Cold Case Homicides: Practical Investigative Techniques

by Walton; Rachel

• ISBN13: 9780849322099
• ISBN10: 084932209X
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-06-13
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Written by a seasoned professional with over 30 years of experience in law enforcement, Cold Case Homicides: Practical Investigative Techniques provides effective and accessible information to those responsible for investigating and resolving previously examined - but still unsolved - cold case homicides.The book merges theory with practice through the use of case histories, photographs, illustrations, and checklists that convey essential, fundamental concepts while providing a strong, practical basis for the investigative process. It combines proven techniques from forensics, psychology, and criminal investigation, and focuses on technologies that may not have been available at the time of the crime.This guide defines the characteristics of a cold case homicide; details various investigative methods used by law enforcement agencies; explores the actual experiences of detectives in re-opening case files; and presents current technologies such as ViCAP, HITS, and TracKRS used in the identification of cases related to the re-opened case, or its perpetrator. It also highlights technological changes that contribute greatly to law enforcement's abilities to solve cold case homicides such as computerized print technology, the specificity of DNA, and the expanding data banks that enable the linkage of previously unknown suspects to the crimes they committed.Addressing methods particularly valuable to cold cases, Cold Case Homicides: Practical Investigative Techniques assists the investigator in being prepared, focused, objective - and successful in obtaining the truth.

Table of Contents

PART I Investigation
The Cold Case Problem	1	(26)
Richard H. Walton
Introduction	1	(3)
Hot versus Cold Case Homicide	2	(2)
``Iceman''	4	(3)
Murder in the 20th Century	5	(1)
Modern Crime Reporting	5	(1)
Background of Current Cold Case Problem	6	(1)
Rates and Trends 1900--1950	7	(4)
Homicide	7	(1)
Advances in Forensic Science	8	(1)
Blood and Serology	8	(1)
Firearms Identification	9	(2)
Rates and Trends 1950--2000	11	(5)
Murder Rates and Trends In Homicide	11	(1)
Forensic Sciences and Technology	12	(1)
Role and Influence of the Media	13	(1)
Cops and the Media	14	(1)
Law Enforcement Culture, Organization, and Practices	14	(2)
Highlights of Homicide Patterns and Trends 1976--2000	16	(6)
Clearance Rates	17	(1)
The Unsolved Homicide Problem Today	18	(1)
What Are Cold Cases?	19	(1)
Why Cases Go Cold	20	(1)
Cases Most Likely To Go Cold	21	(1)
How Old Is Cold?	22	(1)
Case Study	22	(2)
Identified Cold Case Issues	24	(1)
Acknowledgment	24	(1)
Suggested Reading	24	(1)
References	25	(2)
Case File Review	27	(36)
Richard H. Walton
Introduction	28	(1)
Causes for Review and Reactivation of Cold Cases	28	(1)
Preliminary Considerations in Cold Case Investigation	29	(5)
Cold Case Investigator Attributes	29	(2)
Age + Experience = Wisdom	31	(1)
Time	31	(1)
Technology	32	(1)
Time + Technology	32	(1)
Administrative and Supervisory Concerns	33	(1)
Opening the File	34	(4)
Where is the Case File?	34	(1)
File Condition	34	(2)
Organizing the Disorganized File	36	(1)
Case Study	37	(1)
Other Considerations	38	(5)
Past Patterns and Practices	38	(1)
Older Technology	39	(4)
Preliminary File Review	43	(12)
Initial Legal Considerations	45	(1)
Systematic Review of All Cases	45	(1)
Qualifications to Review Unsolved Cases	46	(1)
Solvability Factors	46	(1)
