Communication : Making Connections

by Seiler, William J.; Beall, Melissa L.

• ISBN13: 9780205335428
• ISBN10: 020533542X
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-06-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Table of Contents

Boxed Features	xvi
Preface	xix
PART ONE Making Connections Through Communication
Connecting Process and Principles	2	(30)
What is Communication?	5	(3)
Why Should We Study Communication?	8	(5)
Communication and Career Development	8	(1)
Communication and Ethical Behavior	9	(1)
Communication and Our Multicultural Society	10	(2)
Communication and Our Technological Society	12	(1)
Principles of Communication	13	(4)
Communication Is a Process	14	(1)
Communication Is a System	14	(1)
Communication Is Interactional and Transactional	15	(1)
Communication Can Be Intentional or Unintentional	16	(1)
Essential Components of Communication	17	(6)
Source	19	(1)
Message	20	(1)
Interference	20	(1)
Channel	20	(1)
Receiver	21	(1)
Feedback	21	(2)
Environment	23	(1)
Context	23	(1)
Types of Communication	23	(3)
Intrapersonal Communication	24	(1)
Interpersonal Communication	24	(1)
Public Communication	25	(1)
Misconceptions About Communication	26	(1)
Communication Is a Cure-All	26	(1)
Quantity Means Quality	26	(1)
Meaning Is in the Words We Use	26	(1)
We Have a Natural Ability to Communicate	27	(1)
Myth 5: Communication Is Reversible	27	(1)
Improving Communication Competence	27	(1)
Summary	28	(2)
Discussion Starters	30	(1)
Answers and Explanations	30	(1)
Notes	31	(1)
Connecting Perceptions and Communication	32	(26)
Understanding Perception	35	(1)
Awareness	35	(1)
Cognitive Process	35	(1)
Language	36	(1)
The Perception Process	36	(7)
Selection	37	(1)
Organization	38	(2)
Interpretation	40	(3)
Perceptual Differences	43	(9)
Perceptual Set	44	(2)
Attribution Error	46	(1)
Physical Characteristics	47	(1)
Psychological State	48	(1)
Cultural Background	48	(3)
Gender	51	(1)
Media	51	(1)
Improving Perception Competencies	52	(3)
Become an Active Perceiver	52	(1)
Recognize That Each Person's Frame of Reference Is Unique	53	(1)
Distinguish Facts from Inferences	53	(1)
Recognize That People, Objects, and Situations Change	53	(1)
Become Aware of the Role Perceptions Play in Communication	53	(1)
Keep an Open Mind	54	(1)
Summary	55	(1)
Discussion Starters	56	(1)
Answers and Explanations	57	(1)
Notes	57	(1)
Connecting Self and Communication	58	(24)
Self-Concept and Its Connection to Communication	60	(18)
Self-Concept as a Process	62	(1)
Development of Self-Concept	63	(4)
The Hierarchy of Self-Concept	67	(2)
Communication and Self-Concept	69	(1)
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy and Impression Management	70	(1)
Culture and Self-Concept	71	(2)
Gender and Self-Concept	73	(5)
Improving the Self-Concept	78	(1)
Summary	79	(1)
Discussion Starters	80	(1)
Notes	80	(2)
Connecting Through Verbal Communication	82	(32)
The Importance of Language	84	(3)
Language Is Powerful	85	(1)
Language Affects Thought	85	(2)
The Elements of Language	87	(8)
Sounds	87	(1)
Words	87	(1)
Grammar	87	(2)
Meaning	89	(6)
Language-Based Barriers to Communication	95	(10)
Meanings Can Be Misunderstood	96	(2)
Language Can Shape Our Attitudes	98	(1)
Language Can Cause Polarization	99	(1)
Language Can Be Sexist	100	(3)
Culture Affects Language Use	103	(2)
How to Use Language Effectively	105	(5)
Use Accurate Language	105	(1)
Use Vivid Language	106	(1)
Use Immediate Language	107	(2)
Use Appropriate Language	109	(1)
Use Metaphorical Language	109	(1)
Summary	110	(2)
Discussion Starters	112	(1)
Notes	112	(2)
Connecting Through Nonverbal Communication	114	(32)
Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication	117	(3)
Nonverbal Communication Occurs Constantly	117	(1)
Nonverbal Communication Depends on Context	117	(1)
Nonverbal Communication Is More Believable Than Verbal Communication	118	(1)
