COBOL From Micro to Mainframe

by Grauer, Robert T.; Villar, Carol Vasquez; Buss, Arthur R.

• ISBN13: 9780137908172
• ISBN10: 0137908172
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1998-03-25
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

The third edition of COBOL: From Micro to Mainframe is designed to satisfy all of your COBOL needs - on multiple platforms. The textbook covers all basic COBOL elements, with additional chapters on the Year 2000 problem, structured programming and design, debugging, subprograms, table processing, sorting, screen I/O, sequential file maintenance, indexed files, and object-oriented COBOL. The third edition teaches programming as it is practiced in the real world, with programming tips that go beyond the syntactical rules of COBOL, that make programs easier to maintain and run more efficiently. Best-selling author Robert T. Grauer and co-authors Carol Vazquez Villar and Arthur R. Buss provide you with a complete learning package - available with the Micro Focus Personal COBOL for Windows compiler -that will prepare you for success with COBOL programming. Look for these enhancements in the third EDITION: NEW -Our most important revision is an entirely new chapter on the Year 2000 problem that discusses the nature of changes that need to be made to existing COBOL programs. NEW - A second new chapter is devoted to Object-Oriented COBOL Programming, an emerging technology of increased importance in the COBOL world. NEW - Availability of the Micro Focus Personal COBOL for Windows with the third edition. A new appendix has been added with more than 60 screen shots describing how to use the software. NEW AND REVISED appendix with more than 100 programming projects. Data for the projects are available for download from www.prenhall.com/grauer/cobol.

Author Biography

DR. ROBERT T. GRAUER is an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Information Systems at the University of Miami, where he has been honored with the Outstanding Teacher Award in the School of Business. A prolific author known for his unparalleled pedagogy, reader-friendly writing style, and Exploring Windows series, Dr. Grauer has written 30 books on programming and information systems, with more than million books in print. Dr. Grauer can be reached at [e-mail]

CAROL VAZQUEZ VILLAR, an instructor in the Department of Computer Information Systems at University of Miami for eight years, currently works for Andersen Consulting. She has developed and trained high performance teams on team building and communications and is currently planning and developing leadership training seminars.

DR. ARTHUR R. BUSS is Associate Professor of Computer Studies at William Jewell College, where he teaches Information Technology courses. Prior to coming to Jewell, he worked at Kmart Corporation and McDonnell Douglas as a programmer, systems analyst, and project leader. He is currently conducting studies in the Year 2000 problem and in Object-Oriented COBOL.