Defining Parameters for a Systematic Review	47	(2)
Case Prioritization by Homicide Category	49	(1)
Objectives Clearly Stated	50	(1)
Identifying Unsolved Cases	50	(1)
Suggested Preliminary Case Review Procedure	50	(1)
Reports and Documents	50	(1)
Evidence Review	51	(1)
``John Doe'' Warrants	52	(1)
Review and Update Case File	52	(1)
Case Synopsis and Assessment Report	52	(3)
Prioritization Schedules	55	(2)
Five-Part Schedule	56	(1)
4-Part Schedule	56	(1)
Three-Part Schedule	56	(1)
Agency Samples	57	(3)
Morris County Prosecutor's Office Method	57	(1)
Kansas City, Missouri, Police Department Method	57	(1)
Los Angeles County Sheriff Method	58	(2)
Conclusion	60	(1)
Acknowledgments	61	(1)
Suggested Reading	61	(2)
Read the Book: Learn the Case	63	(34)
Richard H. Walton
Introduction	63	(2)
Initial Considerations	65	(12)
The Case File	65	(1)
Where to Start	66	(1)
Biography Sheet	66	(2)
Calendars	68	(1)
In-House Changes	69	(1)
File Contents	69	(8)
Additional Considerations	77	(1)
Case Organization	77	(1)
Reexamination of Evidence	77	(1)
Case Study	78	(8)
Photos and Photo Analysis	80	(1)
Aerial Photos	81	(2)
Photo Degradation	83	(1)
Other Considerations in Photo Analysis	83	(2)
Photos Can Turn up in the Strangest of Places	85	(1)
Practical Statement Analysis	86	(1)
Case Study	87	(7)
A New Investigation	90	(4)
Significant Cold Case Issues	94	(1)
Acknowledgments	95	(1)
Suggested Reading	95	(2)
Investigation	97	(34)
Richard H. Walton
Introduction	97	(1)
Reconstructing the Crime and Investigation	98	(11)
Visit the Crime Scene	98	(1)
Reconstructing the Scene	98	(3)
When Visiting the Scene of the Crime	101	(1)
The Neighborhood Canvass	101	(1)
Reconstructing the Canvass	102	(1)
Suggested Questions	103	(1)
City or County Directories	103	(2)
Telephone Directories	105	(1)
Victim and Family Considerations	105	(1)
Contacting the Victim's Family	105	(1)
Reasons to Contact Victim's Family	106	(1)
Arguments against Contacting Victim's Family	107	(1)
Learning More about the Victim (and the Suspect)	107	(1)
Other Family Dynamics	108	(1)
Interviews and Reinterviews	108	(1)
Interview Sequence	109	(1)
Modus Operandi (M.O.) in the 21st Century --- ``Thoughtprints''	109	(6)
Additional Background Resources for Victim and Suspect Information and Development	112	(1)
Additional Investigative Means and Methods For Suspect Development	112	(1)
Interview Considerations	113	(1)
Law Enforcement Perspective	113	(1)
Strategize Interview and Interrogation	114	(1)
Prosecution Perspective	114	(1)
Arrest Considerations	115	(1)
Case Study --- Wilkerson	115	(14)
Conclusion	129	(1)
Acknowledgments	129	(1)
Suggested Reading	129	(2)
The Prosecution of Cold Case Murders	131	(14)
Anne Marie Schubert
Introduction	131	(12)
Early Involvement of a Prosecutor	132	(1)
Prosecuting the Cold Case Murder	133	(1)
Charging Cold Case Murders	133	(1)
Necessary Elements of the Investigation	134	(1)
Thorough Review of Case File	134	(1)
Thorough Review and Analysis of Physical Evidence	135	(2)
Reconstruct the Crime and the Defendant's Connection to the Crime	137	(2)
Special Considerations in DNA Cold Hit Cases	139	(1)
Preparation for Penalty Phase	139	(1)
Legal Issues in Cold Cases	140	(3)
Discovery Issues in Cold Cases	143	(1)
Sentencing in Cold Cases	143	(1)
Conclusion	143	(1)
Acknowledgments	144	(1)
Databases: ViCAP, HITS, and TracKRS	145	(28)
Richard H. Walton
ViCAP	146	(7)
The Beginnings	146	(4)
The New ViCAP	150	(1)
How It Works	150	(2)
ViCAP Crime Analysis Report	152	(1)
ViCAP Submission Criteria	152	(1)
ViCAP Report Components	153	(5)
Future Developments and Technology	158	(1)
