Colour Imaging Vision and Technology

by MacDonald, Lindsay; Luo, M. Ronnier

• ISBN13: 9780471985310
• ISBN10: 0471985317
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-10-25
• Publisher: WILEY

Summary

Colour Imaging Vision and Technology Edited by Lindsay W. MacDonald and M. Ronnier Luo University of Derby, UK With every new computer now equipped with CD-ROM and high quality colour display and sound capabilities, multimedia imaging has become part of mainstream computing. Pressure is on developers to produce applications that make use of these facilities. This book examines the key enabling technologies for such applications including digital colour imaging, spanning the capture, processing, encoding, transmission and reproduction of realistic colour images. * Extensive coverage of the multimedia materials and Web pages * Improving quality of presentation * Covers a wide range of areas including colour imaging and multimedia user interface * Colour illustrations Colour Imaging will appeal to a wide-ranging audience and is primarily aimed at colour engineers, colour researchers and developers. It is also a valuable reference guide for undergraduates, MSc level students in colour imaging, new media developers and manufacturers of imaging equipment. Visit Our Web Page! http://www.wiley.com/

Author Biography

Lindsay MacDonald is Professor of Multimedia Imaging at the Colour & Imaging Institute, University of Derby. For 18 years he was with Crosfield Electronics Ltd, where he designed and wrote the software for the world's first computer-based page composition system in 1977. Professor MacDonald is a Fellow of the British Computer Society, the Institution of Electrical Engineers, the Royal Photographic Society, and the Royal Society of Arts. He is co-author or co-editor of a number of books, including Computer Generated Colour, Display Systems: Design and Applications, Colour Imaging: Vision and Technology and Colour Image Science: Exploiting Digital Media.

M. Ronnier Luo is a Global Expertise Professor at the College of Optical Science and Technology, Zhejiang University in China, and a Visiting Professor of Colour Science and Imaging at the University of Leeds - UK - and the National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Chinese Taipei. He is also the CIE Vice-President of Publication. He received his PhD in 1986 at the University of Bradford in the field of colour science. He has published 600 publications in the areas of colour science, imaging science and LED illumination.