Table of Contents

Preface	iii
Chapter 1: Introduction	1	(24)
Overview	2	(1)
The First Problem	2	(3)
Programming Specifications	3	(2)
Required Logic	5	(4)
Flowcharts	6	(2)
Pseudocode	8	(1)
A First Look at COBOL	9	(4)
Identification Division	11	(1)
Environment Division	11	(1)
Data Division	11	(1)
Procedure Division	12	(1)
Test Data	13	(1)
Elements of COBOL	13	(4)
Reserved Words	13	(1)
Programmer-Supplied Names	14	(1)
Literals	15	(1)
Symbols	16	(1)
Level Numbers	16	(1)
Picture Clauses	17	(1)
A Second Look at COBOL	17	(2)
Summary	19	(1)
Fill-in	20	(1)
True/False	20	(1)
Problems	21	(4)
Chapter 2: From Coding Form to Computer	25	(22)
Overview	26	(1)
From Coding Form to Computer	26	(6)
The COBOL Coding Form	28	(1)
Use of an Editor	28	(2)
The Compile, Link, and Execute Sequence	30	(2)
Learning by Doing	32	(6)
Errors in Entering the Program	33	(1)
Errors in Operating System Commands	33	(1)
Errors in Compilation	33	(2)
Errors in Execution	35	(2)
Errors in Data Input	37	(1)
Evolution of COBOL	38	(2)
There's Always a Reason	40	(1)
Summary	41	(1)
Fill-in	41	(1)
True/False	42	(1)
Problems	43	(4)
Chapter 3: A Methodology for Program Development	47	(26)
Overview	48	(1)
The Tuition Billing Problem	48	(2)
Structured Design	50	(2)
Evaluating The Hierarchy Chart	52	(2)
Completeness	53	(1)
Functionality	54	(1)
Span of Control	54	(1)
Structured Programming	54	(3)
Sufficiency of the Basic Structures	56	(1)
Expressing Logic	57	(4)
The Traditional Flowchart	57	(1)
Pseudocode	57	(1)
Warnier-Orr Diagrams	59	(2)
Top-Down Testing	61	(5)
Summary	66	(1)
Fill-in	67	(1)
True/False	68	(1)
Problems	68	(5)
Chapter 4: The Identification, Environment, and Data Divisions	73	(24)
Overview	74	(1)
COBOL Notation	74	(1)
Identification Division	75	(1)
Environment Division	76	(1)
CONFIGURATION SECTION	76	(1)
INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION	76	(1)
Data Division	77	(7)
FILE SECTION	77	(5)
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION	82	(2)
The Tuition Billing Program	84	(6)
Programming Specifications	84	(3)
COBOL Entries	87	(3)
Limitations of COBOL-74	90	(1)
Summary	90	(2)
Fill-in	92	(1)
True/False	92	(1)
Problems	93	(4)
Chapter 5: The Procedure Division	97	(42)
Overview	98	(1)
OPEN	98	(1)
CLOSE	99	(1)
READ	99	(1)
Placement of the READ Statement	100	(1)
WRITE	100	(2)
STOP RUN	102	(1)
MOVE	102	(3)
Restrictions on the Move Statement	103	(1)
Alphanumeric Field to Alphanumeric Field	103	(1)
Numeric Field to Numeric Field	104	(1)
Group Moves	105	(1)
PERFORM	105	(1)
IF	106	(3)
The ELSE Clause	106	(1)
Indentation	106	(3)
EVALUATE	109	(1)
Arithmetic Statements	109	(9)
The ROUNDED Clause	109	(1)
The SIZE ERROR Clause	110	(1)
COMPUTE	110	(1)
ADD	112	(1)
SUBTRACT	112	(2)
MULTIPLY	114	(1)
DIVIDE	115	(1)
Programming Tip: Use the COMPUTE Statement	116	(1)
Assumed Decimal Point	117	(1)
The Tuition Billing Program	118	(10)
Test Data	126	(1)
Hierarchy Chart	127	(1)
COBOL Program Skeleton	128	(1)
Limitations of COBOL-74	128	(2)
Summary	130	(1)
Fill-in	131	(1)
True/False	132	(1)
Problems	133	(6)
Chapter 6: Debugging	139	(30)
Overview	140	(1)
Errors in Compilation	140	(11)
Common Compilation Errors	149	(2)
Errors in Execution	151	(9)
File Status Codes	156	(2)