Sexual Assault Data Collection and Other Developments	158	(1)
Case History --- Bag of Bones	158	(1)
ViCAP Alert	159	(1)
The Homicide Investigation and Tracking System (HITS)	159	(3)
Taskforce Review Aimed at Catching Killers, Rapists and Sexual Offenders (TracKRS)	162	(3)
Purpose of TracKRS	162	(1)
The Scope of TracKRS	162	(1)
Why Homicides and Sexual Assaults?	162	(1)
TracKRS Development	163	(2)
Projects Involving TracKRS	165	(4)
Cold Case Reviews	165	(1)
Cold Case Investigations	165	(1)
SciLas, the Samples Collected Index --- Location, Activity, and Status Database	166	(1)
The Sexual Assault Backlog Reduction Effort (SABRE)	166	(1)
Prefiling Case Reviews of DNA Cases	167	(1)
Inmates Refusing to Give Blood Samples	168	(1)
Evidence Retention Guidelines	168	(1)
Streamlining Failure to Register Violation Filings	168	(1)
ViCAP	168	(1)
The California State DOJ Sexual Predator Apprehension Team (SPAT)	168	(1)
Referrals	168	(1)
Murder Case Due Diligence	168	(1)
Conclusion	169	(1)
Acknowledgments	170	(1)
Suggested Reading	171	(2)
FBI: NCJIS and NCIC	173	(22)
Richard H. Walton
Introduction	173	(2)
Background and History	173	(1)
National Crime Information Center	174	(1)
NCIC Files	175	(6)
NCIC Records Retention	179	(2)
Case History	181	(7)
Criteria Evolution	184	(1)
NCIC Vehicle File	184	(1)
NCIC Article File	185	(1)
NCIC Securities File	185	(1)
NCIC Unidentified Person File	185	(1)
NCIC Violent Felon File	185	(1)
NCIC Violent Gang and Terrorist Organization File	186	(1)
Terrorist Organization --- Restriction on Entry	187	(1)
Group Member Capability (GMC)	187	(1)
GMC --- Criterion For Entry --- Relationship To GRC	187	(1)
NCIC Protection Order File	187	(1)
NCIC Wanted Person File	188	(1)
NCIC 2000	188	(5)
Special Capabilities of NCIC	189	(4)
Acknowledgments	193	(1)
Suggested Reading	194	(1)
Interviewing Senior Citizens	195	(22)
Richard H. Walton
Introduction	195	(1)
Don't Assume Anything	196	(2)
Memory	196	(2)
Information Retention	198	(1)
Age and Memory	199	(1)
Memory Types	200	(6)
Short-Term Memory	201	(1)
Long-Term Memory	201	(2)
Sensory Memory	203	(1)
Impaired Memory	203	(2)
Alzheimer's Disease	205	(1)
Stroke	205	(1)
Case History	206	(2)
Capacity	208	(1)
Interview Techniques and Considerations	208	(6)
Past Law Enforcement Practices	209	(1)
The Approach, Introduction, and Interviews	209	(3)
Tape Recorder	212	(1)
Documents, Pictures and Props	212	(1)
The Interview	213	(1)
A Word of Caution	214	(1)
Conclusion	214	(1)
Acknowledgments	215	(1)
Suggested Reading	215	(2)
Death Certificate and Obituary	217	(12)
Richard H. Walton
Death Certificate	217	(9)
Information Found on the Death Certificate	221	(2)
Certificate of Fetal Death	223	(3)
Application and Permit For Disposition of Human Remains	226	(2)
Types of Disposition of Human Remains	226	(1)
Other Mortuary and Funeral Home Resources	227	(1)
Visitor's Log	227	(1)
Obituary	228	(1)
Acknowledgments	228	(1)
Suggested Reading	228	(1)
The Coroner's Inquest	229	(6)
Richard H. Walton
Coroner and Medical Examiner Operations	229	(2)
County Coroner	229	(1)
Sheriff-Coroner	230	(1)
Medical Examiner	230	(1)
Coroner's Inquest	231	(3)
Discretion	232	(1)
Jurisdiction and Venue	232	(1)
Juror Qualifications	232	(1)
Oath and Duties	232	(1)
Inquest Process	232	(1)
Transcripts and Records	233	(1)
Verdict or Finding	233	(1)
Acknowledgments	234	(1)
Suggested Reading	234	(1)
Cold Case Squads	235	(26)
Richard H. Walton
Introduction	235	(3)
Why Form a Cold Case Squad?	236	(1)
What's in a Name?	236	(2)
Forming the Cold Case Squad	238	(6)
Administration	238	(1)
Selection of Personnel	239	(1)
Supervisors and Investigators	240	(1)
