A College Grammar of English

by Greenbaum, Sidney

• ISBN13: 9780582285972
• ISBN10: 0582285976
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1989-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Rules and Varieties	1	(12)
What is Grammar?	1	(1)
Grammar and Other Aspects of Language	2	(1)
Grammars of English	3	(1)
Which English?	3	(1)
National Varieties	3	(1)
Standard and Nonstandard English	4	(2)
Variation According to Use	6	(3)
Descriptive and Prescriptive Rules	9	(1)
Why Study Grammar?	10	(3)
PART I: THE GRAMMAR	13	(162)
The Sentence	15	(10)
What Is a Sentence?	15	(2)
Irregular Sentences and Nonsentences	17	(1)
Simple and Multiple Sentences	18	(2)
Sentence Types	20	(1)
Positive and Negative Sentences	21	(1)
Active and Passive Sentences	22	(3)
The Parts of the Simple Sentence	25	(33)
Structure, Form, Function	25	(2)
Subject, Predicate, Verb	27	(1)
Operator	28	(3)
Dummy Operator Do, Be	31	(1)
Subject and Verb	32	(3)
Subject	35	(2)
Transitive Verbs and Direct Object	37	(1)
Linking Verbs and Subject Complement	38	(1)
Intransitive Verbs and Adverbials	39	(3)
Advebial Complement	42	(1)
Direct and Indirect Object	43	(3)
Direct Object and Complement	46	(2)
The Basic Sentence Structures	48	(4)
The Meanings of the Sentence Elements	52	(6)
The Structures of Phrases	58	(46)
Kinds of Phrases	58	(2)
The Noun Phrase	60	(1)
The Structure of the Noun Phrase	60	(1)
Determiners	61	(1)
Modifiers	61	(1)
Relative Clauses	62	(2)
Appositive Clauses	64	(1)
Appositives	65	(1)
Coordination	66	(2)
Complexity	68	(1)
Functions	69	(1)
The Verb Phrase	70	(1)
The Structure of the Verb Phrase	70	(1)
Main Verbs	71	(1)
Tense, Person, and Number	72	(2)
Aspect	74	(2)
Voice	76	(2)
Expressing Future Time	78	(1)
The Sequence of Auxiliaries	79	(3)
Finite and Nonfinite Verb Phrases	82	(2)
Mood	84	(2)
Multi-Word Verbs	86	(4)
The Adjective Phrase	90	(1)
The Structure of the Adjective Phrase	90	(2)
Functions	92	(3)
The Adverb Phrase	95	(1)
The Structure of the Adverb Phrase	95	(1)
Functions	96	(1)
The Prepositional Phrase	97	(1)
The Structure of the Propositional Phrase	97	(3)
Functions	100	(4)
Word Classes	104	(48)
Open and Closed Classes	104	(1)
Word Classes and Word Uses	105	(1)
Nouns	106	(1)
Noun Suffixes	106	(1)
Noun Classes	107	(3)
Number	110	(1)
Gender	111	(1)
Case	111	(2)
Main Verbs	113	(1)
Verb Suffixes	113	(2)
Regular and Irregular Verbs	115	(2)
Adjectives	117	(1)
Adjectives Suffixes	117	(1)
Adjective Classes	118	(3)
Gradability and Comparison	121	(2)
Adverbs	123	(1)
Adverb Suffixes	123	(1)
Gradability and Comparison	124	(1)
Pronouns	125	(1)
Pronoun Classes	125	(2)
Personal Pronouns	127	(2)
Possessives	129	(1)
Reflexive Pronouns	130	(1)
Demonstrative Pronouns	131	(1)
Reciprocal Pronouns	132	(1)
Interrogative Pronouns	132	(1)
Relative Pronouns	133	(3)
Indefinite Pronouns and Numerals	136	(2)
Determiners	138	(1)
Classes of Determiners	138	(1)
Central Determiners	138	(1)
