Cognitive Psychology With Infotrac: In and Out of the Laboratory

by Galotti, Kathleen M.

• ISBN13: 9780534600846
• ISBN10: 0534600840
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-07-21
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Part 1: OVERVIEW. 1. Cognitive Psychology: History, Methods, and Paradigms. Part II: BASIC PROCESSES. 2. Perceiving Objects and Recognizing Patterns. 3. Paying Attention. 4. Forming and Using New Memory Traces. 5. Retrieving Memories from Long-Term Storage. Part III: REPRESENTATION AND ORGANIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE. 6. Memory for General Knowledge. 7. Concepts and Categorization. 8. Visual Imagery. Part IV: USE AND MANIPULATION OF INFORMATION. 9. Language. 10. Thinking and Problem Solving. 11. Reasoning. 12. Making Decisions. Part V: INDIVIDUAL AND SITUATIONAL DIFFERENCES IN COGNITION. 13. Cognitive Development Through Adolescence. 14. Gender and Individual Differences. 15. Cognition in Cross-Cultural Perspectives.

Table of Contents

Part I Overview	1	(39)
Cognitive Psychology: History, Methods, and Paradigms	2	(37)
A Brief History of the Study of Cognition	5	(14)
Structuralism	6	(1)
Functionalism	7	(2)
Behaviorism	9	(2)
Gestalt Psychology	11	(1)
Genetic Epistemology	12	(1)
The Study of Individual Differences	12	(2)
The ``Cognitive Revolution''	14	(3)
Current Trends in the Study of Cognition	17	(1)
General Points	18	(1)
Research Methods in Cognitive Psychology	19	(9)
Naturalistic Observation	19	(1)
Introspection	20	(1)
Controlled Observation and Clinical Interviews	21	(1)
Experiments and Quasi-Experiments	21	(1)
Investigations of Neural Underpinnings	22	(6)
Paradigms of Cognitive Psychology	28	(7)
The Information-Processing Approach	28	(2)
The Connectionist Approach	30	(2)
The Evolutionary Approach	32	(1)
The Ecological Approach	33	(2)
General Points	35	(1)
Summary	35	(2)
Review Questions	37	(1)
Key Terms	37	(1)
Coglab Demonstrations	38	(1)
Search Terms	38	(1)
Web Resources	38	(1)
Part II Basic Processes	39	(170)
Perceiving Objects and Recognizing Patterns	40	(46)
Gestalt Approaches to Perception	43	(4)
Bottom-Up Processes	47	(15)
Template Matching	48	(3)
Featural Analysis	51	(7)
Prototype Matching	58	(4)
Top-Down Processes	62	(12)
Perceptual Learning	65	(2)
Change Blindness	67	(2)
The Word Superiority Effect	69	(1)
A Connectionist Model of Word Perception	70	(2)
A Neuropsychological Perspective on Word Perception	72	(2)
Direct Perception	74	(5)
Disruptions of Perception: Visual Agnosias	79	(3)
Summary	82	(2)
Review Questions	84	(1)
Key Terms	84	(1)
Coglab Demonstrations	85	(1)
Search Terms	85	(1)
Web Resources	85	(1)
Paying Attention	86	(43)
Selective Attention	89	(15)
Filter Theory	91	(5)
Attenuation Theory	96	(1)
Late-Selection Theory	97	(1)
Multimode Theory	98	(1)
Attention, Capacity, and Mental Effort	99	(3)
Schema Theory	102	(2)
Neuropsychological Studies of Attention	104	(4)
Networks of Visual Attention	105	(2)
Event-Related Potentials and Selective Attention	107	(1)
Automaticity and the Effects of Practice	108	(9)
The Stroop Task	109	(2)
Automatic versus Attentional (Controlled) Processing	111	(3)
Feature Integration Theory	114	(2)
Attentional Capture	116	(1)
Divided Attention	117	(9)
Dual-Task Performance	117	(2)
The Attention Hypothesis of Automatization	119	(1)
The Psychological Refractory Period (PRP)	120	(4)
Divided Attention Outside the Laboratory: Cell Phone Usage While Driving	124	(2)
Summary	126	(1)
Review Questions	127	(1)
Key Terms	128	(1)
Coglab Demonstrations	128	(1)
Search Terms	128	(1)
Web Resources	128	(1)
Forming and Using New Memory Traces	129	(32)
Metaphors of Memory	131	(3)
Sensory Memory	134	(4)
The Icon	134	(2)
The Echo	136	(2)
Short-Term Memory	138	(9)
Capacity	138	(1)
Coding	139	(1)
Retention Duration and Forgetting	140	(4)
Retrieval of Information	144	(3)
