Cognitive Neuroscience

by Gazzaniga, Michael S.; Ivry, Richard B.; Mangun, G. R.

• ISBN13: 9780393977776
• ISBN10: 0393977773
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-01-01
• Publisher: W W Norton & Co Inc

Summary

Daniel Reisberg\'s Cognition: Exploring the Science of the Mind presents current topics and issues in clear, lively prose that is accessible to students. With Cognition, students see where ideas originate, how they are evaluated, and how theories evolve through experimentation. The new Second Edition has been completely redesigned and includes new pedagogy to make the book even more student friendly. Over 600 new citations, as well as revisions to every chapter, bring the text to the forefront of its field. Major updates include a new chapter on the brain and cognition, an expanded emphasis on visual perception, a completely reconceived chapter on memory errors and gaps, and a thorough updating of the chapters on judgment, decision making, and reasoning.

Table of Contents

Boxes	xiii
Preface	xv
Acknowledgments	xvii
A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience	1	(22)
Pondering the Big Questions	1	(1)
The Brain Story	2	(9)
The Twentieth Century	11	(4)
The Psychological Story	15	(4)
Cognitive Neuroscience	19	(1)
The Sudden Rise of Brain Imaging	20	(1)
Summary	21	(1)
Key Terms	22	(1)
Thought Questions	22	(1)
Suggested Readings	22	(1)
The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cognition	23	(39)
Cells of the Nervous System	24	(1)
The structure of neurons	25	(3)
The role of glial cells	28	(3)
Neuronal Signaling	31	(1)
Overview of neuronal communication	31	(1)
Properties of the neuronal membrane and the membrane potential	31	(4)
Electrical conduction in neurons	35	(15)
Transmembrane proteins: Ion channels and pumps	50	(2)
Synaptic Transmission	52	(1)
Chemical transmission	53	(1)
Electrical transmission	54	(2)
Neurotransmitters	56	(4)
Summary	60	(1)
Key Terms	61	(1)
Thought Questions	61	(1)
Suggested Readings	61	(1)
Gross and Functional Anatomy of Cognition	62	(34)
Neuroanatomy	63	(1)
Methods in neuroanatomy	63	(7)
Gross and Functional Anatomy of the Nervous System	70	(1)
Cerebral cortex	70	(10)
Limbic system, basal ganglia, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and diencephalon	80	(9)
Brainstem	89	(3)
Cerebellum	92	(1)
Spinal cord	92	(1)
Autonomic nervous system	93	(2)
Summary	95	(1)
Key Terms	95	(1)
Thought Questions	95	(1)
Suggested Readings	95	(1)
The Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience	96	(52)
What is Cognitive Psychology?	97	(1)
Mental representations and transformations	97	(2)
Characterizing mental operations	99	(2)
Constraints on information processing	101	(1)
Computer Modeling	102	(1)
Models are explicit	103	(1)
Representations in computer models	103	(1)
Models lead to testable predictions	104	(1)
Limitations with computer models	105	(1)
Experimental Techniques Used with Animals	106	(1)
Single-cell recording	106	(5)
Lesions	111	(1)
Genetic manipulations	112	(1)
Neurology	113	(1)
Structural imaging of neurological damage	114	(1)
Causes of neurological disorders	115	(6)
Functional neurosurgery	121	(2)
Converging Methods	123	(1)
Cognitive deficits following brain damage	124	(3)
Virtual lesions: Transcranial magnetic stimulation	127	(2)
Functional imaging	129	(15)
Summary	144	(3)
Key Terms	147	(1)
Thought Questions	147	(1)
Suggested Readings	147	(1)
Perception and Encoding	148	(45)
Disorders of Perception: A Case Study	148	(2)
Overview of Neural Pathways	150	(1)
The eye, retina, and receptors	150	(2)
From the eye to the central nervous system	152	(1)
Parallel Processing in the Visual System	153	(1)
Organization of the lateral geniculate nucleus	153	(5)
Multiple pathways in the visual cortex	158	(2)
Cortical Visual Areas	160	(1)
Cellular correlates of visual features	161	(2)
Imaging visual areas in humans	163	(4)
Analysis and representation of visual features	167	(4)
Deficits in Feature Perception	171	(1)
Deficits in color perception: Achromatopsia	172	(3)
Deficits in motion perception: Akinetopsia	175	(2)
Deficits in other aspects of visual perception	177	(1)
Independent or Convergent Pathways	177	(3)
Dissociations of Cortical and Subcortical Visual Pathways	180	(1)
Spatial orientation and object perception in the hamster	180	(2)
Blindsight: Evidence of residual visual function following cortical blindness	182	(2)