Additional Staffing	240	(1)
Assignment to a Cold Case Squad	241	(1)
Case Identification and Selection	241	(1)
Cold Case Squad Design	242	(1)
Defining Responsibilities of the Cold Case Unit	243	(1)
Example of a Cold Case Squad Setup	244	(3)
Case Tracking and Clue Management Systems	246	(1)
Example Protocol --- Cold Case Squad	247	(3)
H.E.A.T	247	(1)
Open Case Review Protocol	247	(3)
Unsolved Homicide Evaluations	250	(2)
State Agency --- Cold Case Squad Protocol	250	(2)
Media and Cold Case Squads	252	(1)
Additional Training and Resources for Cold Case Squads	252	(1)
North America Cold Case Investigation Units	253	(5)
Acknowledgments	258	(1)
Suggested Reading	258	(3)
The Media in Cold Case Investigation	261	(26)
Richard H. Walton
Introduction	261	(9)
The Media as Information Resources	262	(1)
Newspapers	263	(1)
Where to Find Old Newspapers	263	(2)
What Might Be Found in the Newspapers	265	(2)
Searching the Newspapers	267	(2)
The Photographic Record	269	(1)
Film and Audio Media	270	(3)
Elements of a Newscast	271	(1)
Contacting the Media	271	(1)
Media Retrieval	272	(1)
Film Degradation or Quality	272	(1)
Magazines and Other Literature	273	(1)
Other Media Sources for Information	274	(1)
Case Study	275	(6)
The Initial Investigation	276	(1)
The Crime Scene	276	(1)
Reported Witness Statements	276	(1)
The Investigation	277	(4)
Media Assistance in Cold Case Investigation	281	(1)
Case Study	282	(3)
Media and Reporting of Solved Cold Cases	285	(1)
Other Guidelines	285	(1)
Conclusion	285	(1)
Acknowledgments	285	(1)
Suggested Reading	286	(1)
PART II Technology
Friction Skin Impressions	287	(20)
Edwardo Palma
Introduction	287	(1)
Man's Knowledge and Uses of Fingerprints	288	(5)
Fingerprint Identification Then and Now	290	(2)
Dermal Friction Skin Ridges: The Living Skin behind the Fingerprint	292	(1)
Biology Aspect of Friction Ridge Skin	293	(3)
Fingerprint Processes	295	(1)
Two Types of Fingerprint Evidence	295	(1)
Factors Affecting Whether Fingerprints Are Depositied on Or Recovered from a Surface	296	(5)
Surfaces	296	(1)
Sequencing	297	(1)
Adhesive Surfaces	298	(1)
Bloody Fingerprints on Porous and Nonporous Surfaces	298	(1)
Standard Fingerprint Detection and Recovery Techniques	299	(1)
Dye Stains	300	(1)
Powders	300	(1)
Adhesive Reagents	300	(1)
Blood Reagents	300	(1)
Prints from Human Skin	301	(1)
Sophisticated Fingerprint Detection and Recovery Techniques	301	(3)
Specialized Light Sources Designed for Forensic Use	301	(1)
Digital Photography	301	(1)
Other Development Methods	302	(1)
Blood Reagents*	303	(1)
Conclusion	304	(1)
References	304	(3)
Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems	307	(10)
Peter D. Komarinski
Introduction	307	(1)
Basic Latent Print Identification Practices	307	(2)
Fingerprint Identification Systems	309	(1)
AFIS Systems	310	(5)
Latent Print Applications of AFIS	311	(3)
AFIS Search Options	314	(1)
Further AFIS Application to Cold Cases	314	(1)
An Example of AFIS and Cold Cases	315	(1)
Conclusion	316	(1)
Acknowledgment	316	(1)
From Serology to DNA in Cold Case Investigations	317	(18)
Michael J. Grubb
Introduction	317	(1)
Developments in DNA Science as Used in Forensic Science	317	(5)
CODIS --- The Combined DNA Index System	319	(2)
Mitochondrial DNA	321	(1)
Y Chromosome STR Analysis	322	(1)
Sample Storage and Degradation	322	(1)
Importance of DNA to the Cold Case Investigator	322	(2)
Case Example of the Use of DNA on a Cold Case --- The Keever/Sellers Homicides	324	(1)
Serology	325	(5)
Identification of Biological Stains	325	(2)
Genetic Markers	327	(2)
Masking of Genetic Markers	329	(1)
What a Serology Report Says and Doesn't Say	330	(1)
