Clinical Phonetics

by Shriberg, Lawrence D.; Kent, Raymond D.; McAllister, Tara; Preston, Jonathan L.

• ISBN13: 9780134746142
• ISBN10: 0134746147
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2018-02-05
• Publisher: PEARSON

Summary

A comprehensive introduction to the art and science of applying phonetics to clinical transcription
Clinical Phonetics was written specifically for readers who need to know phonetic knowledge and skills for clinical purposes in speech-language pathology. It covers the basic aspects of the phonetics of American English, including phonetic symbols, articulatory descriptions, and acoustic correlates, but it is unique in offering clinically relevant experience with authentic articulatory descriptions and speech samples from children and adults who have speech disorders or who use regional dialects. A wealth of clinically relevant topics further aids readers in preparing for their own transcription experiences as professionals.

Now featuring the insights and expertise of two new co-authors, the 5th Edition retains its focus on clinical applications while offering more opportunities for clinical transcription, significantly updated content, and an improved organization to maximize clarity and ease of learning.

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Author Biography

Lawrence D. Shriberg, Ph.D., is Professor Emeritus of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin–Madison. He is Principal Investigator of the Phonology Project, Communicative and Cognitive Sciences Unit, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison. Dr. Shriberg's research is centered on genetic and other origins of pediatric speech sound disorders. Goals of the research using a framework termed the Speech Disorders Classification System are to develop behavioral markers that can be used to identify biomarkers and explicate the causal pathways of pediatric speech sound disorders. Recent emphasis has been on children with speech motor delay and children with apraxia of speech.

Raymond D. Kent, Ph.D., is Professor Emeritus of Communicative Sciences and Disorders at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He has authored or edited 19 books, including The Acoustic Analysis of Speech (with Charles Read), Reference Manual for Communicative Sciences and Disorders: Handbook of Voice Quality Measurement (with Martin J. Ball), The MIT Encyclopedia of Communication Disorders, and The Speech Sciences. He served as editor of the Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, associate founding editor of Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, and associate editor of Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica. He currently conducts research on typical and atypical speech development with a clinical focus on children who have cerebral palsy or Down syndrome.

Tara McAllister, Ph.D, is Assistant Professor of Communicative Sciences and Disorders at New York University. She has published more than 30 peer-reviewed articles spanning the disciplines of linguistics and speech-language pathology. Her research aims to understand how articulatory and perceptual factors shape phonological development and disorders. She also directs the Biofeedback Intervention Technology for Speech (BITS) Lab at NYU, which develops and tests tools to provide visual biofeedback for persistent speech sound errors in children.

Jonathan L. Preston, Ph.D., is Associate Professor of Communication Sciences and Disorders at Syracuse University. He has coauthored more than 35 peer-reviewed publications, primarily focusing on phonetic, phonological, and neurobiological characteristics of children with speech sound disorders. In his current position, he teaches course-work on speech sound disorders, and he conducts research on assessment and treatment of speech sound disorders, including childhood apraxia of speech.

Table of Contents

About the Authors   v

Preface   xvii

Chapter 1 Overview of Clinical Phonetics  1 

Welcome   1 

Clinical Phonetics   1 

    The Knowledge Domain of Clinical Phonetics   1 

    The Skill-Based Domain of Clinical Phonetics   2 

    Conclusion   3 

Chapter Summary Exercises   3

Chapter 2 Linguistic Phonetics  5

Language, Speech, and Dialect   5 

The Morpheme   6 

The Phoneme   7 

Spelling versus Phonetic Transcription   7 

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)   8

Phonemes and Allophones   9 

Phonetics and Phonology   10 

The Syllable   10 

Positional and Contextual Terminology for Phonetic Descriptions   11 

Conclusion  11

Chapter Summary Exercises   11

Chapter 3 The Three Systems of Speech Production  15 

The Respiratory System   15 

The Laryngeal System   16 

The Supralaryngeal System   18

     Velopharynx: Velum and Pharyngeal Walls   19

    Jaw   20 

    Tongue   20 

    Lips   22 

Technologies for the Study of Phonetics   23

     X-ray Imaging   23 

    Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)   24

    Electromagnetic Articulography   25 

    Ultrasound   25 

    Electropalatography   26

     Fiberoptic Endoscopy   26 

    Aerodynamic Analysis   26 

    Acoustic Analysis   26 

Conclusion   28 

Chapter Summary Exercises   28

Chapter 4 Vowels: Monophthongs and Diphthongs  31 

Vowel Articulation   31 

    Tongue Height   32 

    Tongue Advancement (the Front–Back Dimension of Tongue  Position)   33 

    Tenseness or Length   34 

    Lip Configuration   35 

    Vowel Description: Tongue Height, Tongue Advancement, Tenseness,  and Lip Rounding   37 

