College Physics

by Wilson, Jerry D; Buffa, Anthony J; Lou, Bo

• ISBN13: 9780131495791
• ISBN10: 0131495798
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Benjamin Cummings

Summary

This book presents fundamental physics principles in a clear, concise manner. The Sixth Edition adds a focus on biomedical applications of physical principles, while continuing to emphasize conceptual understanding as the basis for mastering a variety of problem-solving tools. Provides a wide range of relevant applications and illustrative examples to help students understand concepts and relate physics principles to everyday life. Topics include mechanics, thermodynamics, oscillations and wave motion, electricity and magnetism, optics, and modern physics. For anyone hoping to learn more about the fundamentals of physics and applying principles to a variety of real-world situations, devices, and topics.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Measurement and Problem Solving	1	(31)
Insight: 1.1 Why Study Physics?	2	(1)
Why and How We Measure	2	(1)
SI Units of Length, Mass, and Time	3	(4)
Insight: 1.2 What Is Time?	6	(1)
More about the Metric System	7	(3)
Unit Analysis	10	(2)
Unit Conversions	12	(5)
Insight: 1.3 Is Unit Conversion Important?	16	(1)
Significant Figures	17	(3)
Problem Solving	20	(12)
Chapter Review	24	(1)
Exercises	25	(7)
Kinematics: Description of Motion	32	(35)
Distance and Speed: Scalar Quantities	33	(2)
One-Dimensional Displacement and Velocity: Vector Quantities	35	(5)
Learn by Drawing: Cartesian Coordinates and One-Dimensional Displacement	35	(5)
Acceleration	40	(5)
Learn by Drawing: Signs of Velocity and Acceleration	42	(3)
Kinematic Equations (Constant Acceleration)	45	(4)
Free Fall	49	(18)
Insight: 2.1 Galileo Galilei and the Leaning Tower of Pisa	51	(5)
Chapter Review	56	(1)
Exercises	57	(10)
Motion in Two Dimensions	67	(36)
Components of Motion	68	(5)
Vector Addition and Subtraction	73	(8)
Learn by Drawing: Make a Sketch and Add Them Up	80	(1)
Projectile Motion	81	(9)
Relative Velocity	90	(13)
Chapter Review	94	(1)
Exercises	95	(8)
Force and Motion	103	(37)
The Concepts of Force and Net Force	104	(1)
Inertia and Newton's First Law of Motion	105	(1)
Newton's Second Law of Motion	106	(6)
Insight: 4.1 g's of Force and Effects on the Human Body	108	(4)
Newton's Third Law of Motion	112	(4)
Insight: 4.2 Sailing into the Wind---Tacking	115	(1)
More on Newton's Laws: Free-body Diagrams and Translational Equilibrium	116	(5)
Learn by Drawing: Forces on an Object on an Inclined Plane and Free-body Diagrams	116	(5)
Friction	121	(19)
Chapter Review	130	(1)
Exercises	131	(9)
Work and Energy	140	(37)
Work Done by a Constant Force	141	(4)
Learn by Drawing: Work: Area under the F-versus-x Curve	142	(1)
Learn by Drawing: Determining the Sign of Work	143	(2)
Work Done by a Variable Force	145	(3)
The Work--Energy Theorem: Kinetic Energy	148	(4)
Potential Energy	152	(3)
Conservation of Energy	155	(9)
Insight: 5.1 People Power: Using Body Energy	156	(5)
Learn by Drawing: Energy Exchanges: A Falling Ball	161	(3)
Power	164	(13)
Insight: 5.2 Hybrid Energy Conversion	164	(4)
Chapter Review	168	(1)
Exercises	169	(8)
Linear Momentum and Collisions	177	(39)
Linear Momentum	178	(4)
Impulse	182	(3)
Conservation of Linear Momentum	185	(6)
Insight: 6.1 The Automobile Air Bag and Martian Air Bags	186	(5)
Elastic and Inelastic Collisions	191	(7)
Center of Mass	198	(6)
Jet Propulsion and Rockets	204	(12)
Chapter Review	207	(1)
Exercises	207	(9)
Circular Motion and Gravitation	216	(40)
Angular Measure	217	(2)
Angular Speed and Velocity	219	(4)
Learn by Drawing: The Small-Angle Approximation	219	(4)
Uniform Circular Motion and Centripetal Acceleration	223	(5)
Insight: 7.1 The Centrifuge: Separating Blood Components	225	(3)
