Cloud and IoT-Based Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

by Singh, Gurinder; Jain, Vishal; Chatterjee, Jyotir Moy; Gaur, Loveleen

• ISBN13: 9781119761839
• ISBN10: 1119761832
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2021-05-11
• Publisher: Wiley-Scrivener

Summary

CLOUD AND IOT-BASED VEHICULAR AD HOC NETWORKS

This book details the architecture behind smart cars being fitted and connected with vehicular cloud computing, IoT and VANET as part of the intelligent transport system (ITS).

As technology continues to weave itself more tightly into everyday life, socioeconomic development has become intricately tied to ever-evolving innovations. An example of this is the technology being developed to address the massive increase in the number of vehicles on the road, which has resulted in more traffic congestion and road accidents. This challenge is being addressed by developing new technologies to optimize traffic management operations.

This book describes the state-of-the-art of the recent developments of Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing-based concepts that have been introduced to improve Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANET) with advanced cellular networks such as 5G networks and vehicular cloud concepts. 5G cellular networks provide consistent, faster and more reliable connections within the vehicular mobile nodes. By 2030, 5G networks will deliver the virtual reality content in VANET which will support vehicle navigation with real time communications capabilities, improving road safety and enhanced passenger comfort.

In particular, the reader will learn:

• A range of new concepts in VANETs, integration with cloud computing and IoT, emerging wireless networking and computing models
• New VANET architecture, technology gap, business opportunities, future applications, worldwide applicability, challenges and drawbacks
• Details of the significance of 5G Networks in VANET, vehicular cloud computing, edge (fog) computing based on VANET.

Audience

The book will be widely used by researchers, automotive industry engineers, technology developers, system architects, IT specialists, policymakers and students.

Author Biography

Gurinder Singh, Group Vice Chancellor - Amity Universities, Director General, Amity Group of Institutions and Vice Chairman, Global Foundation for Learning Excellence & Director General Amity International Business School, has an extensive experience of more than 26 years in Institutional Building, Teaching, Consultancy, Research & Industry. A renowned scholar & academician in the area of International Business, he holds a prestigious Doctorate in the area along with a Post Graduate degree from Indian Institute of Foreign Trade.

Vishal Jain is an associate professor at Bharati Vidyapeeth's Institute of Computer Applications and Management (BVICAM), New Delhi, India. He has more than 350 research citation indices with Google Scholar (h-index score 9 and i-10 index 9). He has authored more than 70 research papers in reputed conferences and journals indexed by Web of Science and Scopus, as well as authored and edited more than 10 books with various international publishers. His research areas include information retrieval, semantic web, ontology engineering, data mining, adhoc networks, and sensor networks.

Jyotir Moy Chatterjee is working as an Assistant Professor (IT) at Lord Buddha Education Foundation, Kathmandu, Nepal. He has completed M.Tech in Computer Science & Engineering from Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, India.

Loveleen Gaur, Professor and Program Director (MBA Business Intelligence and Data Analytics), Amity International Business School, Amity University, Noida. Loveleen Gaur is an established Author, Researcher, Teacher, Educator, consultant, Administrator and Program leader. She has published about 12 books and more than 80 research papers in high quality impact journals.

Table of Contents

Preface xv

Acknowledgment xix

1 IoT in 5th Generation Wireless Communication 1
Sandeep Mathur and Ankita Arora

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Internet of Things With Wireless Communication 3

1.2.1 Modules Used for the Communication Protocol 5

1.2.1.1 Wi-Fi Modules for the Connectivity in Less Range 5

1.2.1.2 Wi-Fi Modules for Connectivity in Long Range 6

1.2.2 The Relation Between the Different Internet of Things Protocol 7

1.2.2.1 Effect of Distinction Among Node and Transmission Power 8

1.3 Internet of Things in 5G Mobile Computing 9

1.3.1 Practical Aspects of Integrating the Internet of Things With 5G Technologies 10

1.3.2 The Working of the 5G for the People and Its Generalization 14

1.3.3 5G Deployment Snapshot 15

1.3.4 Architecture of Internet of Things With 5G 16

1.4 Internet of Things and 5G Integration With Artificial Intelligence 16

1.4.1 Opportunity in the Future 20

1.4.2 Challenges Arising 21

1.4.2.1 The Management of IoT Devices Might Become Additional Efficient 21

1.4.2.2 5G Protocol Flaws Might Cause Security Flaws 22

1.4.2.3 5G Could Amend the Styles of Attacks Folks With IoT Devices 22

1.5 A Genetic Algorithm for 5G Technologies With Internet of Things 23

1.5.1 System Model 24

1.5.2 The Planned Algorithm 24

1.6 Conclusion & Future Work 27

References 27

2 Internet of Things-Based Service Discovery for the 5G-VANET Milieu 31
P. Dharanyadevi, M. Julie Therese and K. Venkatalakshmi

