CMOS Biotechnology

by Lee, Hakho; Ham, Donhee; Westervelt, Robert M.

• ISBN13: 9780387368368
• ISBN10: 0387368361
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-06-01
• Publisher: Springer-Verlag New York Inc

Summary

CMOS Biotechnology reviews the recent research and developments joining CMOS technology with biology. Written by leading researchers these chapters delve into four areas including: Microfluidics for electrical engineers CMOS Actuators CMOS Electrical Sensors CMOS Optical Sensors Bioanalytical instruments have been miniaturized on ICs to study various biophenomena or to actuate biosystems. These bio-lab-on-IC systems utilize the IC to facilitate faster, repeatable, and standardized biological experiments at low cost with a small volume of biological sample. CMOS Biotechnology will interest electrical engineers, bioengineers, biophysicists as well as researchers in MEMS, bioMEMS, microelectronics, microfluidics, and circuits and systems.

Table of Contents

Introduction	p. 1
Microfluidics for Electrical Engineers
Introduction to Fluid Dynamics for Microfluidic Flows	p. 5
Introduction	p. 5
Concepts Important to the Description of Fluid Motions	p. 9
Basic Properties in the Physics of Fluids	p. 9
Viscosity and the Velocity Gradient	p. 10
Compressible Fluids and Incompressible Flows	p. 11
The Reynolds Number	p. 12
Pressure-driven and Shear-driven Flows in Pipes or Channels	p. 13
Electrical Networks and their Fluid Analogs	p. 14
Ohm's and Kirchhoff's Laws	p. 14
Channels in Parallel or in Series	p. 16
Resistances in terms of Resistivities, Viscosities and Geometry	p. 16
Basic Fluid Dynamics via the Governing Differential Equations	p. 17
Goals	p. 17
Continuum Descriptions	p. 18
The Continuity and Navier-Stokes Equations	p. 19
The Reynolds Number	p. 21
Brief Justification for the Incompressibility Assumption	p. 22
Model Flows	p. 23
Pressure-driven Flow in a Circular Tube	p. 23
Pressure-driven Flow in a Rectangular Channel	p. 25
Conclusions and Outlook	p. 28
Acknowledgments	p. 28
References	p. 29
Author Biography	p. 30
Micro- and Nanofluidics for Biological Separations	p. 31
Introduction	p. 31
Fabrication of Fluidic Structure	p. 32
Biological Applications	p. 36
Microfluidic Experiments	p. 40
Microchannel Capillary Electrophoresis	p. 46
Filled Microfluidic Channels	p. 50
Fabricated Micro- and Nanostructures	p. 54
Artificial Sieving Matrices	p. 54
Entropic Recoil	p. 57
Entropic Trapping	p. 61
Asymmetric Potentials	p. 65
Conclusions	p. 68
Acknowledgment	p. 69
References	p. 69
Author biography	p. 75
CMOS/Microfluidic Hybrid Systems	p. 77
Introduction	p. 77
CMOS/Microfluidic Hybrid System - Concept and Advantages	p. 79
Application of CMOS ICs in a Hybrid System	p. 80
Advantages of the CMOS/Microfluidic Hybrid Approach	p. 82
Fabrication of Microfluidic Networks for Hybrid Systems	p. 84
Direct Patterning of Thick Resins	p. 85
Casting of Polymers	p. 87
Lamination of Dry Film Resists	p. 89
Hot Embossing	p. 91
Packaging of CMOS/Microfluidic Hybrid Systems	p. 93
Electrical Connection	p. 94
Fluidic Connection	p. 94
Temperature Regulation	p. 96
Conclusions and Outlook	p. 96
Acknowledgment	p. 97
References	p. 97
Author Biography	p. 100
CMOS Actuators
CMOS-based Magnetic Cell Manipulation System	p. 103
Introduction	p. 103
Principle of Magnetic Manipulation of Cells	p. 105
Magnetic Beads	p. 106
Motion of Magnetic Beads	p. 109
Tagging Biological Cells with Magnetic Beads	p. 115
Design of the CMOS IC Chip	p. 119
Microcoil Array	p. 119
Control Circuitry	p. 122
Temperature Sensor	p. 128
Complete Cell Manipulation System	p. 129
Fabrication of Microfluidic Channels	p. 129
Packaging	p. 131
Experiment Setup	p. 131
Temperature Control System	p. 132
Control Electronics	p. 133
Control Software	p. 134
Demonstration of Magnetic Cell Manipulation System	p. 135
Manipulation of Magnetic Beads	p. 135
Manipulation of Biological Cells	p. 137
Conclusions and Outlook	p. 139
Acknowledgment	p. 140
References	p. 140
Author Biography	p. 142
Applications of Dielectrophoresis-based Lab-on-a-chip Devices in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biomedicine	p. 145