Table of Contents

Colour plates	xv	(2)
Contributors	xvii	(4)
Foreword	xxi	(8)
John D. Meyer
Preface	xxix
Lindsay W. MacDonald
M. Ronnier Luo
PART 1 Colour vision	3	(96)
1 Why is black and white so important in colour?	3	(14)
Robert W. G. Hunt
1.1 Introduction	3	(1)
1.2 Reproduction of blacks, greys and whites	4	(1)
1.3 How surrounds affect contrast	5	(2)
1.4 Luminance-chrominance systems	7	(6)
1.4.1 The field-sequential system	7	(1)
1.4.2 The luminance-chrominance concept	7	(1)
1.4.3 Reduction of chrominance bandwidth	8	(1)
1.4.4 Gamma correction for broadcast television	9	(2)
1.4.5 Luminance-chrominance in other forms of imaging	11	(2)
1.5 Conclusion	13	(1)
References	13	(2)
Further reading	15	(2)
2 Investigations into multiscale retinex (MSR)	17	(22)
Kobus Barnard
Brian Funt
2.1 Introduction	17	(2)
2.2 Possible goals	19	(1)
2.3 Overview of MSR methods	20	(4)
2.4 Colour fidelity	24	(3)
2.5 Chromaticity-preserving MSR	27	(6)
2.5.1 Linearization of input	27	(2)
2.5.2 Colour constancy processing	29	(2)
2.5.3 Dynamic range adjustment	31	(1)
2.5.4 Gain-offset adjustment	32	(1)
2.6 Results	33	(2)
2.7 Conclusion	35	(1)
Acknowledgements	36	(1)
References	36	(3)
3 Colour prediction using the Von Kries transform	39	(16)
Werner Praefcke
Friedhelm Konig
3.1 Introduction	39	(1)
3.1.1 Colour from surface reflectance	40	(1)
3.1.2 Prediction of colour under a different illuminant	40	(1)
3.2 Von Kries prediction of physical colour	40	(2)
3.2.1 White adaptation: XYZ space	41	(1)
3.2.2 White adaptation: other spaces	41	(1)
3.3 Related work	42	(5)
3.3.1 Estimation of underlying spectrum	42	(1)
3.3.2 General linear transform for colour prediction	43	(1)
3.3.3 Generalized diagonal transform	44	(1)
3.3.4 White point preserving transform	45	(1)
3.3.5 Optimal colour space for Von Kries prediction	45	(2)
3.4 Results	47	(6)
3.4.1 Daylight illuminants	47	(3)
3.4.2 Daylight and artificial illuminants	50	(3)
3.5 Conclusion	53	(1)
Acknowledgement	54	(1)
References	54	(1)
4 Web design for the colour-blind user	55	(18)
Hans Brettel
Francoise Vienot
4.1 Introduction	55	(1)
4.2 Colour vision and colour blindness	56	(1)
4.2.1 Trichromats, dichromats and anomalous trichromats	56	(1)
4.2.2 Genetics of colour blindness	57	(1)
4.3 XYZ and LMS colorimetry	57	(4)
4.4 LMS representation of CRT colours	61	(2)
4.5 Simulation of dichromatic colour blindness	63	(5)
4.6 Discussion	68	(1)
4.7 Conclusion	69	(1)
References	69	(4)
5 Illuminant estimation and colour correction	73	(26)
Paul M. Hubel
Jack Holm
Graham Finlayson
5.1 Introduction	73	(3)
5.2 The colour of white	76	(2)
5.3 Colour by correlation	78	(6)
5.3.1 Building a correlation matrix	78	(1)
5.3.2 Estimating the white point	79	(1)
5.3.3 Simulation results	80	(4)
5.3.4 Experimental results	84	(1)
5.4 Colour spaces	84	(10)
5.4.1 Hypotheses about HVS processing	85	(2)
5.4.2 Analyses of existing imaging systems	87	(2)
5.4.3 Subjective determination of optimal linear transforms	89	(4)
5.4.4 A comparison of colour spaces used for CATs	93	(1)
5.5 Conclusions	94	(1)
References	94	(5)
PART 2 Colour imaging technology	99	(92)
6 Challenges for colour science in multimedia imaging	99	(30)
Roy S. Berns
6.1 Introduction	99	(1)
6.2 Colour matching	100	(4)
6.3 Spectral matching	104	(2)
6.4 Image capture requirements	106	(4)
6.5 Image modelling requirements	110	(3)
6.6 Muti-ink requirements	113	(5)
6.7 Colour management	118	(1)
6.8 Defining quality	119	(5)
6.9 Conclusion	124	(1)
Acknowledgements	124	(1)
References	124	(5)
7 A multispectral scanner	129	(16)
Friedhelm Konig
Werner Praefcke
7.1 Introduction	129	(1)
7.2 Multispectral scanning	130	(9)
7.2.1 Approximation algorithms	131	(4)
7.2.2 Simulation	135	(2)
7.2.3 Discussion	137	(2)
7.3 Multispectral encoding	139	(3)
7.3.1 Principle of encoding	139	(1)
7.3.2 Practical encoding	140	(1)
7.3.3 Data quantization	141	(1)
7.3.4 Additional considerations	142	(1)
7.4 Conclusion	142	(1)
Acknowledgement	143	(1)
References	143	(2)
8 Multispectral image acquisition and simulation of illuminant changes	145	(20)
Jon Yngve Hardeberg
Francis Schmitt