The Articles and Reference	139	(4)
Predeterminers	143	(1)
Postdeterminers	143	(1)
Auxiliaries	144	(1)
Classes of Auxiliaries	144	(1)
Meanings of the Modals	145	(1)
Conjunctions	146	(2)
Prepositions	148	(4)
Sentences and Clauses	152	(23)
Sentence Types	152	(1)
Questions	152	(3)
Imperatives	155	(1)
Exclamatives	156	(1)
Speech Acts	157	(2)
Compound Sentences	159	(1)
Complex Sentences	160	(1)
Nonfinite and Verbless Clauses	161	(3)
Functions of Subordinate Clauses	164	(3)
Sentence Complexity	167	(1)
There-Structures	168	(1)
Cleft Sentences	169	(1)
Anticipatory It	170	(5)
PART II APPLICATIONS	175	(107)
Punctuation	177	(31)
Punctuation Rules	177	(1)
Sentence Fragments and Fragmentary Sentences	178	(4)
Run-on Sentences and Comma Splices	182	(3)
Coordinated Main Clauses	185	(2)
Direct Speech	187	(3)
Citations	190	(2)
Questions	192	(1)
Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses	193	(3)
Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Apposition	196	(1)
Adverbial Clauses	197	(3)
Vocatives and Interjections	200	(1)
Avoidance of Misunderstanding	201	(1)
Genitives of Nouns	202	(2)
Genitives of Pronouns	204	(4)
Usage Problems	208	(34)
Subject-Verb Agreement	208	(1)
The General Rules	208	(3)
And	211	(1)
Or, Nor	212	(1)
With	212	(1)
Collective Nouns	213	(1)
Indefinite Pronouns	213	(2)
Quantity Phrases	215	(1)
Singular Nouns in -s	215	(1)
Who, Which, That	216	(1)
What	216	(1)
There Is, There Are	217	(1)
Citations and Titles	217	(2)
Case	219	(1)
Subject Complement	219	(1)
Coordinated Phrases	219	(2)
After as and than	221	(1)
After but	221	(1)
After Let	221	(1)
Who, Whom	222	(1)
With -ing Clauses	223	(4)
Auxiliaries and Verbs	227	(1)
Problems with Auxiliaries	227	(1)
Lie, Lay	227	(1)
Sit, Set	228	(1)
Present Tense	229	(1)
Past and -ed Participle	230	(2)
Past Subjunctive and Past	232	(2)
Multiple Negation	234	(2)
Adjectives and Adverbs	236	(1)
Confusion Between Adjectives and Adverbs	236	(1)
Comparison	237	(1)
Only	238	(1)
Dangling Modifiers	239	(3)
Style	242	(25)
Style in Writing	242	(1)
Emphasis	242	(1)
End-Focus	242	(2)
Front-Focus	244	(1)
There-Structures and Cleft Sentences	245	(1)
Parenthetic Expressions	245	(2)
Clarity	247	(1)
End-Weight	247	(2)
Misplaced Expressions	249	(2)
Abstract Nouns	251	(2)
Modifiers in Noun Phrases	253	(1)
Subordination	254	(1)
Parallelism	255	(3)
Repeated Sounds	258	(1)
Pronoun Reference	259	(2)
Consistency	261	(1)
Pronoun Agreement	261	(2)
Tense Consistency	263	(1)
Sequence Consistency	264	(3)
Literary Analysis	267	(15)
The Language of Literature	267	(4)
Foregrounding	271	(5)
Ambiguity	276	(6)
APPENDIX Spelling	282	(25)
A.1 Spelling, Pronunciation, and Meaning	282	(3)
A.2 Learning to Spell	285	(2)
A.3 Spelling Rules for Short and Long Vowel Sounds	287	(1)
A.4 Suffixes and Inflections	288	(9)
A.5 Prefixes	297	(1)
A.6 Other Aids to Spelling	298	(2)
A.7 Words Pronounced Similarly	300	(4)
A.8 Words Often Misspelled	304	(3)
Glossary	307	(24)
Index	331