Angular Acceleration	228	(3)
Newton's Law of Gravitation	231	(7)
Insight: 7.2 Space Exploration: Gravity Assists	238	(1)
Kepler's Laws and Earth Satellites	238	(18)
Insight: 7.3 ``Weightlessness'': Effects on the Human Body	245	(2)
Chapter Review	247	(1)
Exercises	248	(8)
Rotational Motion and Equilibrium	256	(41)
Rigid Bodies, Translations, and Rotations	257	(2)
Torque, Equilibrium, and Stability	259	(11)
Rotational Dynamics	270	(7)
Insight: 8.1 Stability in Action	271	(6)
Rotational Work and Kinetic Energy	277	(3)
Angular Momentum	280	(17)
Insight: 8.2 Slide or Roll to a Stop? Antilock Brakes	281	(6)
Chapter Review	287	(1)
Exercises	288	(9)
Solids and Fluids	297	(41)
Solids and Elastic Moduli	298	(4)
Fluids: Pressure and Pascal's Principle	302	(11)
Insight: 9.1 Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Density (BMD)	304	(7)
Insight: 9.2 An Atmospheric Effect: Possible Earaches	311	(1)
Insight: 9.3 Blood Pressure and Its Measurement	312	(1)
Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle	313	(6)
Fluid Dynamics and Bernoulli's Equation	319	(5)
Surface Tension, Viscosity, and Poiseuille's Law	324	(14)
Insight: 9.4 The Lungs and Baby's First Breath	325	(4)
Chapter Review	329	(1)
Exercises	330	(8)
Temperature and Kinetic Theory	338	(29)
Temperature and Heat	339	(1)
The Celsius and Fahrenheit Temperature Scales	340	(3)
Insight: 10.1 Human Body Temperature	343	(1)
Gas Laws, Absolute Temperature, and the Kelvin Temperature Scale	343	(7)
Insight: 10.2 Warm-Blooded versus Cold-Blooded	344	(6)
Thermal Expansion	350	(4)
Learn by Drawing: Thermal Area Expansion	351	(3)
The Kinetic Theory of Gases	354	(3)
Insight: 10.3 Physiological Diffusion in Life Processes	357	(1)
Kinetic Theory, Diatomic Gases, and the Equipartition Theorem	357	(10)
Chapter Review	360	(1)
Exercises	361	(6)
Heat	367	(30)
Definition and Units of Heat	368	(2)
Specific Heat and Calorimetry	370	(4)
Phase Changes and Latent Heat	374	(5)
Learn by Drawing: From Cold Ice to Hot Steam	377	(2)
Heat Transfer	379	(18)
Insight: 11.1 Physiological Regulation of Body Temperature	380	(4)
Insight: 11.2 Physics, the Construction Industry, and Energy Conservation	384	(4)
Insight: 11.3 The Greenhouse Effect	388	(2)
Chapter Review	390	(1)
Exercises	391	(6)
Thermodynamics	397	(36)
Thermodynamic Systems, States, and Processes	398	(1)
The First Law of Thermodynamics	399	(4)
Thermodynamic Processes for an Ideal Gas	403	(7)
Learn by Drawing: Leaning on Isotherms	409	(1)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy	410	(4)
Insight: 12.1 Life, Order, and the Second Law	414	(1)
Heat Engines and Thermal Pumps	414	(8)
Learn by Drawing: Representing Work in Thermal Cycles	415	(5)
Insight: 12.2 Thermodynamics and the Human Body	420	(2)
The Carnot Cycle and Ideal Heat Engines	422	(11)
Chapter Review	425	(1)
Exercises	426	(7)
Vibrations and Waves	433	(34)
Simple Harmonic Motion	434	(5)
Learn by Drawing: Oscillating in a Parabolic Potential Well	437	(2)
Equations of Motion	439	(7)
Wave Motion	446	(3)
Wave Properties	449	(5)
Insight: 13.1 Earthquakes, Seismic Waves, and Seismology	450	(4)
Standing Waves and Resonance	454	(13)
Insight: 13.2 Desirable and Undesirable Resonances	458	(1)
Chapter Review	459	(1)
Exercises	460	(7)
Sound	467	(38)
Sound Waves	468	(3)
Insight: 14.1 Ultrasound in Medicine	470	(1)
The Speed of Sound	471	(3)
Sound Intensity and Sound Intensity Level	474	(7)
Insight: 14.2 The Physiology and Physics of the Ear and Hearing	475	(6)
Sound Phenomena	481	(3)
The Doppler Effect	484	(7)
Insight: 14.3 Doppler Applications: Blood Cells and Raindrops	490	(1)
Musical Instruments and Sound Characteristics	491	(14)
Chapter Review	496	(2)
Exercises	498	(7)
Electric Charge, Forces, and Fields	505	(31)
Electric Charge	506	(2)
Electrostatic Charging	508	(4)
Electric Force	512	(5)