2.1 VANET 32

2.2 5G 33

2.2.1 Why is 5G Used in VANET? 34

2.3 Service Discovery 34

2.4 Service Discovery in 5G-VANET Milieu 36

2.4.1 Service Discovery Methods 36

2.4.2 A Framework of Service Discovery in the 5G-VANET Milieu 36

2.5 Service Discovery Architecture for 5G-VANET Milieu 39

2.5.1 Vehicle User Side Discovery 39

2.5.2 Service Provider Side Discovery 39

2.5.3 Service Instance 39

2.5.4 Service Registry 40

2.6 Performance Evaluation Metrics for Service Discovery Mechanism in the 5G-VANET Milieu 41

2.7 The Advantage of Service Discovery in the 5G-VANET Milieu 41

2.8 The Disadvantage of Service Discovery in the 5G-VANET Milieu 42

2.9 Future Enhancement and Research Directions 42

2.10 Conclusions 43

References 43

3 IoT-Based Intelligent Transportation System for Safety 47
Suthanthira Vanitha, N., Radhika, K., Maheshwari, M., Suresh, P. and Meenakshi, T.

3.1 Introduction 48

3.2 Elements of ITS 48

3.3 Role of ITS in Safety 50

3.4 Sensor Technologies 50

3.4.1 Implanted Vehicle Sensor Applications 52

3.5 Classification of Vehicle Communication Systems 53

3.5.1 V2V Communication Access Technologies 55

3.6 IoT in Vehicles 56

3.7 Embedded Controllers 58

3.8 ITS Challenges and Opportunities 61

References 62

4 Cloud and IoT-Based Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) 67
Sunita Sunil Shinde, Ravi M.Yadahalli and Ramesh Shabadkar

4.1 Introduction to VANET 68

4.2 Vehicle-Vehicle Communication (V2V) 68

4.3 Vehicle–Infrastructure Communication (V2I) 68

4.4 Vehicle–Broadband Cloud Communication (V2B) 68

4.5 Characteristics of VANET 71

4.6 Prime Applications 74

4.7 State-of-the-Art Technologies 74

4.7.1 DSRC/WAVE 74

4.7.2 4G-LTE 76

4.8 VANET Challenges 76

4.9 Video Streaming Broadcasting 78

4.9.1 Video Streaming Mechanisms 79

4.9.2 Video Streaming Classes Over VANET 80

References 80

5 Interleavers-Centric Conflict Management Solution for 5G Vehicular and Cellular-IoT Communications 83
Manish Yadav and Pramod Kumar Singhal

5.1 Introduction 84

5.2 Background 85

5.2.1 Vehicular Communication 85

5.2.2 IoT Communication 87

5.3 Device Identity Conflict Issue 89

5.4 Related Work 89

5.5 Interleavers-Centric Conflict Management (ICM) 90

5.5.1 The Essence of Conflict Resolution 90

5.5.2 The Motivation 91

5.5.3 ICM: An Approach for Conflict Resolution 91

5.5.3.1 Advantages of ICM 92

5.5.3.2 Recommended Interleavers for ICM 93

5.6 Signaling Procedures for Enabling ICM 93

5.6.1 Signaling Between CIoT UE and Cellular or CIoT RAN 93

5.6.2 Signaling Trilogy for CIoT Communications 95

5.6.3 Signaling for V2I Communications 96

5.6.4 Signaling for gNB-Initiated Software Upgrade 97

5.7 Conclusion 98

References 99

6 Modeling of VANET for Future Generation Transportation System Through Edge/Fog/Cloud Computing Powered by 6G 105
Suresh Kumar, K., Radha Mani, A.S., Sundaresan, S. and Ananth Kumar, T.