The Front Vowels   37 

    Vowel /i/ (He)   38 

    Vowel /8/ (Hid)   38 

    Vowel /3/ (Chaotic—First Syllable)   39 

    Vowel /2/ (Head)   40 

    Vowel /q/ (Had)   40 

The Back Vowels   41 

    Vowel /u/ (Who)   41 

    Vowel /7/ (Hook)   42 

    Vowel /o/ (Hoe)   42 

    Vowel /9/ (Hall)   43 

    Vowel /e/ (Hot)   44 

The Central Vowels   44 

    Vowel /4/ (Hub)   45 

    Vowel /1/ (Above, Sometimes Called Schwa)   46 

    Vowel /6/ (Her)   46 

    Vowel /5/ (Mother, Sometimes Called Schwar)   47 

Diphthong Articulation   48

    Diphthong /e]/ (Bye)   49 

    Diphthong /9]/ (Boy)   51 

    Diphthong /e[/ (Bough)   51 

    Diphthong /3]/ (Bay)   52 

    Diphthong /o[/ (Bow)   52 

R-colored Vowels   53 

    R-colored Vowel /e r/ (Far)   53 

    R-colored Vowel /9 r/ (Four)   53 

    R-colored Vowel /8 r/ (Fear)   54 

    R-colored Vowel /2 r/ (Fair)   54

Special Notes on the Phonetic Properties of Vowels   55 

    Some Cautions about Vowel Terminology   55 

    Tongue and Jaw Interaction   55 

    Lip and Jaw Interaction   55 

Some Common Articulatory Modifications of English  Vowels   57 

    Nasalization   57 

    Reduction   57 

    Other Modifications   58 

Allographs of English Vowels   58 

Frequency of Occurrence for English Vowels   58 

Vowels around the World   59 

The Acoustic Properties of Vowels   60 

    The Vocal Tract as a Resonator   60 

    Primary Acoustic Properties of Vowels   64 

Conclusion   65 

Chapter Summary Exercises   65

Chapter 5 Consonants  67 

Manner of Articulation   68 

    Stops   68 

    Fricatives   69 

    Affricates   69 

    Nasals   70 

    Liquids   70

    Glides   71 

Place of Articulation   71 

    Bilabials   72 

    Labiodentals   73 

    Interdentals (or Dentals)   74 

    Alveolars   74 

    Palatals   77 

    Velars   79 

    Glottals   80 

The Voicing Contrast   80 

Summary of Manner, Place, and Voicing   82 

    Manner of Articulation   82 

    Place of Articulation and Voicing   83 

Allographs of the Consonant Phonemes of English   85 

Frequency of Occurrence and Place of Articulation   85 

Summary Classification of Consonants   86 

Consonant Acoustics   87 

    Acoustic Features of Consonant Classes   88 

    Sounds in Sequence   91 

Conclusion   92 

Chapter Summary Exercises   92

Chapter 6 Suprasegmentals and Prosody  95 

The Units of Prosody   95 

    Syllables   95 The Prosodic Foot   98 

    The Intonational Phrase   99 

    Intonation   99 

Stress   100 

    Lexical Stress   100 

    Stress beyond the Word Level   102 

Timing   103 

    Tempo   103 

    Pause (Juncture)   103 

    Boundary or Edge Effects   103 

Timing, Juncture, and Intonation Symbols   104 

    Lengthened [s iQ]   104 

    Shortened [w i W]   104  

    Close Juncture [e] d 8 d 8 t]   104 

    Open Juncture [1 n e] s + m q n] versus [1 n + e] s m q n]   104 

    Internal Open Juncture [l 2 t s h 2 l p R j 3] n]   104 

    Falling Terminal Juncture [t 7 d 3] T]   105 

    Rising Terminal Juncture [t 7 d 3] Y]   105 

    Checked or Held Juncture [t 7 d 3] U]   105 

    Selected Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet   105 

Paralinguistics   105 

Examples of Prosodic Variations   106 

    Motherese   106 

    Clear Speech   106 

    Other Prosodic Variations   106 

Role of Prosody in Typical and Atypical Development of Speech  and Language   106 