Electric Field	517	(9)
Learn by Drawing: Using the Superposition Principle to Determine the Electric Field Direction	518	(3)
Learn by Drawing: Sketching Electric Lines of Force	521	(2)
Insight: 15.1 Lightning and Lightning Rods	523	(1)
Insight: 15.2 Electric Fields in Law Enforcement and Nature: Stun Guns and Electric Fish	524	(2)
Conductors and Electric Fields	526	(2)
Gauss's Law for Electric Fields: A Qualitative Approach	528	(8)
Chapter Review	529	(1)
Exercises	530	(6)
Electric Potential, Energy, and Capacitance	536	(32)
Electric Potential Energy and Electric Potential Difference	537	(6)
Learn by Drawing: ΔV Is Independent of Reference Point	538	(5)
Equipotential Surfaces and the Electric Field	543	(6)
Learn by Drawing: Graphical Relationship between Electric Field Lines and Equipotentials	547	(2)
Capacitance	549	(3)
Insight: 16.1 Electric Potential and Nerve Signal Transmission	552	(1)
Dielectrics	552	(5)
Capacitors in Series and in Parallel	557	(11)
Chapter Review	561	(1)
Exercises	562	(6)
Electric Current and Resistance	568	(23)
Batteries and Direct Current	569	(2)
Learn by Drawing: Sketching Circuits	571	(1)
Current and Drift Velocity	571	(2)
Resistance and Ohm's Law	573	(7)
Insight: 17.1 The ``Bio-Generation'' of High Voltage	575	(3)
Insight: 17.2 Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)	578	(2)
Electric Power	580	(11)
Chapter Review	585	(1)
Exercises	586	(5)
Basic Electric Circuits	591	(32)
Resistances in Series, Parallel, and Series--Parallel Combinations	592	(7)
Multiloop Circuits and Kirchhoff's Rules	599	(5)
Learn by Drawing: Kirchhoff Plots: A Graphical Interpretation of Kirchhoff's Loop Theorem	602	(2)
RC Circuits	604	(3)
Ammeters and Voltmeters	607	(4)
Insight: 18.1 Applications of RC Circuits to Cardiac Medicine	608	(3)
Household Circuits and Electrical Safety	611	(12)
Insight: 18.2 Electricity and Personal Safety	614	(1)
Chapter Review	615	(1)
Exercises	616	(7)
Magnetism	623	(33)
Magnets, Magnetic Poles, and Magnetic Field Direction	624	(2)
Magnetic Field Strength and Magnetic Force	626	(3)
Applications: Charged Particles in Magnetic Fields	629	(3)
Magnetic Forces on Current-Carrying Wires	632	(3)
Applications: Current-Carrying Wires in Magnetic Fields	635	(2)
Electromagnetism: The Source of Magnetic Fields	637	(4)
Magnetic Materials	641	(3)
Insight: 19.1 The Magnetic Force in Future Medicine	642	(2)
Geomagnetism: The Earth's Magnetic Field	644	(12)
Insight: 19.2 Magnetism in Nature	645	(2)
Chapter Review	647	(1)
Exercises	648	(8)
Electromagnetic Induction and Waves	656	(30)
Induced emf: Faraday's Law and Lenz's Law	657	(6)
Electric Generators and Back emf	663	(5)
Insight: 20.1 Electromagnetic Induction at Work: Flashlights and Antiterrorism	664	(2)
Insight: 20.2 Electromagnetic Induction at Play: Hobbies and Transportation	666	(2)
Transformers and Power Transmission	668	(4)
Electromagnetic Waves	672	(14)
Chapter Review	679	(1)
Exercises	679	(7)
AC Circuits	686	(19)
Resistance in an AC Circuit	687	(2)
Capacitive Reactance	689	(2)
Inductive Reactance	691	(2)
Impedance: RLC Circuits	693	(4)
Circuit Resonance	697	(8)
Insight: 21.1 Oscillator Circuits: Broadcasters of Electromagnetic Radiation	699	(1)
Chapter Review	700	(1)
Exercises	701	(4)
Reflection and Refraction of Light	705	(24)
Wave Fronts and Rays	706	(1)
Reflection	707	(1)
Refraction	708	(9)
Learn by Drawing: Tracing the Reflected Rays	708	(1)
Insight: 22.1 A Dark, Rainy Night	709	(6)
Insight: 22.2 Negative Index of Refraction and the ``Perfect'' Lens	715	(2)
Total Internal Reflection and Fiber Optics	717	(4)
Insight: 22.3 Fiber Optics: Medical Applications	720	(1)
Dispersion	721	(8)
Insight: 22.4 The Rainbow	722	(1)
Chapter Review	723	(1)
Exercises	724	(5)
Mirrors and Lenses	729	(31)
Plane Mirrors	730	(2)
Spherical Mirrors	732	(8)