6.1 Introduction 106

6.2 Related Works 109

6.3 Proposed System Overview 111

6.3.1 Driver Monitoring System 111

6.3.2 Edge/Fog/Cloud Computing 113

6.3.3 Software Defined Networking (SDN) Along With VANET 113

6.3.4 Integration of VANET With 5G Networks 114

6.3.5 IoT with 6G Networks 114

6.4 Modeling of Proposed System 115

6.5 Results and Discussion 118

6.6 Conclusion 122

References 122

7 Integrating IoT and Cloud Computing for Wireless Sensor Network Applications 125
M. Julie Therese, P. Dharanyadevi and K. Harshithaa

7.1 Introduction 125

7.1.1 IoT Architecture 126

7.1.2 Cloud Front End and Back End Architecture 128

7.1.3 Wireless Sensor Network 129

7.1.4 IoT Cloud and WSN Architecture 132

7.1.5 Research Motive 132

7.2 Challenges and Opportunities 133

7.2.1 Challenges IoT Cloud Faces 133

7.2.2 Opportunities IoT Cloud Offers 134

7.3 Case Study 134

7.3.1 Case 1 Improved Pollution Monitoring System for Automobiles Using Cloud-Based Wireless Sensor Networks 137

7.3.2 Case 2 Hybrid Electric Vehicle 138

7.4 Conclusion 139

References 140

8 Comparative Study on Security and Privacy Issues in VANETs 145
B. Tarakeswara Rao, R.S.M. Lakshmi Patibandla and V. Lakshman Narayana

8.1 Introduction 146

8.2 Characteristics of VANETs 149

8.2.1 VANETs Features 149

8.2.2 Challenges in VANET 150

8.2.3 Mitigating Features 151

8.3 Literature Survey 152

8.4 Authentication Requirements in VANETs Communications 153

8.4.1 Security Model for VANETs’ Communication 154

8.4.2 VANET Security Services 155

8.4.3 Security Recommendation 156

8.4.4 Comparative Analysis 157

8.5 Conclusion 160

References 160

9 Software Defined Network Horizons and Embracing its Security Challenges: From Theory to Practice 163
Sugandhi Midha, Khushboo Tripathi and M.K. Sharma

9.1 Introduction 164

9.2 Background and Literature Survey 166

9.3 Objective and Scope of the Chapter 169

9.4 SDN Architecture Overviews 171

9.5 Open Flow 174

9.6 SDN Security Architecture 178

9.7 Techniques to Mitigate SDN Security Threats 180

9.7.1 Performance Metrics 186

9.7.2 Performance Tests 186

9.7.3 Data Hiding-Based Geo Location Authentication Protocol 188

9.7.4 Identity Access Management (IAM) Extended Policies 191

9.7.5 Extended Identity-Based Cryptography 192

9.8 Future Research Directions 194

9.9 Conclusions 195

References 196

10 Bio-Inspired Routing in VANET 199
Alankrita Aggarwal, Shivani Gaba, Shally Nagpal and Bhavanshu Vig

10.1 Introduction 199

10.2 Geography-Based Routing 202

10.3 Topology-Based Routing 203

10.3.1 Drawbacks 203

10.3.2 Literature Review 204

10.4 Biological Computing 208

10.5 Elephant Herding Optimization Algorithm 209

10.6 Research Methodology 211

10.6.1 Clan Operator 211

10.6.2 Separating Operator 212

10.6.3 Simulation Results 213

10.7 Conclusion 216

References 216

11 Distributed Key Generation for Secure Communications Between Different Actors in Service Oriented Highly Dense VANET 221
Deena Nath Gupta and Rajendra Kumar