General Introduction	p. 145
Gene Expression Studies	p. 147
Protein Studies	p. 147
Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) in Pharmaceutical Sciences	p. 148
Dielectrophoresis-based Approaches	p. 148
Dielectrophoresis based Lab-on-a-chip Platforms	p. 152
Lab-on-a-chip with Spiral Electrodes	p. 152
Lab-on-a-chip with Parallel Electrodes	p. 154
Lab-on-a-chip with Two-dimensional Electrode Array	p. 155
Applications of Lab-on-a-chip to Pharmaceutical Sciences	p. 155
Microparticles for Lab-on-a-chip Applications	p. 155
Microparticles-cell Interactions on Lab-on-a-chip	p. 164
Lab-on-a-chip for Biomedicine and Cellular Biotechnology	p. 165
Applications of Lab-on-a-chip for Cell Isolation	p. 165
Separation of Cell Populations Exhibiting Different DEP Properties	p. 166
DEP-based, Marker-Specific Sorting of Rare Cells	p. 167
Future Perspectives: Integrated Sensors for Cell Biology	p. 168
Conclusions	p. 171
Acknowledgment	p. 172
References	p. 172
Author Biography	p. 176
CMOS Electronic Microarrays in Diagnostics and Nanotechnology	p. 179
Introduction	p. 179
Electronic Microarrays	p. 184
Direct Wired Microarrays	p. 184
CMOS Microarrays	p. 186
Electronic Transport and Hybridization of DNA	p. 190
Nanofabrication using CMOS Microarrays	p. 192
Electric Field Directed Nanoparticle Assembly Process	p. 194
Discussion and Conclusions	p. 199
References	p. 200
Author Biography	p. 205
CMOS Electrical Sensors
Integrated Microelectrode Arrays	p. 207
Introduction	p. 207
Why using IC or CMOS Technology	p. 209
Fundamentals of Recording of Electrical Cell Activity	p. 210
Electrogenic Cells	p. 210
Recording and Stimulation Techniques and Tools	p. 214
Integrated CMOS-Based Systems	p. 221
High-Density-Recording Devices	p. 221
Multiparameter Sensor Chip	p. 227
Portable Cell-Based Biosensor	p. 228
Wireless Implantable Microsystem	p. 231
Fully Integrated Bidirectional 128-Electrode System	p. 234
Measurement Results	p. 243
Recordings from Neural and Cardiac Cell Cultures	p. 243
Stimulation Artifact Suppression	p. 245
Stimulation of Neural and Cardiac Cell Cultures	p. 246
Conclusions and Outlook	p. 248
Appendix	p. 249
Acknowledgment	p. 250
References	p. 250
Author Biography	p. 257
CMOS ICs for Brain Implantable Neural Recording Microsystems	p. 259
Introduction	p. 259
Electrical Microsystem Overview	p. 265
Preamplifier and Multiplexor Integrated Circuit	p. 267
Preamplifiers	p. 268
Column Multiplexing	p. 277
Output Buffer Amplifier	p. 278
Biasing and the Bias Generator	p. 281
Amplifier Performance	p. 283
Digital Controller Integrated Circuit	p. 284
Conclusions	p. 286
Acknowledgment	p. 288
References	p. 288
Author Biography	p. 290
CMOS Optical Sensors
Optofluidic Microscope - Fitting a Microscope onto a Sensor Chip	p. 293
Introduction	p. 293
Operating Principle	p. 295
Implementation	p. 297
Experimental Setup	p. 297
Imaging C. Elegans	p. 299
Resolution	p. 302
Putting Resolution in Context	p. 302
Experimental Method	p. 304
Simulation Method	p. 308
Comparison between Simulation and Experimental Results	p. 310
Results and Discussions	p. 313
Resolution and Sensitivity	p. 320
OFM Variations	p. 322
Fluorescence OFM	p. 322
Differential Interference Contrast OFM	p. 323
Conclusions	p. 325
Acknowledgment	p. 326
References	p. 326
Author Biography	p. 329
CMOS Sensors for Optical Molecular Imaging	p. 331
Introduction	p. 331
Luminescence	p. 333
Fluorescence	p. 333
Bio-/Chemi-Luminescence	p. 335
Solid-State Image Sensors	p. 336
Photodetection	p. 338
CMOS Architectures	p. 343
Non-idealities and Performance Measures	p. 347
Sampling Techniques for Noise Reduction	p. 351
CMOS Image Sensors for Molecular Biology	p. 354
CMOS for Fluorometry	p. 356
CMOS for Bio-/Chemi-Luminescence	p. 357
Lab-on-Chip for de novo DNA Sequencing	p. 357
Lab-on-Chip Application Requirements	p. 359
Luminescence Detection System-on-Chip	p. 360
Low Light Detection	p. 369
Applications	p. 372
Acknowledgment	p. 374
References	p. 374
Author Biography	p. 379
Index	p. 381
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