The College Writer's Reference

by Fulwiler, Toby; Hayakawa, Alan R.

• ISBN13: 9780130909565
• ISBN10: 0130909564
• Edition: 3RD
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-06-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference

Summary

A brief, spiral bound, color-coded handbook for freshman composition and other writing courses. The text is organized around the writing process with grammar and punctuation covered in context of editing a paper. Updated online coverage and new document design and online web based handbook.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiv
PART 1 The Writing Process	1	(74)
A Writer's Questions	3	(7)
What is the purpose?	3	(2)
Who is the audience?	5	(1)
What is the situation?	6	(1)
Finding your voice	7	(3)
The Writing Process	10	(5)
Planning	10	(1)
Drafting	11	(1)
Researching	11	(1)
Revising	11	(1)
Editing	12	(1)
Word processing	12	(2)
If English is your second language	14	(1)
Writing to Discover	15	(5)
Brainstorm to find ideas	15	(1)
Freewrite to advance ideas	16	(1)
Cluster to connect ideas	17	(1)
Outline to organize ideas	18	(1)
Question to test ideas	19	(1)
Journal Writing	20	(6)
Journals in the writing class	21	(1)
Journals across the curriculum	22	(1)
Personal journals	23	(1)
Topics for journal writing	24	(2)
Recounting Experience	26	(8)
Finding a topic (what?)	26	(1)
Delineating character (who?)	27	(1)
Establishing perspective (how?)	28	(1)
Describing setting (where?)	28	(1)
Ordering events (when?)	29	(1)
Developing a theme (why?)	29	(1)
Shaping the whole paper	30	(4)
Explaining Concepts	34	(9)
Writing to explain	34	(1)
Finding a topic	34	(1)
Developing a thesis	35	(1)
Strategies for explaining	35	(5)
Organizing logically	40	(1)
Staying neutral	40	(1)
Shaping the whole paper (student essay)	40	(3)
Writing Interpretive Essays	43	(7)
Presenting a text	44	(1)
Exploring a text	44	(1)
Finding a topic	45	(1)
Developing an interpretation	46	(2)
Shaping the whole paper (student essays)	48	(2)
Arguing Positions	50	(14)
Selecting an issue	51	(1)
Analyzing an issue	52	(2)
Developing an argument	54	(2)
Organizing the paper	56	(2)
Shaping the whole paper (student essay)	58	(6)
Revising	64	(6)
General revising strategies	64	(1)
Focused revising strategies	65	(4)
Tools for revising	69	(1)
Editing	70	(5)
Strategies for editing	71	(1)
Editing for specific purposes	72	(1)
Editing with peers	72	(3)
PART 2 The Research Process	75	(38)
Beginning the Research Process	77	(5)
Keeping a research log	77	(1)
Finding a topic	78	(1)
Developing a research question	79	(1)
Formulating a working thesis	80	(1)
Using the writing process	80	(2)
Conducting Library Research	82	(4)
Reference room	83	(1)
Periodicals	84	(1)
Online catalog	84	(1)
Alternative resources	85	(1)
Bibliography	85	(1)
Notes	86	(1)
Conducting Internet Research	86	(7)
Select a search engine	88	(1)
Limit the search	89	(1)
Search strategies	90	(1)
Surf strategies	91	(1)
Check e-mail and newsgroups	92	(1)
Conducting Field Research	93	(4)
Observing places	93	(2)
Interviewing people	95	(1)
Conducting surveys	96	(1)
Evaluating Research Sources	97	(7)
Evaluating library sources	97	(2)
Evaluating electronic sources	99	(4)
Evaluating field sources	103	(1)
Using Sources	104	(9)
Direct quotations	104	(4)
Paraphrasing	108	(1)
Summarizing	109	(1)
Plagiarism	110	(3)
PART 3 Document Design	113	(20)
Principles of Design	115	(8)
Creating a design style	115	(3)
Lists	118	(1)
Communicating with graphics	119	(4)
Constructing Web Pages	123	(4)
Power and restrictions	123	(1)
Web page design guidelines	124	(3)
Portfolios and Publishing	127	(6)
Course portfolios	127	(2)
Story portfolios	129	(2)
Publishing class books	131	(1)
Publishing on the World Wide Web	132	(1)
PART 4 Editing: Clarity	133	(52)
Paragraph Structure	135	(7)
Unity	136	(1)
Standard patterns of organization	136	(2)
