length	28	(1)
Lip Configuration (Rounding)	29	(1)
Vowel Description: Tongue Height, Tongue Advancement, Tenseness, and Lip Rounding	29	(1)
The Front Series	29	(5)
Vowel / ¡ / (He)	29	(3)
Vowel / I / (Hid)	32	(1)
Vowel / e / (Chaos---First Syllable)	32	(1)
Vowel / ϵ / (Head)	33	(1)
Vowel / æ / (Had)	33	(1)
Vowel / a /	34	(1)
The Central Series	34	(3)
Vowel / 3∧ / (Her)	34	(1)
Vowel / 3 / (British or Southern Her)	35	(1)
Vowel (Further, Sometimes Called Schwar)	35	(1)
Vowel / λ / (Hub)	36	(1)
Vowel (Above, Sometimes called Schwa)	36	(1)
The Back Series	37	(3)
Vowel / u / (Who)	37	(1)
Vowel / v / (Book)	38	(1)
Vowel / o / (Hoe)	38	(1)
Vowel / a / (Awl)	39	(1)
Vowel / a / (Hop)	39	(1)
Diphthong Articulation	40	(4)
Diphthong / aI / (Bye)	42	(1)
Diphthong / I / (Boy)	43	(1)
Diphthong / au / (Bough)	43	(1)
Diphthong / eI / (Bay)	43	(1)
Diphthong / ov / (Bow)	44	(1)
Special Notes on the Phonetic Properties of Vowels	44	(2)
Some Cautions About Vowel Features	44	(1)
Tongue and Jaw Interaction	45	(1)
Lip and Jaw Interaction	45	(1)
Some Common Articulatory Modifications of English Vowels	46	(2)
Diphthongization	46	(1)
Monophthongization	46	(1)
Nasalization	46	(1)
Reduction	47	(1)
Rhotacization and Derhotacization	48	(1)
Other Modifications	48	(1)
Allographs of the Vowel Phonemes of English	48	(1)
Frequency of Occurrence for English Vowels	49	(1)
Glossary	49	(1)
Exercises	50	(1)
Transcription Training	51	(12)
Consonants	63	(34)
Manner of Articulation: Stops	64	(1)
Manner of Articulation: Fricatives	64	(1)
Manner of Articulation: Nasals	65	(1)
Manner of Articulation: Liquids	65	(1)
Manner of Articulation: Glides	66	(1)
Manner of Articulation: Affricates	67	(1)
Place of Articulation	67	(1)
Place of Articulation: Bilabials / b / / p / m / w / / m /	67	(2)
Place of Articulation: Labiodentals / f / / v /	69	(1)
Place of Articulation: Interdentals (or Dentals) / &thetas; / /	69	(1)
Place of Articulation: Alveolars / t / / d / / s / / z / / l / / n /	69	(3)
Lingua-Alveolar Stops: / t / and / d /	69	(1)
Lingua-Alveolar Fricatives: / s / and / z /	70	(1)
Lingua-Alveolar Lateral: / l /	70	(1)
Lingua-Alveolar Nasals / n /	71	(1)
Place of Articulation: Palatals / ∫ / / 3 / / t∫ / / d3 / / r / / j /	72	(2)
Lingua-Palatal Fricatives: / ∫ / and / 3 /	72	(1)
Lingua-Palatal Affricates: / t∫ / and / d3 /	72	(1)
Palatal Rhotic: / r /	72	(2)
Lingua-Palatal Glide: / j /	74	(1)
Place of Articulation: Velars / k / / g / / ŋ / / w / / m /	74	(2)
Place of Articulation: Glottals / h / / ? /	76	(1)
Place of Articulation: Summary by Manner of Articulation	76	(1)
Place of Articulation: Summary by Articulation	77	(1)
The Voicing Contrast	78	(3)
Allographs of the Consonant Phonemes of English	81	(1)
Frequency of Occurrence and Place of Articulation	81	(1)
Glossary	82	(2)
Exercises	84	(1)
Transcription Training	85	(12)
Diacritics and Sounds in Context	97	(36)
Suprasegmentals: Prosody and Paralinguistics	97	(13)
Prosody	97	(4)
The Bases of Prosody	101	(3)
Paralinguistic Aspects	104	(1)
Clinical Assessment of Suprasegmentals	105	(5)
Coarticulation	110	(1)
Diacritic Marks: An [æ] Is Not an [æ] Is Not an [æ:]	110	(1)
Onglide Symbols	111	(1)
Stress Symbols	111	(2)
Primary Stress [ t 1u b ]	111	(1)
Secondary Stress [ 2ϵ m b a r k]	111	(1)
Tertiary Stress [ b t]	111	(2)
Nasal Symbols	113	(1)
Nasalized [m æ n]	113	(1)