Functions of the retino-collicular pathway in humans	184	(1)
Auditory Perception	185	(1)
Overview of the auditory pathways	185	(3)
Computational goals in audition	188	(1)
Concurrent processing for sound localization	189	(2)
Summary	191	(1)
Key Terms	192	(1)
Thought Questions	192	(1)
Suggested Readings	192	(1)
Higher Perceptual Functions	193	(51)
Agnosia: A Case Study	194	(1)
Two Cortical Pathways for Visual Perception	195	(3)
Representational differences between the dorsal and ventral pathways	198	(4)
Perception for identification versus perception for action	202	(3)
Computational Problems in Object Recognition	205	(1)
Variability in sensory information	205	(1)
View-dependent or view-invariant recognition?	206	(1)
Shape encoding	207	(3)
Grandmother cells and ensemble coding	210	(2)
Summary of computational issues	212	(1)
Failures of Object Recognition	213	(2)
Subtypes of agnosia	215	(4)
Integrating parts into wholes	219	(2)
Category specificity in agnosia	221	(3)
Computational account of category-specific deficits	224	(2)
Prosopagnosia	226	(1)
Are faces special?	227	(1)
Neural mechanisms for face perception	227	(4)
Dissociations of face and object perception	231	(4)
Two systems for object recognition	235	(2)
The Relationship Between Visual Perception, Imagery, and Memory	237	(5)
Summary	242	(1)
Key Terms	242	(1)
Thought Questions	242	(1)
Suggested Readings	243	(1)
Selective Attention and Orienting	244	(57)
Theoretical Models of Attention	245	(3)
The cocktail party effect	248	(2)
Early-versus late-selection theories	250	(1)
Quantifying attention in perception	251	(4)
Neural Systems in Attention and Selective Perception	255	(3)
Neurophysiology of human attention	258	(22)
Animal studies of attentional mechanisms	280	(9)
Neurology and Neuropsychology of Attention	289	(1)
Extinction and neglect	289	(10)
Summary	299	(1)
Key Terms	299	(1)
Thought Questions	299	(1)
Suggested Readings	300	(1)
Learning and Memory	301	(50)
Theories of Memory	302	(1)
Sensory and short-term memory mechanisms	302	(7)
Models of short-term memory	309	(4)
Models of long-term memory	313	(2)
Summary of theories of memory	315	(1)
Memory and Brain	315	(2)
Human memory, brain damage, and amnesia	317	(15)
Summary of amnesia and long-term memory systems	332	(1)
Animal models of memory	332	(5)
Imaging the human brain and memory	337	(8)
Cellular Bases of Learning and Memory	345	(1)
Long-term potentiation and the hippocampus	346	(3)
Summary	349	(1)
Key Terms	350	(1)
Thought Questions	350	(1)
Suggested Readings	350	(1)
Language and the Brain	351	(49)
Tamara Y. Swaab
Theories of Language	352	(1)
The storage of words and concepts: The mental lexicon	352	(6)
Perceptual analyses of the linguistic input	358	(10)
The recognition of words	368	(5)
Integration of words in sentences	373	(5)
Speech production	378	(3)
Neuropsychology of Language and Language Disorders	381	(1)
Aphasia	381	(10)
Neurophysiology of Language	391	(1)
Functional neuroimaging of language	391	(1)
Electrophysiology of language	392	(6)
Summary	398	(1)
Key Terms	399	(1)
Thought Questions	399	(1)
Suggested Readings	399	(1)
Cerebral Lateralization and Specialization	400	(45)
Dividing the Mind	400	(2)
Principles of Cerebral Organization	402	(1)
Anatomical correlates of hemispheric specialization	402	(2)
Microanatomical investigations of anatomical asymmetries	404	(1)
How the Two Hemispheres Communicate	405	(1)
Cortical disconnection	406	(2)
Functional consequences of the split-brain procedure	408	(1)
Specificity of callosal function	409	(1)
Hemispheric Specialization	410	(1)
Language and speech	410	(4)
Visuospatial processing	414	(1)
Attention and perception	415	(4)
Converging Evidence of Hemispheric Specialization	419	(1)
Functional asymmetries in patients with unilateral cortical lesions	419	(1)
Functional asymmetries in the normal brain	420	(3)
What Is Lateralized?	423	(3)
Asymmetries in perceptual representations	426	(5)
Asymmetries in representing spatial relations	431	(5)
Recent theoretical developments concerning hemispheric specialization	436	(2)
Variations in Hemispheric Specialization	438	(1)
The relation between handedness and left-hemisphere language dominance	438	(2)
Hemispheric specialization in nonhumans	440	(3)
Summary	443	(1)
Key Terms	443	(1)
Thought Questions	443	(1)
Suggested Readings	444	(1)
The Control of Action	445	(54)
Motor Structures	447	(1)
Muscles, motor neurons, and the spinal cord	447	(2)