Clinical Assessment of Suprasegmentals   108 

    Prosody Profile (PROP)   108 

    Prosody-Voice Screening Profile (PVSP)   108 

Profiling Elements of Prosodic Systems—Child Version (PEPS-C)   109 

Conclusion   109 

Chapter Summary Exercises   109

Chapter 7 Narrow Transcription  111 

Coarticulation   111 

Uses of Narrow Transcription   112 

Conventions for Diacritic Marks in This Text   114 

Onglide and Offglide Symbols   114 

Nasal Symbols   114 

    Nasalized [b q! d]   114 

    Nasal Emission [s@ m e] l]   116 

    Denasalized [r q# n]   116

Lip Symbols   116 

    Rounded (or Protruded) Vowel [s w i$ t]   116 

    Unrounded (or Unprotruded) Vowel [h u% ]   117 

    Labialized Consonant [k^ w i n]   117 

    Nonlabialized Consonant [w& i d]   117 

    Inverted Lip [b* i n]   117 

Tongue Symbols   117 

    Dentalized [w 8 dI ']   117 

    Palatalized [sO i l]   118 

    Lateralized [sP l i p]   118 

    Retroflex (or Rhotacized) [h e r c{ 5]   119 

    Velarized [f i l}]   119 

    Fronted or Advanced [p e E t]   120 

    Retracted [b qA t]   120 

    Raised [b 2F d]   121 

    Lowered [h 2G d]   121 

    Derhotacized [rK 2 d]   121 

Sound Source Symbols   122 

    Partially Voiced [q b sL 1 n t]   122 

    Partially Devoiced [d 9 g:]   123 

    Glottalized (or Creaky Voice) [b e" k s]   123 

    Breathy (or Murmured) [p l 3Z] 8 a]   123 

    Whistled (or Hissed) [sC i]   124 

    Trilled [th rV e]]   124

 Syllabic Symbol   124 

Stop Release Symbols   124 

    Aspirated [t( e p]   124 

    Unaspirated [s t) e p]   125 

    Unreleased [l q p_]   125 

    Frictionalized (or Spirantized) [s tX e p]   125 

Other Symbols   126 

    Synchronic Tie [d+z u]   126 

    Unintelligible Syllable [\]   126 

    Questionable Segment e or =   126 

Conclusion   126 

Chapter Summary Exercises   126

Chapter 8 Practicing Broad and Narrow Phonetic Transcription  of Children’s Speech  129 

Part A:  Transcription of Vowel Sound Changes   129 

Background Information   129 

Training Modules   130 

    Vowels Module 1: Vowel Substitutions   130 

    Vowels Module 2: Vowel Modifications   130 

    Vowels Module 3: Central Vowels   130

Vowels Module 4: Vowel Substitutions, Modifications,  and Central Vowels   131 

Vowels Module 5: Vowel Additions   131 

Vowels Module 6: Vowel Lengthening   132 

Vowels Module 7: Vowel Nasalization   132 

Vowels Module 8: Summary Quiz   133

Part B:  Transcription of Stop Sound Changes   133 

Background Information   133 

    Description of Stops   133 

Training Modules   134 

    Stops Module 1: Stop Substitutions   134 

    Stops Module 2: Voicing of Voiceless Stops   134 

    Stops Module 3: Devoicing of Voiced Stops   135 

    Stops Module 4: Glottal Stop Substitutions   135 

    Stops Module 5: Stop Deletions   135 

    Stops Module 6: Frictionalized Stops   136 

    Stops Module 7: Summary Quiz   136

Part C:  Transcription of Nasal Sound Changes   136 

Background Information   136 

    Description and Distribution of Nasals   136 

Training Modules   137 

    Nasals Module 1: Nasal Deletions   137 

    Nasals Module 2: Summary Quiz   137

 Part D:  Transcription of Fricative and Affricate Sound Changes   137 

Background Information   138 

    Description of Fricatives   138 

    Distribution and Frequency of Occurrence of Fricatives   138 

Training Modules   139 

    Overview   139 

    Fricatives and Affricates Module 1: /f/ and /v/ Changes   139 

    Fricatives and Affricates Module 2: /h/ Deletions   139 

    Fricatives and Affricates Module 3: Voiceless and Voiced  Interdental Changes   140 

    Fricatives and Affricates Module 4: Fricative and Affricate Voicing Changes   140