Working Memory	147	(5)
Executive Functioning	152	(1)
Neurological Studies of Memory Processes	153	(4)
Summary	157	(1)
Review Questions	158	(1)
Key Terms	159	(1)
Coglab Demonstrations	159	(1)
Search Terms	160	(1)
Web Resources	160	(1)
Retrieving Memories from Long-Term Storage	161	(48)
The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory	162	(14)
Capacity	162	(1)
Coding	163	(1)
Retention Duration	164	(1)
Forgetting	165	(7)
Retrieval of Information	172	(4)
The Levels-of-Processing View	176	(4)
The Reconstructive Nature of Memory	180	(17)
Autobiographical Memory	182	(4)
Flashbulb Memories	186	(2)
Eyewitness Memory	188	(3)
The Recovered/False Memory Debate	191	(6)
Amnesia	197	(7)
Anterograde Amnesia	198	(2)
Retrograde Amnesia	200	(4)
Summary	204	(2)
Review Questions	206	(1)
Key Terms	207	(1)
Coglab Demonstrations	207	(1)
Search Terms	207	(1)
Web Resources	207	(2)
Part III Representation and Organization of Knowledge	209	(96)
Memory for General Knowledge	210	(34)
The Semantic/Episodic Distinction	212	(4)
Semantic Memory Models	216	(16)
The Hierarchical Semantic Network Model	217	(5)
The Feature Comparison Model	222	(3)
Other Network Models	225	(4)
Connectionist Models	229	(3)
Schemata	232	(3)
Scripts	234	(1)
Implicit versus Explicit Memory	235	(6)
The Process Dissociation Framework	238	(3)
Summary	241	(1)
Review Questions	242	(1)
Key Terms	242	(1)
Coglab Demonstrations	243	(1)
Search Terms	243	(1)
Web Resources	243	(1)
Concepts and Categorization	244	(28)
Theoretical Descriptions of the Nature of Concepts	247	(10)
The Classical View	247	(2)
The Prototype View	249	(5)
The Exemplar View	254	(1)
The Schemata View	255	(1)
The Knowledge-Based View	255	(2)
Forming New Concepts and Classifying New Instances	257	(12)
Concept Attainment Strategies	258	(3)
Acquiring Prototypes	261	(1)
Implicit Concept Learning	262	(4)
Using and Forming Scripts	266	(1)
Psychological Essentialism	267	(2)
Summary	269	(1)
Review Questions	270	(1)
Key Terms	270	(1)
Coglab Demonstrations	270	(1)
Search Terms	271	(1)
Web Resources	271	(1)
Visual Imagery	272	(33)
Mnemonics and Memory Codes	274	(5)
Mnemonics	274	(3)
The Dual-Coding Hypothesis	277	(1)
The Relational-Organizational Hypothesis	278	(1)
Empirical Investigations of Imagery	279	(12)
Mental Rotation of Images	281	(5)
Scanning Images	286	(5)
The Nature of Mental Imagery	291	(9)
Principles of Visual Imagery	292	(3)
Critiques of Mental Imagery Research and Theory	295	(5)
Neuropsychological Findings	300	(2)
Summary	302	(1)
Review Questions	303	(1)
Key Terms	303	(1)
Coglab Demonstrations	303	(1)
Search Terms	304	(1)
Web Resources	304	(1)
Part IV Use and Manipulation of Information	305	(160)
Language	306	(49)
The Structure of Language	309	(12)
Phonology	311	(2)
Syntax	313	(5)
Semantics	318	(1)
Pragmatics	319	(2)
Language Comprehension and Production	321	(22)
Speech Perception	321	(4)
Speech Errors in Production	325	(1)
Sentence Comprehension	326	(4)
Comprehending Text Passages	330	(7)
Story Grammars	337	(2)
Gricean Maxims of Conversation	339	(4)
Language and Cognition	343	(9)
The Modularity Hypothesis	344	(1)
The Whorfian Hypothesis	345	(3)
Neuropsychological Views and Evidence	348	(4)
Summary	352	(1)
Review Questions	353	(1)
Key Terms	354	(1)
Coglab Demonstrations	354	(1)
Search Terms	354	(1)
Web Resources	354	(1)
Thinking and Problem Solving	355	(36)
Classic Problems and General Methods of Solution	359	(9)
Generate-and-Test Technique	359	(2)
Means--Ends Analysis	361	(2)
Working Backward	363	(1)
Backtracking	364	(1)
Reasoning by Analogy	365	(3)
Blocks to Problem Solving	368	(8)
Mental Set	368	(4)
Using Incomplete or Incorrect Representations	372	(2)
Lack of Problem-Specific Knowledge or Expertise	374	(2)
The Problem Space Hypothesis	376	(3)
Expert Systems	379	(3)
Finding Creative Solutions	382	(3)
Unconscious Processing and Incubation	382	(1)