Nasal Emission [s m |]	113	(1)
Denasalized [r æ n]	113	(1)
Lip Symbols	113	(1)
Rounded (or Protruded) Vowel [ s w i t]	113	(1)
Unrounded (or Unprotruded) Vowel [h cu]	113	(1)
Liabialized Consonant [kw wm i n]	113	(1)
Nonlabialied Consonant [w i d]	113	(1)
Inverted Lip [bx i n]	114	(1)
Tongue Symbols	114	(2)
Dentalized [w i d &thetas;]	114	(1)
Palatized [sj i |]	114	(1)
Lateralized [ s | i p]	114	(1)
Rhotacized (or Retroflexed) [h a r ∫ ]	114	(1)
Velarized [f i |]	115	(1)
Centralized [w I n d o]	115	(1)
Retracted [ b ϵ t]	115	(1)
Advanced [p t]	115	(1)
Raised [b ϵ d]	115	(1)
Lowered [h ϵ d]	115	(1)
Fronted [s n ov]	115	(1)
Backed [z u]	115	(1)
Derhotacized [r e d]	116	(1)
Sound Source Symbols	116	(1)
Partially Voiced [æ b s n t]	116	(1)
Partially Devoiced [d g]	116	(1)
Glottalized (or Creaky Voice) [b k s]	116	(1)
Breathy (or Murmured) [p | eI I ŋ]	116	(1)
Frictionalized (or Spirantized) [s t a p]	116	(1)
Whistled (or Hissed) [s i]	116	(1)
Trilled [t r I]	116	(1)
Syllabic Symbol	116	(1)
Offglide Symbols	116	(1)
Stop Release Symbols	117	(1)
Aspirated [t h a p]	117	(1)
Unaspirated [s t = a p]	117	(1)
Unreleased [ | æ p⌝]	117	(1)
Timing and Juncture Symbols	117	(2)
Lengthened [s i:]	118	(1)
Shortened [w e >]	118	(1)
Close Juncture [aI d I d I t] (I Did It)	118	(1)
Open Juncture [e n I s+ m æ n] Versus [ n + I s m æ n]	118	(1)
Internal Open Juncture [| ϵ t s h ϵ | p ld3 eI n]	118	(1)
Falling Terminal Juncture [t v d eI ↓]	118	(1)
Rising Terminal Juncture [t v d eI ↑]	118	(1)
Checked or Held Juncture [t v d eI →]	118	(1)
Other Symbols	119	(1)
Synchronic Tie [dz u]	119	(1)
Unintelligible Syllable [*]	119	(1)
Questionable Segment or ?	119	(1)
Stress and Other Suprasegmental Features	119	(1)
Stress Marking in the IPA	119	(1)
Stress Marking by Number	119	(1)
Syllabification [b ∧ t n] [b æ t &berbar;] [r ∧ b m]	120	(1)
Abbreviatory Devices in Phonetic Description	120	(1)
Some Guidelines for Using Diacritic Marks	121	(1)
Glossary	122	(1)
Exercises	122	(1)
Transcription Training	123	(10)
Clinical Scoring and Transcription	133	(20)
Factors That Influence Scoring and Transcription	133	(3)
Client Factors	133	(1)
Task Factors	134	(1)
Speech Sampling and Audio-Video Recording	135	(1)
Preparation for Clinical Transcription	136	(11)
Selecting a System	136	(1)
Selecting a Set of Symbols	137	(1)
Selecting a Recording Form	137	(6)
Determining Response Definitions	143	(3)
Determining Transcription Conventions	146	(1)
The Process of Scoring or Transcription	147	(6)
Setting Up	147	(1)
Previewing the Tape	147	(1)
First Presentation of the Target Behavior	148	(1)
Second and Subsequent Presentations (Replays)	148	(1)
Strategies for Difficult Words	149	(1)
Four Parameters of Phonetic Transcription	149	(1)
Some Final Suggestions	149	(4)
Transcription Training	153	(104)
Transcription of Vowel and Diphthong Sound Changes	153	(1)
Background Information	153	(1)
The Problem of Transcribing Lip Rounding-Unrounding	153	(1)
Distribution and Frequency of Occurrence Data for Vowels and Diphthongs: Implications for Clinical Transcription	154	(1)
Training Modules	154	(1)
Overview	154	(1)
Vowel and Diphthong Substitutions	155	(2)
Vowel and Diphthong Modifications	157	(3)
Central Vowels	160	(3)
Vowel-Diphthong Substitutions, Modifications, and Central Vowels	163	(2)
Multiple Element Changes	165	(5)