Coherent paragraphs	138	(4)
Strong Openings	142	(3)
Techniques for openings	143	(1)
Edit opening paragraphs with special care	144	(1)
Thoughtful Closings	145	(3)
Closing with a rhetorical question	145	(1)
Closing with a genuine question	146	(1)
Closing with a concise summary	146	(1)
Closing with a call to action	146	(1)
Closing with speculation	147	(1)
Powerful Sentences	148	(11)
Types of sentences	148	(2)
Coordinating equal ideas	150	(1)
Coordinating related ideas	151	(1)
Hierarchy of ideas (subordination)	152	(4)
Effective subordination	156	(1)
Parallel structures	157	(1)
Effective parallelism	158	(1)
Concise Sentences	159	(5)
Vague generalities	160	(1)
Idle words	160	(1)
Automatic phrases	161	(1)
Wordy phrases	161	(1)
Useless modifiers	161	(1)
Redundancy	161	(2)
Elliptical constructions	163	(1)
Pretentious language	163	(1)
Euphemisms	164	(1)
Strong Verbs	164	(4)
Replace static verbs with action verbs	165	(1)
Avoid weak action verbs	165	(1)
Change nouns back to verbs	166	(1)
Change passive voice to active	166	(2)
Specific Nouns and Modifiers	168	(1)
Concrete, specific nouns	168	(1)
Specific modifiers	168	(1)
The Right Word	169	(9)
The dictionary and the thesaurus	169	(2)
Roots, prefixes, and suffixes	171	(1)
Denotations and connotations	171	(1)
Idiomatic expressions	172	(2)
Slang, regionalisms, and colloquialisms	174	(1)
Jargon	175	(1)
Figurative language	176	(1)
Cliches	176	(2)
Unbiased Language	178	(5)
Recognizing stereotypes	178	(1)
Choosing group labels	179	(2)
Using nonsexist language	181	(2)
Proofreading	183	(2)
PART 5 Editing: Punctuation	185	(40)
Commas	187	(10)
Commas that connect independent clauses	187	(1)
Commas after introductory elements	188	(1)
Commas that set off supplementary information	189	(2)
Commas that set off parenthetical elements	191	(1)
Commas between items in a series	191	(1)
Commas that separate equal modifiers	192	(1)
Commas that set off contrast elements, tag sentences, and direct address	192	(1)
Commas with quotations	193	(1)
Commas with numbers, dates, names, and places	193	(1)
Commas to prevent misreading	194	(3)
Semicolons	197	(3)
Semicolons between clauses	198	(1)
Semicolons following transitional expressions to join two independent clauses	198	(1)
Semicolons between items in a series containing commas	199	(1)
Colons	200	(3)
Colons as marks of introduction	200	(2)
Colons between divisions of time, biblical chapters and verses, titles and subtitles, and in business communication	202	(1)
Apostrophes	203	(5)
Apostrophes to show possession or ownership	203	(2)
Apostrophes to form plurals of words used as words, letters, numbers, and symbols	205	(1)
Apostrophes to form contractions	206	(2)
Quotation Marks	208	(7)
Quotation marks for direct quotations	208	(2)
Quotation marks for dialogue	210	(1)
Quotation marks for certain titles	210	(2)
Quotation marks for special purposes	212	(1)
Quotation marks with other punctuation	212	(3)
Parentheses and Brackets	215	(3)
Parentheses	215	(1)
Brackets	216	(2)
Dashes, Slashes, and Ellipsis Points	218	(3)
Dashes	218	(1)
Ellipsis points	219	(1)
Slashes	220	(1)
End Punctuation	221	(4)
Periods	221	(1)
Question marks	222	(1)
Exclamation points	223	(2)
PART 6 Editing: Conventions of Written English	225	(28)
Spelling	227	(9)
Commonly confused words	227	(4)
Basic spelling rules	231	(5)
Capitalization	236	(6)
Capitalization of the first word of a sentence	236	(1)
Capitalization in quotations and lines of poetry	237	(1)
Proper nouns	237	(4)
Titles	241	(1)
Capitalization and punctuation	241	(1)
Hyphens	242	(2)
Hyphens at the ends of lines	242	(1)
Hyphens after some prefixes	242	(1)
Hyphens in compound words	243	(1)
Numbers, fractions, and units of measure	243	(1)
Numbers	244	(2)
Figures or spelled-out numbers?	244	(1)
Conventional uses of numbers	245	(1)
Abbreviations	246	(4)
