Communicable disease control in Emergencies : A field Manual

by Connolly, M. A.

• ISBN13: 9789241546164
• ISBN10: 9241546166
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-02-01
• Publisher: STYLUS PUBLISHING LLC

Summary

This field manual is intended to help health professionals and public health coordinators working in emergency situations prevent, detect and control the major communicable diseases encountered by affected populations. The manual is the result of collaboration among a number of WHO departments and several external partner agencies in reviewing existing guidelines on communicable disease control and adapting them to emergency situations. The manual deals with the fundamental principles of communicable disease control in emergencies, which are: Rapid assessment to identify the communicable disease threats faced by the emergency-affected population, including those with epidemic potential, and define the health status of the population by conducting a rapid assessment; Prevention to prevent communicable disease by maintaining a healthy physical environment and good general living conditions; Surveillance to set up or strengthen disease surveillance system with an early warning mechanism to ensure the early reporting of cases to monitor disease trends, and to facilitate prompt detection and response to outbreaks; outbreak control to ensure outbreaks are rapidly detected and controlled through adequate preparedness (i.e. stockpiles, standard treatment protocols and staff training) and rapid response (i.e.confirmation, investigation and implementation of control measures); and disease management to diagnose and treat cases promptly with trained staff using effective treatment and standard protocols at all health facilities.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements	vi
Introduction	1	(4)
Rapid Assessment
Objectives	5	(1)
Composition of the team	6	(1)
Methods of data collection	6	(2)
Survey and sampling methods	8	(10)
Data to be collected	18	(7)
Analysis and presentation of results	25	(2)
Prevention
Shelter	27	(6)
Water	33	(7)
Sanitation	40	(6)
Vector control	46	(18)
Food and nutrition	64	(10)
Vaccination	74	(14)
Health education and community participation	88	(2)
Surveillance
General principles	90	(1)
Objectives	91	(1)
Setting surveillance priorities	91	(2)
Data collection methods	93	(1)
Case definitions	94	(1)
Minimum data elements	95	(4)
Data sources for routine surveillance	99	(2)
Identifying tasks and responsible persons	101	(3)
Analysis and interpretation of surveillance data	104	(1)
Feedback	105	(2)
Outbreak Control
Preparedness	107	(4)
Detection	111	(6)
Confirmation	117	(4)
Response	121	(7)
Evaluation	128	(2)
Disease Prevention and Control
Acute respiratory infections	130	(1)
Bacillary dysentery (shigellosis)	131	(2)
Cholera	133	(3)
Other diarrhoeal diseases	136	(2)
Conjunctivitis	138	(1)
Dengue	139	(1)
Diphtheria	140	(2)
Hepatitis (viral)	142	(3)
HIV/AIDS	145	(5)
Japanese encephalitis	150	(2)
Leishmaniasis	152	(3)
Malaria	155	(7)
Measles	162	(4)
Meningococcal meningitis (epidemic)	166	(4)
Relapsing fever (louse-borne)	170	(1)
Scabies	171	(1)
Sexually transmitted infections	172	(6)
Trypanosomiasis, African (African sleeping sickness)	178	(3)
Tuberculosis	181	(4)
Typhoid fever	185	(3)
Typhus (epidemic louse-borne)	188	(2)
Viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHF)	190	(4)
Yellow fever	194	(3)
ANNEXES
WHO reference values for emergencies	197	(2)
Health assessment - sample survey forms	199	(20)
NCHS/WHO normalized reference values for weight for height by sex	219	(2)
Weekly surveillance report	221	(5)
Case definitions	226	(6)
Outbreak investigation kit	232	(4)
Organization of an isolation centre and calculation of treatment supplies	236	(6)
Collection of specimens for laboratory analysis	242	(11)
Setting up a diagnostic laboratory	253	(15)
Treatment guidelines	268	(7)
Management of the child with cough or difficulty in breathing	275	(5)
Assessment and treatment of diarrhoea	280	(5)
Flowcharts for syndromic management of sexually transmitted infections	285	(3)
Health card	288	(2)
List of WHO guidelines on communicable diseases	290	(3)
List of publishers	293	(1)
General references	294