Another Run Time Error	158	(1)
Logic Errors	159	(1)
Tips for Debugging	160	(2)
DISPLAY Statement	161	(1)
The Structured Walkthrough	162	(1)
Summary	163	(1)
Fill-in	164	(1)
True/False	165	(1)
Problems	165	(4)
Chapter 7: Editing and Coding Standards	169	(26)
Overview	170	(1)
Editing	170	(6)
The Decimal Point	172	(1)
Zero Suppression	172	(2)
Dollar Signs	174	(1)
Comma	174	(1)
Asterisks for Check Protection	175	(1)
Insertion Characters	175	(1)
Synopsis	175	(1)
Signed Numbers	176	(1)
CR and DB	176	(1)
Plus and Minus Signs	177	(1)
BLANK WHEN ZERO Clause	177	(1)
The Tuition Billing Program Revisited	178	(1)
Coding Standards	179	(5)
Data Division	179	(1)
Programming Tip: Avoid Literals	180	(1)
Procedure Division	181	(1)
Programming Tip: Use Scope Terminators	182	(1)
Both Divisions	183	(1)
A Well-Written Program	184	(5)
Summary	189	(1)
Fill-in	190	(1)
True/False	191	(1)
Problems	191	(4)
Chapter 8: Data Validation	195	(34)
Overview	196	(1)
System Concepts: Data Validation	196	(1)
The IF Statement	197	(9)
Relational Condition	198	(1)
Class Test	199	(1)
Sign Test	200	(1)
Condition-Name Test (88-Level Entries)	200	(1)
Compound Test	200	(1)
Hierarchy of Operations	201	(2)
Implied Conditions	203	(1)
Nested IFs	203	(2)
NEXT SENTENCE	205	(1)
ACCEPT Statement	206	(1)
Calculations Involving Dates	206	(1)
The Stand-Alone Edit Program	207	(14)
Programming Specifications	208	(3)
Error Messages	211	(1)
Pseudocode	211	(1)
Hierarchy Chart	212	(1)
The Completed Program	212	(9)
Limitations of COBOL-74	221	(2)
Summary	223	(1)
Fill-in	224	(1)
True/False	224	(1)
Problems	225	(4)
Chapter 9: More About the Procedure Division	229	(36)
Overview	230	(1)
PERFORM	231	(3)
TEST BEFORE/TEST AFTER	231	(1)
In-line Perform	232	(1)
Performing Sections	232	(1)
PERFORM THRU	232	(1)
Programming Tip: Perform Paragraphs, Not Sections	233	(1)
READ	234	(2)
False-Condition Branch	234	(1)
READ INTO	235	(1)
WRITE FROM	236	(1)
INITIALIZE	236	(1)
String Processing	237	(5)
INSPECT	237
STRING	238	(2)
UNSTRING	240	(1)
Reference Modification	240	(2)
ACCEPT	242	(4)
Duplicate Data Names	243	(1)
Qualification	244	(1)
MOVE CORRESPONDING	245	(1)
The Car Billing Program	246	(12)
Programming Specifications	246	(2)
Program Design	248	(1)
The Completed Program	249	(9)
Limitations of COBOL-74	258	(1)
Summary	258	(1)
Fill-in	259	(1)
True/False	260	(1)
Problems	260	(5)
Chapter 10: Screen I-O	265	(36)
Overview	266	(1)
ACCEPT	266	(3)
Programming Tip: Micro Focus Level 78--The Use of COBOL Constants	267	(2)
DISPLAY	269	(1)
The Tuition Billing Program Revisited	270	(8)
Programming Specifications	270	(1)
Hierarchy Chart	271	(1)
Pseudocode	271	(2)
The Completed Program	273	(1)
Programming Tip: The Hidden Power of the Alt Key	274	(4)
Car Validation and Billing Program	278	(19)
Programming Specifications	279	(1)
The Screen Section	280	(4)
Hierarchy Chart	284	(1)
Pseudocode	284	(3)
The Completed Program	287	(10)
Limitations of COBOL-74	297	(1)
Summary	297	(1)
Fill-in	298	(1)
True/False	299	(1)
Problems	299	(2)
Chapter 11: Introduction to Tables	301	(30)
Overview	302	(1)
Introduction to Tables	302	(4)
OCCURS Clause	303	(1)
Processing a Table	304	(1)
PERFORM VARYING	304	(1)
A Second Example	306	(5)
Problems with the OCCURS Clause	308	(1)