Cold Case Example of Use of a Dated Serology Report --- The Mia Zapata Case	330	(1)
The Cold Case Investigator's Clues from a Serology Report	331	(1)
Serology and DNA Advances with Time	331	(2)
Acknowledgment	333	(1)
Suggested Reading	333	(2)
Mitochondrial DNA Examination of Cold Case Crime Scene Hairs	335	(10)
Terry Melton
Introduction	335	(6)
Advantages and Limitations of mtDNA Analysis	336	(2)
Crime Scene Hairs	338	(2)
The Analytical Process	340	(1)
Mitochondrial DNA Cold Cases	341	(1)
Lori Roscetti Homicide	341	(1)
Terrorist Storage Locker	342	(1)
William Gregory Exoneration	342	(1)
Conclusion	342	(1)
Suggested Reading	343	(2)
DNA as a Witness	345	(6)
Zach Gaskin
Introduction	345	(4)
Race and DNA	345	(1)
A Good Witness is Hard to Find	346	(1)
Starting Smart with BGA	346	(1)
Case Study: Twenty Years in the Wrong Direction	347	(1)
Investigations and So-Called ``Expert'' Opinions on Race	348	(1)
Painting a Picture with DNA	348	(1)
The Ultimate Investigation Using DNA	349	(1)
Acknowledgment	349	(2)
Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)	351	(8)
Richard H. Walton
History	351	(1)
How Codis Is Used	351	(4)
System Design and Structure	352	(1)
Software	353	(1)
Sources of DNA Profiles	354	(1)
The Indexes	354	(1)
Forensic Index	354	(1)
Offender Index	354	(1)
National Missing Persons DNA Index	354	(1)
Unidentified Human Remains Index	354	(1)
The Process Involved in a ``Hit''	355	(1)
Acknowledgments	355	(2)
Suggested Reading	357	(2)
National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN)	359	(10)
Richard H. Walton
Ceasefire, Drugfire, Bulletproof, and Nibin	359	(2)
Setup and Design	361	(2)
Equipment and Networking	363	(1)
How It Works	363	(2)
Organization and History of ATF	365	(2)
Further ATF Cold Case Resources	366	(1)
National Firearms Tracing Center	367	(1)
National Licensing Center	367	(1)
Acknowledgments	367	(2)
PART III Investigative Tools
Forensic Anthropology in Cold Cases	369	(16)
Madeleine Hinkes
Introduction	369	(1)
Search and Recovery	370	(9)
Analysis	371	(1)
Biological Profile	372	(1)
Sex	372	(1)
Age	373	(1)
Ancestry	373	(1)
Stature	374	(1)
Skeletal Anomalies	374	(1)
Antemortem Trauma and Disease	374	(1)
Perimortem Trauma	375	(1)
Postmortem Changes	376	(2)
Estimation of Postmortem Interval	378	(1)
Identification	379	(2)
Case Study --- Crystal's Story	381	(1)
Acknowledgment	382	(1)
References	382	(3)
Forensic Dentistry in Cold Case Homicide Investigation	385	(14)
Norman D. Sperber
Introduction	385	(1)
Dental Identification	385	(1)
Cold Case Identification of Unknown Persons through Dental X-rays	386	(8)
Possible Sources for Antemortem X-rays	388	(1)
NCIC Missing Person and Unidentified Person File	388	(1)
NCIC Missing Person File	389	(2)
Dental History Information	391	(1)
NCIC Unidentified Person File	391	(3)
Bitemarks on Victims or Perpetrators	394	(3)
Bitemark photography	395	(1)
Bitemark Impressions	395	(2)
Exhumations of Embalmed Bodies with Bitemarks	397	(1)
Acknowledgment	397	(1)
Bibliography	397	(2)
Forensic Exhumation	399	(30)
Richard H. Walton
Introduction	399	(1)
Considerations in the Exhumation Process	400	(16)
Why Conduct a Forensic Exhumation?	400	(1)
The Death Certificate	401	(1)
Disposition of Human Remains	401	(1)
Investigative Considerations	401	(2)
Visit the Cemetery and Grave Location	403	(2)
Observations at the Grave	405	(1)
Drafting the Request for a Forensic Exhumation	405	(1)
The Court Order	406	(1)
The Exhumation	406	(3)
Recording the Exhumation	409	(1)
The Embalming Process	409	(1)
The Embalming Report	410	(3)
Finding Usable DNA	413	(3)
Case Study: ``Boulder Jane Doe''	416	(3)