Hans Brettel
Jean-Pierre Crettez
Henri Maitre
8.1 Introduction	145	(1)
8.2 Multispectral image acquisition	146	(9)
8.2.1 Spectral characterization of the acquisition system	147	(2)
8.2.2 Spectral reflectance estimation from camera responses	149	(3)
8.2.3 Choosing the filters	152	(1)
8.2.4 Evaluating the acquisition system	153	(2)
8.3 Multimedia application: illuminant simulation	155	(5)
8.3.1 Illuminant simulation using CIELAB space	156	(1)
8.3.2 Illuminant simulation using multispectral images	157	(1)
8.3.3 Evaluation of the two simulation methods	157	(3)
8.4 Conclusion	160	(1)
References	161	(4)
9 Color coordinate conversion via neural networks	165	(14)
Shoji Tominaga
9.1 Introduction	165	(1)
9.2 Neural network	166	(3)
9.2.1 Network structure	166	(1)
9.2.2 Learning procedure	167	(2)
9.3 Conversion between color specification systems	169	(4)
9.3.1 Table data	169	(1)
9.3.2 Munsell to L*a*b* conversion	169	(1)
9.3.3 L*a*b* to Munsell conversion	170	(1)
9.3.4 Experiments	171	(2)
9.4 Neural network method for color printing	173	(4)
9.4.1 Basic principle of color control	173	(1)
9.4.2 Practical algorithms	174	(2)
9.4.3 Experimental results	176	(1)
9.4.4 Application to a six-color printer	176	(1)
9.5 Conclusion	177	(1)
References	178	(1)
10 A new method for characterizing colour printing devices	179	(12)
Jean Pierre Van de Capelle
Baldewin Meireson
10.1 Introduction	179	(2)
10.2 Methodology	181	(3)
10.3 Experimental results	184	(3)
10.3.1 The first set of experiments	184	(1)
10.3.2 The second set of experiments	185	(2)
10.4 ICC colour management	187	(1)
10.5 Conclusion	188	(1)
References	188	(3)
PART 3 Multimedia colour reproduction	191	(94)
11 Colour image engineering for multimedia systems	191	(24)
Lindsay W. MacDonald
11.1 The rise of digital imaging	191	(5)
11.1.1 Imaging in society	191	(1)
11.1.2 Digital imaging	192	(1)
11.1.3 Developments over two decades	193	(1)
11.1.4 Publishing systems	193	(2)
11.1.5 Digital imaging technology	195	(1)
11.2 Images and media	196	(3)
11.3 Digital imaging and multimedia	199	(6)
11.3.1 What is multimedia?	199	(2)
11.3.2 Multimedia publishing	201	(1)
11.3.3 Video and special effects	202	(1)
11.3.4 Virtual reality and 3D images	203	(2)
11.4 Digital convergence	205	(4)
11.4.1 The common denominator	205	(1)
11.4.2 Digital technology	206	(1)
11.4.3 Communications	206	(1)
11.4.4 Internet and World Wide Web	207	(1)
11.4.5 European policy	208	(1)
11.4.6 Mobile lifestyles	209	(1)
11.5 Colour image engineering	209	(4)
11.5.1 What is colour image engineering?	209	(1)
11.5.2 Consumer and professional imaging products	210	(1)
11.5.3 The International Color Consortium	210	(1)
11.5.4 The colour imaging community	211	(1)
11.5.5 Challenges for developing the discipline	211	(2)
11.6 Conclusion	213	(1)
References	213	(2)
12 Maintaining colour accuracy in images transferred across the Internet	215	(18)
David Saunders
John Cupitt
Ruven Pillay
Kirk Martinez
12.1 Introduction	215	(1)
12.2 The VISEUM project	216	(3)
12.3 Colour in VISEUM	219	(2)
12.4 Colour errors	221	(8)
12.4.1 Errors introduced by quantization	221	(1)
12.4.2 Errors introduced by gamut clipping	221	(2)
12.4.3 Errors introduced by data compression	223	(3)
12.4.4 Errors introduced by monitor calibration	226	(1)
12.4.5 Overall colour error	227	(2)
12.5 Conclusion	229	(1)
Acknowledgements	229	(1)
References	230	(1)
Appendix: Artists' pigments used in the second test chart	230	(3)
13 Specifying and visualizing colour gamut boundaries	233	(20)
Patrick G. Herzog
13.1 Introduction	233	(1)
13.2 Visualization of colour gamuts	234	(2)
13.2.1 Three-dimensional techniques	234	(1)
13.2.2 Two-dimensional techniques	235	(1)
13.3 Specifying gamut boundaries	236	(5)
13.3.1 Gamulyt: a different approach to specification	237	(1)
13.3.2 Principles of Gamulyt	237	(2)
13.3.3 Mathematics of Gamulyt	239	(1)
13.3.4 White point, black point and accuracy requirements	240	(1)
13.3.5 Results	241	(1)
13.4 Printers with four or more colorants	241	(6)
13.4.1 Four-colour printers	241	(1)
13.4.2 Developing a four-colour kernel	242	(3)