Everyday Mechanisms	383	(2)
Critical Thinking	385	(2)
Summary	387	(2)
Review Questions	389	(1)
Key Terms	389	(1)
Coglab Demonstrations	389	(1)
Search Terms	389	(1)
Web Resources	390	(1)
Reasoning	391	(36)
Types of Reasoning	393	(12)
Deductive Reasoning	394	(6)
Inductive Reasoning	400	(4)
Everyday Reasoning	404	(1)
Patterns of Reasoning Performance	405	(6)
Effects of Premise Phrasing	405	(1)
Alteration of Premise Meaning	406	(2)
Failure to Consider All Possibilities	408	(1)
Content and Believability Effects	408	(3)
Biases	411	(1)
Three Approaches to the Study of Reasoning	411	(13)
The Componential Approach	412	(3)
The Rules/Heuristics Approach	415	(4)
The Mental Models Approach	419	(5)
Summary	424	(1)
Review Questions	425	(1)
Key Terms	426	(1)
Coglab Demonstrations	426	(1)
Search Terms	426	(1)
Web Resources	426	(1)
Making Decisions	427	(38)
Phases of Decision Making	429	(3)
Setting Goals	430	(1)
Gathering Information	430	(1)
Structuring the Decision	430	(1)
Making a Final Choice	431	(1)
Evaluating	432	(1)
Basic Concepts of Probability	432	(2)
Cognitive Illusions in Decision Making	434	(15)
Availability	435	(2)
Representativeness	437	(4)
Framing Effects	441	(1)
Anchoring	441	(1)
Sunk Cost Effects	442	(1)
Illusory Correlation	443	(1)
Hindsight Bias	444	(2)
Confirmation Bias	446	(1)
Overconfidence	447	(2)
Utility Models of Decision Making	449	(8)
Expected Utility Theory	449	(3)
Multiattribute Utility Theory	452	(5)
Descriptive Models of Decision Making	457	(1)
Image Theory	457	(1)
Recognition-Primed Decision Making	458	(1)
Improving Decision Making	458	(3)
Summary	461	(1)
Review Questions	462	(1)
Key Terms	463	(1)
Coglab Demonstrations	463	(1)
Search Terms	463	(1)
Web Resources	464	(1)
Part V Individual and Situational Differences in Cognition	465	(114)
Cognitive Development Through Adolescence	466	(39)
Piagetian Theory	468	(12)
General Principles	468	(2)
Stages of Development	470	(8)
Reactions to Piaget's Theory	478	(2)
Non-Piagetian Approaches to Cognitive Development	480	(12)
Perceptual Development in Infancy	481	(2)
Toddlers' Acquisition of Syntax	483	(2)
Preschoolers' Use of Memorial Strategies	485	(3)
Conceptual Development in Early Childhood	488	(2)
The Development of Reasoning Abilities in Middle and Late Childhood	490	(2)
Some Post-Piagetian Answers to the Question ``What Develops?''	492	(10)
Neurological Maturation	492	(1)
Working-Memory Capacity and Processing Speed	493	(2)
Attention and Perceptual Encoding	495	(1)
The Knowledge Base and Knowledge Structures	496	(3)
Strategies	499	(1)
Metacognition	500	(2)
Summary	502	(1)
Review Questions	503	(1)
Key Terms	503	(1)
Coglab Demonstrations	503	(1)
Search Terms	504	(1)
Web Resources	504	(1)
Individual and Gender Differences in Cognition	505	(33)
Individual Differences in Cognition	506	(12)
Ability Differences	506	(6)
Cognitive Styles	512	(3)
Expert/Novice Differences	515	(1)
The Effects of Aging on Cognition	516	(2)
Gender Differences in Cognition	518	(16)
Gender Differences in Skills and Abilities	521	(9)
Gender Differences in Learning and Cognitive Styles	530	(4)
Summary	534	(2)
Review Questions	536	(1)
Key Terms	536	(1)
Coglab Demonstrations	536	(1)
Search Terms	537	(1)
Web Resources	537	(1)
Cognition in Cross-Cultural Perspective	538	(41)
Examples of Studies of Cross-Cultural Cognition	544	(21)
Cross-Cultural Studies of Perception	544	(6)
Cross-Cultural Studies of Memory	550	(4)
Cross-Cultural Studies of Categorization	554	(4)
Cross-Cultural Studies of Reasoning	558	(3)
Cross-Cultural Studies of Counting	561	(4)
Effects of Schooling and Literacy	565	(7)
Situated Cognition in Everyday Settings	572	(4)
Summary	576	(1)
Review Questions	577	(1)
Key Terms	578	(1)
Coglab Demonstrations	578	(1)
Search Terms	578	(1)
Web Resources	578	(1)
Glossary	579	(12)
References	591	(30)
Credits	621	(6)
Author Index	627	(10)
Subject Index	637