Rules for Subscripts	308	(1)
Relative Subscripting	308	(1)
USAGE Clause	309	(1)
OCCURS DEPENDING ON	310	(1)
The Student Transcript Program	311	(10)
Programming Specifications	311	(2)
Program Design	313	(1)
The Completed Program	314	(7)
Indexes Versus Subscripts	321	(1)
The SET Statement	322	(1)
Limitations of COBOL-74	322	(3)
Summary	325	(1)
Fill-in	326	(1)
True/False	326	(1)
Problems	327	(4)
Chapter 12: Table Lookups	331	(32)
Overview	332	(1)
System Concepts	332	(4)
Types of Codes	333	(1)
Characteristics of Codes	333	(1)
Sequential Table Lookup	334	(1)
Binary Table Lookup	335	(1)
Positional Organization and Direct Lookups	336
Initializing a Table	336	(3)
Hard Coding	336	(2)
Input-Loaded Tables	338	(1)
Table Lookups	339	(8)
PERFORM VARYING Statement	340	(1)
SEARCH Statement	340	(2)
Programming Tip--Restrict Subscripts and Switches to a Single Use	342	(2)
SEARCH ALL Statement	344	(1)
Direct Lookup	344	(1)
Range-Step Tables	345	(2)
A Complete Example	347	(10)
Programming Specifications	347	(2)
Program Design	349	(1)
The Completed Program	350	(7)
Limitations of COBOL-74	357	(1)
Summary	357	(1)
Fill-in	358	(1)
True/False	359	(1)
Problems	360	(3)
Chapter 13: Multilevel Tables	363	(40)
Overview	364	(1)
System Concepts	364	(2)
COBOL Implementation	366	(1)
One-Level Tables	366	(2)
PERFORM VARYING	366	(2)
Two-Level Tables	368	(5)
Errors in Compilation	369	(1)
PERFORM VARYING	370	(3)
A Sample Program	373	(7)
Programming Specifications	373	(2)
Program Design	375	(1)
The Completed Program	375	(5)
Three-Level Tables	380	(4)
PERFORM VARYING	382	(2)
A Sample Program	384	(6)
Programming Specifications	384	(2)
The Completed Program	386	(4)
Table Lookups	390	(2)
A Calorie Counter's Delight	392	(6)
Programming Specifications	392	(1)
Range-Step Tables	392	(2)
The Completed Program	394	(4)
Limitations of COBOL-74	398	(1)
Summary	398	(1)
Fill-in	399	(1)
True/False	399	(1)
Problems	400	(3)
Chapter 14: Sorting	403	(32)
Overview	404	(1)
System Concepts	405	(1)
Collating Sequence	405	(3)
Embedded Sign	406	(2)
COBOL Implementation	408	(6)
SORT Statement	409	(1)
SD (Sort Description)	410	(1)
RELEASE and RETURN	410	(1)
Programming Specifications	411	(3)
USING/GIVING Option	414	(5)
INPUT PROCEDURE/OUTPUT PROCEDURE Option	419	(7)
Comparing Options	426	(1)
MERGE Statement	426	(2)
Limitations of COBOL-74	428	(1)
Summary	428	(1)
Fill-in	429	(1)
True/False	430	(1)
Problems	431	(4)
Chapter 15: Control Breaks	435	(40)
Overview	436	(1)
System Concepts	436	(7)
Running Versus Rolling Totals	440	(3)
One-Level Control Breaks	443	(8)
Programming Specifications	443	(1)
Hierarchy Chart	444	(2)
Pseudocode	446	(1)
The Completed Program	446	(5)
Two-Level Control Breaks	451	(9)
Hierarchy Chart	451	(1)
Pseudocode	452	(2)
The Completed Program	454	(6)
Three-Level Control Breaks	460	(11)
Hierarchy Chart	460	(2)
Pseudocode	462	(1)
The Completed Program	463	(7)
Programming Tip: How to Write a Control Break Program	470	(1)
Limitations of COBOL-74	471	(1)
Summary	471	(1)
Fill-in	472	(1)
True/False	472	(1)
Problems	473	(2)
Chapter 16: Subprograms	475	(40)
Overview	476	(1)
Subprograms	477	(5)
Called and Calling Programs	477	(2)
COPY Statement	479	(1)
Calling BY CONTENT and BY REFERENCE	480	(1)