Vowel and Diphthong Lengthening	170	(3)
Vowel and Diphthong Nasalization	173	(2)
Summary Quiz	175	(3)
Transcription of Stop Sound Changes	177	(1)
Background Information	178	(1)
Description of Stops	178	(1)
Distribution and Frequency of Occurrence of Stops	178	(1)
Training Modules	178	(1)
Stop Substitutions	178	(4)
Voicing of Voiceless Stops	182	(3)
Devoicing of Voiced Stops	185	(2)
Glottal Stop Substitutions	187	(2)
Stop Deletions	189	(3)
Frictionalized Stops	192	(3)
Summary Quiz	195	(3)
Transcription of Fricatives and Affricate Sound Changes	198	(1)
Background Information	198	(1)
Description of Fricatives	198	(1)
Distribution and Frequency of Occurrence of Fricatives	198	(1)
Training Modules	199	(1)
Overview	199	(1)
/ f / and / v / Changes	199	(2)
/ h / Deletions	201	(2)
Voiceless and Voiced th Changes	203	(3)
Fricative and Affricate Voicing Changes	206	(4)
Fricative and Affricate Substitutions	210	(4)
Dentalized Sibilants	214	(4)
Lateralized Sibilants	218	(3)
Retroflexed Sibilants	221	(2)
Sibilants Quiz	223	(2)
Summary Quiz	225	(3)
Transcription of Glide and Liquid Sound Changes	228	(1)
Background Information	228	(1)
Description of Glides and Liquids	228	(1)
Distribution	228	(1)
Training Modules	228	(1)
Glide Changes	228	(2)
/ | / Substitutions	230	(3)
Velarized / | /	233	(3)
Derhotacized / r / , / 3 / , / /	236	(4)
/ r / Quiz	240	(3)
Velarized / r /	243	(2)
Summary Quiz	245	(3)
Transcription of Nasal Sound Changes	248	(1)
Background Information	248	(1)
Description and Distribution of Nasals	248	(1)
Training Modules	248	(1)
Nasal Deletions	248	(3)
Summary Quiz	251	(2)
Grand Quiz	253	(4)
Transcription and Scoring Practice	257	(44)
Practice Modules	257	(1)
Single-Sound Articulation Test	257	(7)
Multiple-Sound Articulation Test	264	(8)
/ s / in Continuous Speech; Sample 1	272	(3)
/ s / in Continuous Speech; Sample 2	275	(4)
/ s / in Continuous Speech; Sample 3	279	(5)
/ r / in Continuous Speech; Sample 1	284	(5)
/ r / in Continuous Speech; Sample 2	289	(2)
/ r / in Continuous Speech; Sample 3	291	(3)
All Sounds in Continuous Speech; Sample 1	294	(3)
All Sounds in Continuous Speech; Sample 2	297	(4)
Acoustic Phonetics	301	(32)
Basic Concepts of Acoustics	301	(5)
The Basic Dimensions of Sound	301	(5)
Vowel Acoustics	306	(3)
Consonant Acoustics	309	(5)
Source of Energy	309	(2)
Manner or Degree of Vocal Tract Constriction	311	(1)
Place of Constriction	311	(3)
Speech Disorders: Some Examples of Acoustic Analysis	314	(2)
Speech Perception: An Integrative Process	316	(3)
Summary of the Acoustic Properties of Vowels and Consonants	319	(7)
Articulatory-Acoustic Relations for Vowels	319	(1)
Articulatory-Acoustic Relations for Consonants	320	(6)
A Look Toward the Future	326	(1)
Glossary	327	(1)
Exercises	328	(5)
Appendix A Phonetics Symbols and Terms	333	(10)
Appendix B Distributional, Structural, and Proportional Occurrence Data for American English Sounds, Syllables, and Words	343	(16)
Appendix C Distinctive Features	359	(6)
Appendix D Procedures to Calculate Transcription Reliability and Research Findings	365	(8)
Appendix E Procedures for Speech Sampling and Audiotape Recording	373	(4)
Appendix F Multicultural and Multilingual Considerations in Phonetic Transcription	377	(26)
Appendix G Infant Vocalizations	403	(8)
Answers to Exercises	411	(6)
References	417	(6)
Index	423