13.4.3 More than four colourants	245	(2)
13.5 Conclusion	247	(1)
References	248	(1)
Appendix: Distortion and scaling functions	248	(3)
Acknowledgement	251	(2)
14 Developing algorithms for universal colour gamut mapping	253	(32)
Jan Morovic
M. Ronnier Luo
14.1 Introduction	253	(1)
14.2 Overview of gamut mapping	254	(8)
14.2.1 Definition of basic terms	254	(1)
14.2.2 Influence of colour space	255	(1)
14.2.3 Determining gamut boundaries	255	(4)
14.2.4 Gamut mapping algorithms	259	(2)
14.2.5 Choice of gamuts	261	(1)
14.2.6 Other factors	262	(1)
14.3 Developing gamut mapping algorithms	262	(4)
14.3.1 Scope	263	(1)
14.3.2 Experimental apparatus	263	(1)
14.3.3 Experimental method	264	(2)
14.3.4 Test images	266	(1)
14.4 First-generation GMAs	266	(4)
14.4.1 LLIN, LCLIP and LNLIN	267	(1)
14.4.2 SLIN, CUSP and LSLIN	268	(1)
14.4.3 Evaluation	268	(2)
14.5 Second-generation GMAs	270	(6)
14.5.1 GCUSP	270	(1)
14.5.2 CARISMA	271	(3)
14.5.3 TRIA	274	(1)
14.5.4 CLLIN	274	(1)
14.5.5 Evaluation	275	(1)
14.6 Third-generation GMAs	276	(4)
14.6.1 UniGMA	278	(1)
14.6.2 LCUSPH	278	(1)
14.6.3 Evaluation	279	(1)
14.7 Conclusion	280	(1)
References	280	(5)
PART 4 Quality assessment	285	(120)
15 Image quality evaluation	285	(30)
Joyce E. Farrell
15.1 Introduction	285	(1)
15.2 Engineering tools for image quality evaluation	286	(17)
15.2.1 Device simulation	286	(8)
15.2.2 Subjective evaluation	294	(3)
15.2.3 Distortion metrics	297	(6)
15.3 Case Study	303	(7)
15.3.1 Image quality trade-offs between Grayscale & DPI	303	(3)
15.3.2 Subjective evaluation	306	(2)
15.3.3 Image quality metrics	308	(2)
15.4 Summary	310	(1)
Acknowledgments	311	(1)
References	311	(4)
16 Determination of compressed image quality	315	(24)
Adrian M. Ford
16.1 Introduction	315	(1)
16.2 Compression	316	(1)
16.3 Image quality	317	(6)
16.3.1 Objective quality	318	(4)
16.3.2 Image quality metrics	322	(1)
16.4 Applying quality metrics to compression	323	(8)
16.4.1 Tone reproduction	324	(1)
16.4.2 Colour reproduction	325	(2)
16.4.3 Resolution	327	(1)
16.4.4 Sharpness	328	(2)
16.4.5 Noise	330	(1)
16.4.6 Other effects	331	(1)
16.5 Implementation	331	(1)
16.6 Attribute sampling and test charts	332	(1)
16.7 Discussions and recommendations	333	(2)
16.8 Experimental procedures	335	(1)
Acknowledgements	335	(1)
References	335	(4)
17 Objective quality estimation for digital images in multimedia environments	339	(24)
Norbert Gerfelder
Wolfgang Muller
17.1 Introduction	339	(1)
17.2 Media quality in multimedia applications	340	(2)
17.3 Image quality measurement	342	(10)
17.3.1 Basics and definitions	343	(3)
17.3.2 Classical measures	346	(3)
17.3.3 Modified measures	349	(1)
17.3.4 Validation	350	(2)
17.4 Application to colour images	352	(2)
17.5 General measurement environment	354	(5)
17.6 Conclusion	359	(1)
References	360	(3)
18 Towards perceptually optimal colour reproduction of natural scenes	363	(20)
Sergej N. Yendrikhovskij
Frans J. Blommaert
Huib de Ridder
18.1 Introduction	363	(1)
18.2 Colour appraisal: basic principles	364	(2)
18.3 A model of image quality	366	(2)
18.4 Colour appraisal: experimental research	368	(4)
18.4.1 Scaled saturation values	368	(3)
18.4.2 Polarized saturation values	371	(1)
18.5 Colour appraisal: instrumental measure	372	(7)
18.5.1 Naturalness index	372	(5)
18.5.2 Colourfulness index	377	(1)
18.5.3 Colour quality index	378	(1)
18.6 Colour quality optimization	379	(2)
18.6.1 An algorithm for natural images	379	(1)
18.6.2 Experimental confirmation	380	(1)
18.7 Conclusion	381	(1)
References	382	(1)
19 Colour science: past, present and future	383	(22)
M. Ronnier Luo
19.1 Introduction	383	(1)
19.2 Colorimetry	384	(8)
19.2.1 Colour specification	384	(1)
19.2.2 Colour difference	384	(4)
19.2.3 Colour appearance	388	(1)
19.2.4 Colour measuring instruments	389	(3)
19.3 Future expectations	392	(4)
19.3.1 A universal system based on CIECAM97s	392	(1)
19.3.2 Standards for accurate cross-media reproduction	393	(2)
19.3.3 Colour measuring instruments	395	(1)
19.4 Conclusion	396	(1)
References	396	(2)
Appendix: CIECAM97s colour appearance model	398	(7)
Index	405	(1)