Colour and the Optical Properties of Materials : An Exploration of the Relationship Between Light, the Optical Properties of Materials and Colour

by Tilley, Richard J. D.

• ISBN13: 9780470746967
• ISBN10: 0470746963
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2011-01-25
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

Colour and the Optical Properties of Materials carefully introduces the science behind the subject, along with many modern and cutting-edge applications, chosen to appeal to today's students. For science students, it provides a broad introduction to the subject and the many applications of colour. To more applied students, such as engineering and arts students, it provides the essential scientific background to colour and the many applications.New to this Edition: The chapter framework of the first edition will be retained, with each chapter being substantially rewritten and some material would be relocated. Some chapters will be rewritten in a clearer fashion, e.g. There have been no significant advances in the understanding of rainbows recently, but the text could be clarified and improved. Colour has been an important attribute of many nano-particle containing systems, such as quantum dots. This aspect will be included, e.g. the colour of gold ruby glass, described in Chapter 5 as part of scattering phenomena now is better treated in terms of gold nanoparticles and surface plasmons. This would probably be transferred to Chapter 10 and considered in tandem with the colour of metals such as copper, silver and gold. A similar state of affairs applies to silver nanoparticles and polychromic glass. Some chapters will include extensive new material, e.g. Chapter 8, colours due to molecular processes [organic LEDs etc], and Chapter 12, Displays, [touch screen technologies]. For all chapters it would be intended to take into account the current scientific literature up to the time of submission say up to the end of 2009. The end of chapter Further Reading sections would reflect this up-to-date overview. The end of chapter problems will be strengthened and expanded.

Author Biography

Richard J. D. Tilley, D. Sc, Ph. D, is Emeritus Professor in the School of Engineering at the University of Cardiff, Wales, U.K. He has published extensively in the area of solid-state materials science, including 180 papers, fifteen book chapters and numerous book reviews.

Table of Contents

Preface

Light and Colour

Colour and light

Colour and energy

Light waves

Interference

Light waves and colour

Black body radiation and incandescence

The colour of incandescent objects

Photons

Lamps and lasers

Vision

Colour perception

Additive coloration

The interaction of light with a material

Subtractive coloration

Electronic "paper"

Appearance and transparency

Further reading

Problems and exercises

Definitions, units and conversion factors

Colours due to Refraction and Dispersion

Refraction and the refractive index of a material

Total internal reflection

Refractive index and polarisability

Refractive index and density

Invisible animals, GRINS and mirages

Dispersion and colours produced by dispersion

Rainbows and halos

Halos

Fibre optics

Negative refractive index materials

Further reading

Problems and exercises

The Production of Colour by Reflection

Reflection from a single surface

Interference at a single thin film in air

The colour of a single thin film in air

The reflectivity of a single thin film in air

The colour of a single thin film on a substrate

The reflectivity of a single thin film on a substrate

Low-reflection and high-reflection films

Multiple thin films

Fibre Bragg Gratings

"Smart" windows

Photonic engineering in nature

Further reading

Problems and exercises

The colour of a thin film in white light

Polarisation and crystals

Polarisation of light

Polarisation by reflection

Polars

Crystal symmetry and refractive index

Double refraction: calcite as an example

The description of double refraction effects

Colour produced by polarisation and birefringence

Pleochroism and dichroism

Nonlinear effects

Frequency matching and phase matching

More on second harmonic generation

Optical activity

Liquid crystals

Further reading

Problems and exercises

Colour due to Scattering

Scattering and extinction

Tyndall blue and Rayleigh scattering

Blue skies, red sunsets

Scattering and polarisation

Mie scattering

Blue eyes and some blue feathers

Paints, sunscreens and related matters

Multiple scattering

Gold sols and ruby glass

The Lycurgus Cup

Further reading

Problems and exercises

Colour due to Diffraction

Diffraction and colour production by a slit

Diffraction and colour production by a rectangular aperture

Diffraction and colour production by a circular aperture

The diffraction limit of optical instruments

Colour production by linear diffraction gratings

Two-dimensional gratings

Estimation of the wavelength of light by diffraction

Diffraction by crystals and crystal-like structures

Disordered diffraction gratings

Diffraction by sub-wavelength structures

Holograms

Further reading

Problems and exercises

Colour from Atoms and Ions

The spectra of atoms and ions

Terms and levels

Atomic spectra and chemical analysis

Fraunhofer lines and stellar spectra

Neon signs and early plasma displays

The helium-neon laser

Sodium and mercury street lights

Transition metals and crystal field colours

Crystal field splitting, energy levels and terms

The colour of ruby

Transition-metal-ion lasers

Emerald, alexandrite and crystal field strength

Crystal field colours in minerals and gemstones

Colour as a structural probe

Colours from lanthanide ions

The neodymium (Nd³⁺) solid state laser: a four level laser

Amplification of optical fibre signals

Transition metal and lanthanide pigments

Spectral hole formation

Further reading

Problems and exercises

Electron configurations

Terms and levels

Colour from Molecules

The energy levels of molecules

The colours arising in some simple inorganic molecules

The colour of water

Chromophores, chromogens and auxochromes

Conjugated bonds in organic molecules: the carotenoids

Conjugated bonds circling metal atoms: porphyrins and phthalocyanines

Naturally occurring colorants: flavonoid pigments

Autumn leaves

Some dyes and pigments

Charge transfer colours

Colour change sensors

Dye lasers

Photochromic organic molecules

Further reading

Problems and exercises

Luminescence

Luminescence

Activators, sensitizers and fluorophores

Atomic processes in photoluminescence

Fluorescent lamps

Plasma displays

Cathodoluminescence and cathode ray tubes (CRTs)

Field emission displays (FEDs)

Phosphor electroluminescent displays

Upconversion

Quantum cutting

Fluorescent molecules

Fluorescent nanoparticles

Fluorescent markers and sensors

Chemiluminescence and Bioluminescence

Triboluminescence

Scintillators

Further reading

Problems and exercises

Colour in Metals, Semiconductors and Insulators

The colours of insulators

Excitons

Impurity colours in insulators

Impurity colours in diamond

Colour centres

The colours of semiconductors

The colours of semiconductor alloys

Light emitting diodes (LEDs)

Semiconductor diode lasers

Semiconductor nanostructures

Organic semiconductors and electroluminescence

Electrochromic films

Photovoltaics

Digital photography

The colours of metals

The colours of metal nanoparticles

Extraordinary light transmission and plasmonic crystals

Further reading

Problems and exercises

Answers to questions

Index

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