Insight: 23.1 It's All Done with Mirrors	733	(1)
Learn by Drawing: A Mirror Ray Diagram (see Example 23.2)	734	(6)
Lenses	740	(10)
Learn by Drawing: A Lens Ray Diagram (see Example 23.5)	743	(5)
Insight: 23.2 Fresnel Lenses	748	(2)
The Lens Maker's Equation	750	(2)
Lens Aberrations	752	(8)
Chapter Review	753	(1)
Exercises	754	(6)
Physical Optics: The Wave Nature of Light	760	(32)
Young's Double-Slit Experiment	761	(3)
Thin-Film Interference	764	(4)
Insight: 24.1 Nonreflecting Lenses	768	(1)
Diffraction	768	(7)
Polarization	775	(7)
Learn by Drawing: Three Polarizers (see Integrated Example 24.6)	778	(4)
Atmospheric Scattering of Light	782	(10)
Insight: 24.2 LCDs and Polarized Light	783	(2)
Insight: 24.3 Optical Biopsy	785	(1)
Chapter Review	785	(1)
Exercises	786	(6)
Vision and Optical Instruments	792	(27)
The Human Eye	793	(6)
Insight: 25.1 Cornea ``Orthodontics'' and Surgery	797	(2)
Microscopes	799	(4)
Telescopes	803	(4)
Diffraction and Resolution	807	(3)
Insight: 25.2 Telescopes Using Nonvisible Radiation	808	(2)
Color	810	(9)
Chapter Review	813	(1)
Exercises	814	(5)
Relativity	819	(32)
Classical Relativity and the Michelson--Morley Experiment	820	(2)
The Postulates of Special Relativity and the Relativity of Simultaneity	822	(3)
The Relativity of Length and Time: Time Dilation and Length Contraction	825	(8)
Relativistic Kinetic Energy, Momentum, Total Energy, and Mass--Energy Equivalence	833	(4)
The General Theory of Relativity	837	(4)
Insight: 26.1 Relativity in Everyday Living	838	(3)
Relativistic Velocity Addition	841	(10)
Insight: 26.2 Black Holes, Gravitational Waves, and LIGO	842	(2)
Chapter Review	844	(1)
Exercises	845	(6)
Quantum Physics	851	(26)
Quantization: Planck's Hypothesis	852	(2)
Quanta of Light: Photons and the Photoelectric Effect	854	(4)
Learn by Drawing: The Photoelectric Effect and Energy Conservation	856	(2)
Quantum ``Particles'': The Compton Effect	858	(2)
The Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom	860	(6)
A Quantum Success: The Laser	866	(11)
Insight: 27.1 CD and DVD Systems	869	(1)
Insight: 27.2 Lasers in Modern Medicine	870	(1)
Chapter Review	871	(2)
Exercises	873	(4)
Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Physics	877	(25)
Matter Waves: The de Broglie Hypothesis	878	(3)
The Schrodinger Wave Equation	881	(4)
Insight: 28.1 The Electron Microscope	883	(1)
Insight: 28.2 The Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)	884	(1)
Atomic Quantum Numbers and the Periodic Table	885	(9)
Insight: 28.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)	888	(6)
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle	894	(2)
Particles and Antiparticles	896	(6)
Chapter Review	897	(1)
Exercises	898	(4)
The Nucleus	902	(33)
Nuclear Structure and the Nuclear Force	903	(3)
Radioactivity	906	(5)
Decay Rate and Half-Life	911	(6)
Nuclear Stability and Binding Energy	917	(5)
Radiation Detection, Dosage, and Applications	922	(13)
Insight: 29.1 Biological and Medical Applications of Radiation	927	(2)
Chapter Review	929	(1)
Exercises	930	(5)
Nuclear Reactions and Elementary Particles	935
Nuclear Reactions	936	(3)
Nuclear Fission	939	(5)
Nuclear Fusion	944	(2)
Beta Decay and the Neutrino	946	(2)
Fundamental Forces and Exchange Particles	948	(3)
Elementary Particles	951	(2)
The Quark Model	953	(1)
Force Unification Theories, the Standard Model, and the Early Universe	954
Chapter Review	956	(1)
Exercises	957
Appendix I Mathematical Review (with Examples) for College Physics	1	(4)
Appendix II Kinetic Theory of Gases	5	(1)
Appendix III Planetary Data	6	(1)
Appendix IV Alphabetical Listing of the Chemical Elements	7	(1)
Appendix V Properties of Selected Isotopes	7	(3)
Answers to Follow-Up Exercises	10	(8)
Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises	18
Photo Credits	1	(1)
Index	1