11.1 Introduction 222

11.2 Hierarchical Clustering 224

11.3 Layer-Wise Key Generation 225

11.4 Implementation 226

11.5 Randomness Test 227

11.6 Brute Force Attack Analysis 228

11.7 Conclusion 229

References 230

12 Challenges, Benefits and Issues: Future Emerging VANETs and Cloud Approaches 233
Bhanu Chander

12.1 Introduction 234

12.2 VANET Background 236

12.3 VANET Communication Standards 238

12.4 VANET Applications 239

12.4.1 Safety Applications 239

12.4.2 Non-Safety Applications 240

12.5 VANET Sensing Technologies 242

12.5.1 Sensing Technology 242

12.5.2 Positioning Technologies 243

12.5.3 Vision Technologies 244

12.5.4 Vehicular Networks 244

12.6 Trust in Ad Hoc Networks 244

12.6.1 Cryptographic Approaches 245

12.6.2 Recommendation-Based Approaches 245

12.6.3 Fuzzy Logic-Based Approaches 245

12.6.4 Game Theory-Based Approaches 246

12.6.5 Infrastructure-Based Approaches 246

12.6.6 Road- and Consensus-Based Advances 246

12.6.7 Blockchain-Based Approaches 246

12.6.8 Machine Learning Base Trust Management in Vehicular Networks 247

12.6.9 Trust in Cellular-Based (5G) VANET 247

12.6.10 Software-Defined VANET (SDVANET) 247

12.6.11 Trust in Vehicular Social Networks (VSN) 248

12.6.12 Future Challenges in VANET Trust Technique 248

12.7 Software-Defined Network (SDN) in VANET 249

12.7.1 Literature Work on SDVN 250

12.7.2 Advantages 251

12.7.3 Challenge 252

12.8 Clustering Approaches: Issues 253

12.9 Up-and-Coming Technologies for Potential VANET 254

12.9.1 Edge Cloud Computing 254

12.9.1.1 Fog Computing 254

12.9.1.2 Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) 255

12.9.1.3 Cloudlets 255

12.10 Challenges, Open Issues and Future Work of VANETs 256

12.10.1 Challenges of VANET 256

12.10.2 Open Issues in VANET Development 257

12.10.3 Future Research Work 258

12.11 Conclusion 259

References 260

13 Role of Machine Learning for Ad Hoc Networks 269
Shivani Gaba, Alankrita Aggarwal and Shally Nagpal

13.1 Introduction 270

13.2 Literature Survey 273

13.3 Machine Learning Computing 277

13.3.1 Reinforcement Learning 277

13.3.2 Q-Learning/Transfer Learning 278

13.3.3 Fuzzy Logic 278

13.3.4 Logistic Regression 279

13.4 Methodology 280

13.4.1 Rate Estimation Algorithm 280

13.4.2 Route Selection Algorithm 281

13.4.3 Algorithm for Congestion Free Route (Congestion Algorithm) 283

13.5 Simulation Results 284

13.6 Conclusions 287

References 287

14 Smart Automotive System With CV2X-Based Ad Hoc Communication 293
Rabindranath Bera

14.1 Introduction 294

14.2 Realization of Smart Vehicle 300

14.3 Analysis of NXP Smart Vehicle Architecture 303

14.4 Smart Vehicle Proof of Concept (POC) 308

14.4.1 ECE, SMIT Adaptation of 3GPP 5G Standard for 5G-Enabled Smart Vehicle 308

14.4.2 Emulation of Smart Vehicle at ECE, SMIT LAB 308

14.4.2.1 Emulation of V2I (Vehicle to Infrastructure) 5G URLLC Communication Between i) One Intelligent Roadside Unit (RSU), ii) One Smart Vehicle (SV) 308

14.4.2.2 Emulation of V2V (Vehicle to Vehicle) 5G URLLC Communication Between Two Smart Vehicles i) One Smart Vehicle (SV1), ii) Another Smart Vehicle (SV2) 314

14.5 Smart Vehicle Trials 315

14.6 System Comparison 321

14.7 Summary and Conclusion 321

Acknowledgement 321

References 321

15 QoS Enhancement in MANET 325
Jayson K. Jayabarathan, S. Robinson and A. Sivanantha Raja

15.1 Introduction 325

15.2 Priority Aware Mechanism (PAM) 327

15.3 Power Aware Mechanism 329

15.4 Hybrid Mechanism 330

15.5 Simulation Results and Discussion 332

15.6 Performance Comparison 339

15.7 Conclusion 342

References 346

16 Simulating a Smart Car Routing Model (Implementing MFR Framework) in Smart Cities 349
Nada M. Alhakkak

16.1 Introduction 350

16.2 Background 350

16.3 Literature Review 352

16.4 Methodology 355

16.4.1 System Framework 355

16.5 Discussion and a Future Direction 357

16.5.1 Case Study 358

16.5.2 Fog-Simulator 361

16.5.3 MOA-Simulator 361

16.5.4 CloudSim-Simulator 361

16.6 Conclusions 364

References 365

17 Potentials of Network-Based Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 369
P. K. Garg

17.1 Introduction 370

17.2 Applications of UAVs 371

17.3 Advantages of UAVs 375

17.4 UAV Communication System 376

17.5 Types of Communication 378

17.6 Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) System 380

17.7 The Swarm Approach 383

17.7.1 Infrastructure-Based Swarm Architecture 384

17.7.2 FANET-Based Swarm Architecture 385

17.8 Market Potential of UAVs 391

17.9 Conclusion 392

References 393

Index 399