Affidavit for Search Warrant	419	(7)
Significant Cold Case Issues	426	(1)
Acknowledgments	427	(1)
Bibliography	427	(2)
Criminal Investigative Analysis in Cold Case Investigations	429	(18)
Sharon Pagaling Hagan
Historical Perspective	430	(1)
Investigative Role	431	(1)
Investigative Materials	432	(1)
Victimology	432	(1)
Geographic Information	433	(1)
Crime Scene Analysis	433	(2)
Case Study	434	(1)
Offender Risk	435	(1)
Method of Approach	436	(1)
Size of the Crime Scene	436	(1)
Bloodstain Patterns and Deposits	436	(1)
Items Taken or Left Behind	437	(1)
Positioning and Disposition of the Body	437	(1)
Cause of Death and Wound Patterns	438	(2)
Case Study	438	(1)
Case Study	439	(1)
Sexual Activity	440	(1)
Case Study	441	(1)
Staged Crime Scenes	441	(2)
Case Study	442	(1)
Evaluation of Eyewitness Evidence	443	(1)
Conclusion	444	(1)
Acknowledgments	445	(1)
References	445	(2)
Warming up with Wiretaps	447	(16)
Robert P. Hickey
What Is a Wiretap?	448	(5)
Application to Cold Homicides	448	(1)
Multiple Perpetrators	448	(3)
Accomplices Before or After the Fact	451	(1)
Persons in Whom the Killer Has or May Confide	451	(2)
Building a Wiretap Affidavit	453	(2)
Exhaustion of Other Law Enforcement Techniques and Necessity	453	(1)
The Target Telephone	453	(1)
The Target Subject	454	(1)
Relationship Between the Target, the Phone and the Crime	454	(1)
Additional Approval and Procedural Requirements	454	(1)
``Tickling the Wire'' --- Tips to Warm Up a Cold Case During a Wiretap	454	(1)
Case Study	455	(6)
The Initial Investigation	455	(4)
Reopening the Investigation in 2002	459	(2)
Summary	461	(2)
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis in Homicide Cold Case Investigations	463	(14)
Tom Bevel
Introduction	463	(6)
A Brief History of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis	464	(1)
Methodology of BPA in Homicide Cold Cases	464	(3)
Identifying Expectorate Blood Spatter	467	(1)
Chemical Enhancements	468	(1)
A Methodology for Examining Clothing and Other Physical Evidence	468	(1)
Applying the Scientific Method to Your Analysis	469	(1)
Case Analysis Examples	470	(5)
Case 1	470	(2)
Case 2	472	(2)
Case 3	474	(1)
Summary	475	(1)
Reference	476	(1)
Luminol	477	(8)
Rod Englert
Introduction	477	(5)
Composition and Background	477	(1)
Usage of Luminol	478	(1)
Some Misconceptions	478	(1)
Common Uses of Luminol	478	(1)
Application and Use	479	(1)
Photography	480	(1)
Excluded Surfaces and False Positives	481	(1)
Post-Incident Cleaning	482	(1)
Case Study	482	(1)
Conclusion	483	(1)
Acknowledgments	483	(1)
Bibliography	483	(1)
Reference	483	(2)
Forensic Document Examination	485	(12)
Paul R. Edholm, Jr
The Forensic Document Examiner	485	(6)
Form Blindness Test	486	(1)
Graphologists	486	(1)
Copybook Writing	486	(1)
Graphic Maturity	486	(1)
Obtaining Handwriting Exemplars	486	(1)
Custodian of Records	487	(1)
Classes of Specimens	488	(1)
Terminology Regarding Signatures	488	(1)
Forensic Document Terminology	489	(1)
Handwriting Characteristics	490	(1)
Identification of Handwriting	491	(5)
Characteristics of Handwriting	491	(1)
Letter Slant and Size	491	(1)
Obliterations	491	(1)
Examination of Paper under Ultraviolet and Infrared Light	492	(1)
Fluorescence Analysis Cabinet	492	(1)
Folds in a Document	492	(1)
Watermarks	492	(1)
Sequence of Line Crossings	493	(1)
Indented Writing	493	(1)
Erased Writing	494	(1)
Obtaining Fingerprints from Documents	494	(1)
Fax Copies	495	(1)
Check Washing	495	(1)
Preserving Questioned Documents	496	(1)
Acknowledgment	496	(1)
Forensic Art in Cold Cases	497	(32)
Karen T. Taylor
Introduction to Forensic Art	499	(1)