Subcortical motor structures	449	(2)
Cortical regions involved in motor control	451	(1)
The organization of motor areas	451	(1)
Computational Issues in Motor Control	452	(1)
Peripheral control of movement and the role of feedback	453	(2)
The representation of movement plans	455	(6)
Physiological Analysis of Motor Pathways	461	(1)
The neural representation of movement	461	(8)
Comparison of Motor Planning and Execution	469	(1)
Internal versus external guidance of movement	470	(2)
Shift in cortical control with learning	472	(4)
Functional Analysis of the Motor System and Movement Disorders	476	(1)
Cortical areas	477	(8)
Subcortical areas: The cerebellum and basal ganglia	485	(11)
Summary	496	(2)
Key Terms	498	(1)
Thought Questions	498	(1)
Suggested Readings	498	(1)
Executive Functions and Frontal Lobes	499	(38)
Subdivisions of the Frontal Lobes	500	(2)
The Lateral Prefrontal Cortex and Working Memory	502	(1)
Distinguishing between stored knowledge and activated information	502	(2)
Working memory versus associative memory	504	(7)
The Prefrontal Cortex Participates in Other Memory Domains	511	(1)
The frontal lobes and the temporal organization of memory	511	(1)
Source memory	512	(2)
Component Analysis of Prefrontal Cortex	514	(1)
Content-based accounts of functional specialization within lateral prefrontal function	514	(1)
Process-based accounts of functional specialization within lateral prefrontal function	515	(4)
The selection of task-relevant information	519	(5)
Goal-Oriented Behavior	524	(1)
Planning and selecting an action	525	(5)
The anterior cingulate as a monitoring system	530	(5)
Summary	535	(1)
Key Terms	536	(1)
Thought Questions	536	(1)
Suggested Readings	536	(1)
Emotion	537	(40)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
Issues in the Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion	539	(1)
Defining emotion	539	(1)
Manipulating and measuring emotion	540	(4)
Emotion and cognition	544	(1)
Neural Systems in Emotional Processing	545	(1)
Early concepts: The limbic system	545	(1)
Orbitofrontal cortex	546	(7)
Amygdala	553	(19)
Laterality	572	(1)
Emotion communication	572	(2)
Affective style	574	(1)
Summary	575	(1)
Key Terms	576	(1)
Thought Questions	576	(1)
Suggested Readings	576	(1)
Evolutionary Perspectives	577	(34)
Leah Krubitzer
Evolution of the Brain	578	(1)
The historical underpinning of contemporary evolutionary neurobiology	578	(4)
Modern evolutionary neurobiology: Assumptions and aims	582	(4)
First Principles	586	(3)
Evolutionary mechanisms	589	(1)
The Comparative Approach	590	(3)
The scale of nature revisited	593	(3)
Adaptation and the Brain	596	(1)
Adaptations at multiple brain levels	597	(3)
Sexual selection and evolutionary pressures on behavior	600	(1)
Sexual abilities and spatial abilities	600	(2)
Evolution and physiology	602	(2)
Adaptive specializations and learning mechanisms	604	(3)
Evolutionary Insights into Human Brain Organization	607	(2)
Summary	609	(1)
Key Terms	610	(1)
Thought Questions	610	(1)
Suggested Readings	610	(1)
Development and Plasticity	611	(43)
The Shaping of the Brain	611	(2)
Perceptual and Cognitive Development	613	(1)
A classic theory of cognitive development	613	(6)
Development of visual cognition--Object recognition	619	(1)
Development of the human attention system	620	(3)
Language acquisition during development	623	(5)
Summary of cognitive development	628	(1)
Development of the Nervous System	628	(1)
Overview of gross development	629	(1)
Genesis of the cerebral cortex	630	(10)
Birth of new neurons throughout life	640	(2)
Postnatal brain development	642	(1)
Summary of cortical development	643	(1)
Plasticity in the Nervous System	644	(3)
Plasticity in the normal adult brain	647	(2)
Reorganization in human cortex	649	(3)
Summary	652	(1)
Key Terms	652	(1)
Thought Questions	652	(1)
Suggested Readings	653	(1)
The Problem of Consciousness	654	(2)
Philosophical Perspectives	656	(4)
Conscious Versus Unconscious Processing	660	(3)
The extent of subconscious processing	663	(4)
Gaining access to consciousness	667	(2)
Neurons, Neuronal Groups, and Conscious Experience	669	(3)
The Emergence of the Brain Interpreter in the Human Species	672	(4)
Is consciousness a uniquely human experience?	676	(3)
Left- and right-hemisphere consciousness	679	(1)
Summary	680	(1)
Key Terms	681	(1)
Thought Questions	681	(1)
Suggested Readings	681
Glossary	1	(1)
References	1	(1)
Acknowledgments and Credits	1	(1)
Index	1