Excerpts

Preface COBOL: From Micro to Mainframe is a truly comprehensive work, providing in a single source all subjects normally covered in the one-year COBOL sequence. The scope is extensive, ranging from an introduction to COBOL, to maintaining sequential files and nonsequential files. The text also shows the new directions for COBOL in a chapter about Object-Oriented COBOL and an appendix devoted to the proposed changes in the COBOL 2000 standard. All programs in the book can be run on personal computers or with minor modifications on mainframes or other platforms. The beauty of COBOL is that it can operate on any platform. This text provides instruction in ANS XOPEN standard COBOL. The one exception is the use of Micro Focus Object-Oriented COBOL in Chapter 20, since the final ANS standard has not yet been adopted. Improvements in the Third Edition The third edition responds to the requests of many students and instructors to provide access to Windows-based tools while maintaining the proven approach to teaching COBOL. Features of this edition include the following: The text has been modified to show the development of programs in a Windows environment. While the essential characteristics of COBOL remain unchanged, the development tools have not. This edition provides examples using one of the most popular Windows development tools available: Micro Focus (r) Personal COBOL(tm) for Windows(tm). Chapter 19 has been added to explain the Year 2000 problem. This chapter discusses the sources of the problem, shows why it is a problem, and discusses several techniques to correct the problem. At the end of the chapter, we provide a list of World Wide Web sites where further information may be obtained. Another new chapter (Chapter 20) demonstrates the concepts of Object-Oriented COBOL. This new approach to COBOL promises to be a way for companies to maintain the value of their legacy COBOL programs while still being able to use the benefits of object-oriented programming. Appendix A provides extensive coverage of the Micro Focus Personal COBOL for Windows. In addition to explaining every menu item and button, this appendix also includes a brief tutorial allowing the student to experience process of creating a program. Appendix B provides a guide to installing Personal COBOL for Windows and several techniques to make using the product easier. Coverage of COBOL 2000 and intrinsic functions has been added in Appendix E. The 1989 extensions to COBOL 85 allow the use of predefined functions that had been missing in COBOL. This appendix also discusses the changes anticipated in COBOL 2000. In Appendix G, there are 32 new projects for student programming assignments. Many of these projects build on previous tasks allowing the student to experience the development of systems and the performance of maintenance. Various chapters have been changed to incorporate the changes in debugging and editing techniques used with a Windows programming environment as opposed to using a DOS compiler and debugger. Benefits and Features All of the features that have made the second edition successful have been retained and carried over into the third edition. These include: Immediate entry into COBOL programming, beginning in Chapter 1. Programming is learned by doing, and the book has students writing a complete program from the very beginning. Chapter 2 continues the discussion by having them execute the program of Chapter 1 in a thorough introduction to the programming process. Over 30 illustrative COBOL programs reinforce the discussion in the text and serve as both pedagogical aids and subsequent reference material. Every program is presented in a uniform and detailed format, including program narrative, record layouts, report layouts, test data, and processing specifications. A thorough discussion structured methodology, hierarchy charts, pseudocode, and top-down testing is presented in Chapter 3 and followed throughout. Students learn the proper way to develop programs early on and follow the procedure throughout the text. Every COBOL program in the text as well as data files for the student projects are available for download from a special World Wide Web site: http://www.prenhall.com/grauer_cobol. The availability of the sample listings enables students to reproduce and/or modify any of the programs without the tedium of data entry and further enhances the learning experience. An abundance of short-answer (true-false and fill-in) questions, COBOL problems, and programming projects for every chapter, with answers to the odd-numbered questions provided in Appendix F. Programming tips, dispersed throughout the text, that go beyond the syntactical rules of COBOL, and suggest stylistic considerations to make programs easier to read and maintain. Extensive use of graphic aids, featuring a two-color presentation, with figures to further clarify the presentation. Where Micro Focus Personal COBOL is discussed, actual pictures of the screens assist the student in understanding the user interface. System concept presentation at the beginning of most chapters, as COBOL instruction has come to require additional material beyond the language itself. There are detailed discussions of control breaks, data validation, techniques for table lookups and initialization, storing, the balance line algorithm for file maintenance and the organization of indexed files. While focusing on the proven techniques of structured programming and the established syntax of COBOL 85, the text also introduces the concepts of object-orientation and previews the significant changes in COBOL 2000. Software and Supplements The following software and supplements are available from Prentice Hall: SOFTWARE- Micro Focus Personal COBOL for Windows 3.1 with object-orientation and Personal Dialog System. Compatible with Windows95 and WindowsNT, Personal COBOL provides all the tools to help you learn and use COBOL. The software includes an integrated editor, compiler and animator for creating, debugging and executing COBOL programs. Prentice Hall offers an affordable package of COBOL: From Micro to Mainframe, Third Edition with the Micro Focus Personal COBOL Compiler. Please order ISBN 0-13-975178-5. WEB SITE- Download every COBOL program in the text as well as data files for the nearly on hundred student projects from the COBOL: From Micro to Mainframe web site at: http://www.prenhall.com/grauer_cobol. Instructor''s Resource Manual(ISBN# 0-13-081513-6) Prentice Hall Custom Test.Based on the powerful testing technology developed by Engineering Software Associates, Inc. (EAS), Prentice Hall Custom Test allows the educator to create and tailor the exam to their own needs. Please order ISBN# 0-13-081515-2 Acknowledgments We are especially grateful to our editors at Prentice Hall, Laura Steele, Alan Apt, and Marcia Horton, without whom this project would not have been possible. We also want to thank the many other individuals who helped produce the third edition. Irwin Zucker, who supervised the production, Kate Kaibni, editorial assistant, who worked hard to provide us with timely chapter reviews, and Joel Berman, our marketing manager at Prentice Hall, who developed the innovative campaign to make this book a success. We also want to acknowledge our reviewers, who through their comments and constructive criticism, made this a far better book: Robert V. Binder, Robert Binder Systems Consulting, In