Scope of Forensic Art	499	(1)
Four Categories of Forensic Art Methods	499	(1)
Composite Imagery in Cold Cases	500	(6)
Circumstances for Doing Composite Images	500	(1)
Procedural Considerations for the Composite Interview	501	(1)
Overall Significance of the Composite Interview	501	(1)
Other Interview and Memory Factors...Face Facts	501	(1)
Reinterviewing Witnesses	502	(2)
Composite Drawing Examples	504	(1)
Types of Composite Systems	505	(1)
Drawings Other Than the Face	505	(1)
Considerations for the Investigator	506	(1)
What the Artist Needs	506	(1)
Image Modification: Child Age Progression in Cold Cases	506	(3)
Circumstances for Doing Child Age Progression	506	(1)
Procedural Considerations for Child Age Progression	506	(1)
Choice of Method for Child Age Progressions	506	(1)
Importance of Artist's Knowledge	507	(1)
Photographs for Child Age Progression	507	(1)
Child Age Progression Case Example	508	(1)
Considerations for the Investigator	508	(1)
What the Artist Needs	508	(1)
Image Modification: Adult Age Progression in Cold Cases	509	(2)
Circumstances for Doing Adult Age Progression	509	(1)
Procedural Considerations for Adult Age Progression	509	(1)
Choice of Method for Adult Age Progressions	509	(1)
Importance of Artist's Knowledge	509	(1)
Photographs for Adult Age Progression	510	(1)
Fugitive Update Case Example	510	(1)
Considerations for the Investigator	511	(1)
What the Artist Needs	511	(1)
Image Identification in Cold Cases	511	(3)
Circumstances for Doing Image Identification	511	(1)
Procedural Considerations for Image Identification	512	(1)
Image Identification Case Example	513	(1)
Considerations for the Investigator	514	(1)
What the Artist Needs	514	(1)
Postmortem Imagery in Cold Cases	514	(4)
Circumstances for Doing Postmortem Drawing or Imagery	514	(1)
Cases in Which Postmortem Drawing Is Used	515	(1)
Cases in Which Postmortem Drawing Is Generally Not Used	515	(1)
Procedural Considerations for Doing Postmortem Drawing or Imagery	515	(1)
Choice of Method for Postmortem Drawing or Imagery	515	(1)
Importance of Artist's Knowledge	515	(1)
Photography for Postmortem Drawing or Imagery	515	(1)
Scientific Input for Postmortem Drawing or Imagery	516	(1)
Postmortem Drawing Case Examples	516	(1)
Considerations for the Investigator	516	(2)
What the Artist Needs	518	(1)
Two-Dimensional Facial Reconstruction in Cold Cases	518	(4)
Circumstances for Doing Two-Dimensional Facial Reconstruction	518	(1)
Procedural Considerations for Doing Two-Dimensional Facial Reconstruction	519	(1)
Choice of Method for Facial Reconstruction	519	(1)
Importance of Artist's Knowledge	519	(1)
Scientific Input for Facial Reconstruction	520	(1)
Photography for Two-Dimensional Facial Reconstruction	520	(1)
Two-Dimensional Facial Reconstruction Examples	520	(1)
Considerations for the Investigator	520	(2)
What the Artist Needs	522	(1)
Three-Dimensional Facial Reconstruction in Cold Cases	522	(2)
Circumstances for Doing Three-Dimensional Facial Reconstruction	522	(1)
Procedural Considerations for Doing Three-Dimensional Facial Reconstruction	522	(1)
Choice of Method for Facial Reconstruction	522	(1)
Importance of Artist's Knowledge	522	(1)
Scientific Input for Three-Dimensional Facial Reconstruction	522	(1)
Photography for Three-Dimensional Facial Reconstruction	523	(1)
Three-Dimensional Facial Reconstruction Example	523	(1)
Considerations for the Investigator	523	(1)
What the Artist Needs	524	(1)
Superimposition Comparison in Cold Cases	524	(2)
Circumstances for Doing Superimposition Comparison	524	(1)
Procedural Considerations for Doing Superimposition Comparison	524	(1)