     Fricatives and Affricates Module 5: Fricative and Affricate Substitutions   140 

    Fricatives and Affricates Module 6: Dentalized Sibilants   141 

    Fricatives and Affricates Module 7: Lateralized Sibilants   141 

    Fricatives and Affricates Module 8: Retroflexed and Palatalized Sibilants   142 

    Fricatives and Affricates Module 9: Sibilants Quiz   142 

    Fricatives and Affricates Module 10: Summary Quiz   142

Part E:  Transcription of Glide and Liquid Sound Changes   142 

Background Information   142 

    Description of Glides and Liquids   142 

    Distribution and Frequency   143 

Training Modules   143 

    Glides and Liquids Module 1: Glide Changes   143 

    Glides and Liquids Module 2: /l/ Substitutions   143 

    Glides and Liquids Module 3: Velarized /l/   143 

    Glides and Liquids Module 4: Derhotacized /r/, /6/, /5/   144 

    Glides and Liquids Module 5: /r/ Quiz   144 

    Glides and Liquids Module 6: Velarized /r/   144 

    Glides and Liquids Module 7: Summary Quiz   145 

Grand Quiz   145

Chapter 9 Preparing to Collect and Transcribe Clinical Speech Samples  147 

Eliciting and Recording Speech Samples   147 

    Eliciting the Sample   147 

    The Recording Environment   148 

    Recording Equipment   148 

Factors that Influence Scoring and Transcription   149 

    Client Factors   149 

    Task Factors   150 

Approaches to Clinical Transcription and Scoring   151 

    Transcription and Scoring Systems   151 

    What Level of Detail Should Be Represented?   151 

The Process of Scoring or Transcription   152 

    Should I Use Video Recording?   152 

    Should I Use Headphones?   152 

    Should I Preview the Recording?   152 

    What if I’m Not Sure What I’m Hearing?   153 

    How Many Times Should I Listen?   153 

    What Are Some Strategies for Difficult Words?   153 

    Some Final Suggestions   154 

Conclusion   154

Chapter 10 Phonetics in the Clinical Setting  155 

Single-Word Tests of Articulation and Phonology   155 

Transcribing Nonwords   156 

Two-Way Scoring and Deep Testing   156 

Two-Way Scoring in Larger Speech Samples   157 

    Scoring /s/ in Continuous Speech   157 

    Scoring Rhotics in Continuous Speech   158 

Transcription in Larger Speech Samples   159 

    Transcribing Imitated Phrases   159 

    Transcribing Read Sentences   160 

    Transcribing All Sounds in Continuous Speech   160

Transcribing Children with Motor Speech Disorders   162 

Motor Speech Disorders: Imitated Single Words   163 

    Motor Speech Disorders: Imitated Words in Phrases   163 

    Motor Speech Disorders: Imitated Sentences   164 

    Motor Speech Disorders: Conversational Speech   166 

Conclusion   167

Chapter 11 Phonetic Variation  169 

Part A:  Phonetic Aspects of Dialect Variation   169

What is Phonetic Variation?   169 

Dialect as a Source of Phonetic Variation   170 

    Studying Dialect   170 

    Is There a Standard Dialect?   170 

    Why Do Dialects Differ?   171 

    Difference versus Disorder   172

Part B:  Regional Dialects of American English   172 

Southern Dialect Region   172 

    Location   172 

    Major Features   173 

Western Dialect Region   174

     Location   174 

    Major Features   174

 Midlands Dialect Region   175 

    Location   175 

    Major Feature   175 

Northern Dialect Regions   176 

    Location   176 

    Major Features   176 

Dialects of the Northeastern United States   177 

    Location   177 

    Major Features   177 

Practice Discriminating Regional Variation in Vowels   178 

Regional Variation in Consonants   178 

International Englishes   179

Part C:  Beyond Regional Dialects   180 

African American English   180 

    Origins of AAE   181 

    Features of AAE   182 

L1-Influenced English   184 

    Working with Speakers from Unfamiliar Language Backgrounds   184 

    Spanish-Influenced English   185 

    Features of Spanish-Influenced English   185

Conclusion   187 

Further Reading   188 

Other Resources   188

Transcription Exercises  189

Appendix A Phonetics Symbols and Terms  309

Appendix B  Distributional, Structural, and Proportional Occurrence Data for American English Sounds, Syllables, and Words  317

Glossary  325

Answers to Exercises  333

 References  345

 Index  353