Abbreviated titles and degrees	246	(1)
Abbreviations with numbers	247	(1)
Degrees, numbers, and units of measure	247	(1)
Symbols	248	(1)
Abbreviated geographic names	248	(1)
Common Latin abbreviations	248	(1)
Acronyms and initials	249	(1)
Italics and Underlining	250	(3)
Italics or underlining for titles	250	(1)
Italics or underlining for the names of individual trains, ships, and planes	251	(1)
Italics or underlining for foreign words	251	(1)
Italics or underlining for emphasis	251	(2)
PART 7 Editing: Grammar	253	(88)
Reviewing Grammar	255	(28)
Parts of speech	255	(17)
Elements of a sentence	272	(7)
Sentence classification and sentence patterns	279	(4)
Using Verbs Correctly	283	(15)
Standard verb forms	284	(1)
Irregular verb forms	285	(4)
Sit and set, lie and lay	289	(1)
Auxiliary verbs	290	(1)
Verb tense	291	(5)
Verb mood	296	(2)
Voice	298	(1)
Making Subjects Agree with Verbs	298	(9)
Agreement of person and number	298	(1)
Interruptions between subject and verb	299	(1)
When the subject follows the verb	299	(1)
Verb agreement and linking verbs	300	(1)
Verb agreement with subjects jointed by and	300	(1)
Verb agreement with subjects jointed by or and nor	301	(1)
Verb agreement with collective nouns	301	(1)
Verb agreement with indefinite pronouns	302	(2)
Verb agreement with who, which, and that	304	(2)
Verb agreement with nouns ending in -s, with nouns that specify amounts, and with titles	306	(1)
Using Pronouns Correctly	307	(10)
Pronoun reference	308	(2)
Pronoun-antecedent agreement	310	(3)
Pronoun case	313	(4)
Working with Adjectives and Adverbs	317	(6)
Adjective or adverb?	318	(1)
Linking verbs and modifiers	319	(1)
Commonly confused modifiers	319	(2)
Comparatives and superlatives	321	(1)
Avoiding double negatives	322	(1)
Positioning Modifiers	323	(4)
Repositioning misplaced modifiers	323	(1)
Squinting modifiers	324	(1)
Dangling modifiers	324	(1)
Moving disruptive modifiers	325	(2)
Eliminating Sentence Fragments	327	(3)
Fragments lacking verbs or subjects	327	(2)
Dependent clause fragments	329	(1)
Intentional fragments	329	(1)
Eliminating Comma Splices and Fused Sentences	330	(5)
Using a comma and a coordinating conjunction	331	(1)
Adding a semicolon	332	(1)
Adding a colon	333	(1)
Writing separate sentences	334	(1)
Using subordination	334	(1)
Creating one independent clause	335	(1)
Eliminating Shifts and Mixed Constructions	335	(6)
Editing unnecessary shifts in person and number	335	(1)
Editing unnecessary shifts in tense	336	(1)
Editing unnecessary shifts in mood	336	(1)
Editing unnecessary shifts in voice and subject	337	(1)
Editing unnecessary shifts between direct and indirect quotation	338	(1)
Eliminating mixed constructions	338	(1)
Revising illogical constructions	339	(1)
Eliminating faulty predication	340	(1)
PART 8 Academic Conventions	341	(96)
MLA Documentation	343	(35)
Guidelines for formatting manuscripts	343	(4)
Guidelines for in-text citations	347	(4)
Conventions for the list of Works Cited	351	(4)
Documenting books	355	(4)
Documenting periodicals	359	(1)
Documenting electronic sources	360	(4)
Documenting other sources	364	(3)
Student paper: MLA style	367	(11)
APA Documentation	378	(28)
Guidelines for formatting manuscripts	378	(3)
Guidelines for in-text citations	381	(3)
Guidelines for the APA References page	384	(2)
Documenting books	386	(3)
Documenting periodicals	389	(1)
Documenting electronic sources	390	(1)
Documenting other sources	391	(1)
Informational research paper: APA style	392	(14)
Chicago Manual Style and Other Documentation Styles	406	(22)
Chicago style (CMS)	406	(10)
Columbia online style	416	(9)
Documentation styles in the sciences	425	(3)
Writing for Work	428	(9)
Business letters	429	(2)
Memos	431	(1)
The conventions of e-mail	431	(1)
Resumes	432	(5)
Glossary of Usage	437	(18)
ESL Index	455	(2)
Index	457	(19)
Editing Symbols	476