Video Superimposition Comparison Example	525	(1)
Considerations for the Investigator	526	(1)
What the Artist Needs	526	(1)
Qualifications of the Forensic Artist	526	(2)
Training and Education	526	(1)
Experience	527	(1)
Certification	527	(1)
Fee Structure	528	(1)
Dealings between The Artist and the Investigator	528	(1)
Acknowledgment	528	(1)
References	528	(1)
Cold Case Polygraph	529	(8)
Paul Redden
Introduction	529	(6)
Role of the Polygraph	529	(1)
Selection and Qualifications of Polygraph Examiner	530	(1)
Limitations on Examination	530	(1)
Prior to the Examination	530	(2)
The Examination Process	532	(1)
Pre-Test Phase	532	(1)
Test Phase	532	(1)
Post Test Phase	533	(1)
Effect of Time on Cold Case Polygraph	534	(1)
Conclusion	535	(1)
Acknowledgment	535	(2)
Geographic Profiling in Cold Case Investigations	537	(24)
D. Kim Rossmo
Introduction	537	(1)
Criminal Investigative Process	538	(6)
Linkage Analysis	539	(1)
Physical Evidence	540	(1)
Offender Description	540	(1)
Crime Scene Behavior	541	(3)
Geographic Profiling	544	(13)
GeoProfiling Considerations	545	(2)
Criminal Hunting Methods	547	(1)
Poacher Indicators	548	(1)
Target Area	548	(1)
Criminal/Crimes	549	(1)
Crime Locations	549	(1)
Questions	550	(1)
The Rigel Computer System	550	(1)
Investigative Strategies and Tactics	551	(1)
Suspect Prioritization	551	(1)
Police Information Systems	552	(1)
Task Force Management	552	(1)
Sex Offender Registries	552	(1)
Government and Business Databases	552	(1)
Motor Vehicle Registrations	553	(1)
Bloodings	554	(1)
Peak-of-Tension Polygraphy	554	(1)
Missing Bodies	554	(1)
Austin Ripper	555	(2)
Conclusion	557	(1)
Acknowledgment	557	(1)
References	557	(4)
``El Segundo''	561	(34)
Richard H. Walton
Introduction	561	(1)
The Crimes	562	(10)
The Initial Investigation	564	(7)
Investigation Reopened	571	(1)
Investigation Better than Documentation	572	(11)
Role of Advanced Technology (AFIS/IAFIS)	574	(4)
Re-Interview Witnesses	578	(1)
Visiting the Scene	579	(1)
Forensic Document Examination	580	(3)
Preparing the Case for Review and Prosecution	583	(1)
Prepare a Road Map	583	(1)
The Original Investigation	583	(1)
Reinvestigation	584	(5)
Search Warrants	586	(2)
Officer Safety	588	(1)
Think and Practice Officer Safety	589	(5)
Search Warrant Service	589	(1)
Arrest and Interview	589	(1)
Interview of Family and Friends	590	(1)
News Media Considerations	590	(1)
Search Warrant Findings	590	(1)
Subsequent Court Proceedings	591	(1)
News Conference	591	(1)
New Witness	592	(1)
Postscript	592	(2)
Acknowledgments	594	(1)
PART IV Other Resources
Other Cold Case Resources	595	(20)
Richard H. Walton
National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC)	595	(1)
Background	595	(1)
Services Offered by the NCMEC	596	(2)
Forensic Services	596	(1)
Investigative Assistance	597	(1)
NCMEC Specialized Case Unit (SCU)	598	(2)
Other Links	599	(1)
Other Resources	599	(1)
National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC)	600	(3)
Assistance	602	(1)
Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS)	603	(2)
Vidocq Society	605	(4)
Case Selection	606	(1)
Case Intake Criteria	606	(1)
Case Review Process	607	(1)
Case Presentation	607	(1)
Confidentiality	607	(1)
Media Concerns	607	(2)
American Academy of Forensic Sciences	609	(1)
America's Most Wanted	609	(2)
America's Most Wanted Cold Case Unit	610	(1)
The Carol Sund/Carrington Memorial Reward Foundation	611	(1)
The Doe Network	612	(1)
Organization	612	(1)
Projects	612	(1)
Family Liaison	612	(1)
Case Criteria	613	(1)
NecroSearch	613	(2)
Conclusion	615	(2)
Richard H. Walton
Acronyms	617	(4)
Index	621