Nonverbal Communication Is a Primary Means of Expression	118	(1)
Nonverbal Communication Is Related to Culture	119	(1)
Nonverbal Communication Is Ambiguous	119	(1)
Types of Nonverbal Communication	120	(15)
Facial Expressions and Body Movements	121	(5)
Physical Characteristics	126	(2)
Touch	128	(2)
Space	130	(2)
Time	132	(1)
Paralanguage	133	(1)
Artifacts	134	(1)
Environment	134	(1)
Functions of Nonverbal Communication	135	(3)
Complementing Verbal Behavior	135	(1)
Repeating Verbal Behavior	136	(1)
Regulating Verbal Behavior	136	(1)
Substituting for Verbal Behavior	136	(1)
Deceiving	137	(1)
Interpreting Nonverbal Communication	138	(3)
Improving Our Interpretation of Nonverbal Communication	139	(1)
Improving the Nonverbal Communication We Send	139	(2)
Summary	141	(2)
Discussion Starters	143	(1)
Notes	143	(3)
Connecting Listening and Thinking in the Communication Process	146	(22)
The Importance of Effective Listening	148	(2)
Listening and Hearing: Is There a Difference?	150	(1)
The Stages of Effective Listening	151	(4)
Hearing	151	(1)
Selecting	151	(1)
Attending	152	(1)
Understanding	152	(1)
Evaluating	153	(1)
Remembering	153	(1)
Responding: Sending Feedback	154	(1)
The Functions of Listening	155	(2)
Listening to Obtain Information	156	(1)
Listening to Evaluate	156	(1)
Listening with Empathy	156	(1)
Listening for Enjoyment	157	(1)
Barriers to Effective Listening	157	(3)
Considering the Topic or Speaker Uninteresting	157	(1)
Criticizing the Speaker Instead of the Message	157	(1)
Concentrating on Details, Not Main Ideas	158	(1)
Avoiding Difficult Listening Situations	158	(1)
Tolerating or Failing to Adjust to Distractions	158	(1)
Faking Attention	159	(1)
Critical Listening and Critical Thinking: Analyzing and Evaluating Messages	160	(3)
Assessing the Speaker's Motivation	161	(1)
Judging the Accuracy of the Speaker's Conclusions	162	(1)
Improving Listening Competence	163	(1)
Listening and Technology	164	(1)
Summary	165	(1)
Discussion Starters	166	(1)
Notes	166	(2)
PART TWO Connecting in the Public Context
Selecting a Topic and Relating to the Audience	168	(30)
Selecting a Speech Topic	172	(8)
Selecting an Appropriate Topic	172	(2)
Techniques for Finding a Topic	174	(5)
Assessing the Appropriateness of a Topic	179	(1)
Narrowing the Topic	179	(1)
Determining the General Purpose, Specific Purpose, and Thesis of a Speech	180	(5)
The General Purpose	180	(2)
The Specific Purpose	182	(2)
The Thesis	184	(1)
Relating to the Audience	185	(10)
Understanding the Audience's Point of View	186	(1)
Captive Versus Voluntary Participants	186	(1)
Key Audience Information	187	(5)
Ways to Learn About the Audience	192	(3)
Summary	195	(1)
Discussion Starters	196	(1)
Notes	197	(1)
Gathering and Using Information	198	(24)
Gathering Information	200	(8)
Using Yourself as a Source of Information	200	(1)
The Interview as a Source of Information	200	(3)
The Library as a Source of Information	203	(1)
Electronic Information Sources	204	(2)
Surfing the Web: The Internet as a Source of Information	206	(2)
Suggestions for Doing Research	208	(1)
Using Research to Support and Clarify Ideas	209	(11)
Testimony	211	(2)
Examples	213	(3)
Definitions	216	(1)
Statistics	217	(3)
Summary	220	(1)
Discussion Starters	221	(1)
Notes	221	(1)
Organizing and Outlining Your Speech	222	(36)
Organize the Body of Your Speech	224	(11)
Develop the Main Points	224	(4)
Order the Main Points	228	(5)
Connect the Main Points	233	(2)
Support the Main Points	235	(1)
Organize the Introduction of Your Speech	235	(6)
Orient the Audience to the Topic	235	(3)
Motivate the Audience to Listen	238	(1)
Forecast the Main Points	238	(3)
Organize the Conclusion of Your Speech	241	(2)
Show That You Are Finishing the Speech	242	(1)
Make Your Thesis Clear	242	(1)
Review the Main Points	242	(1)
End with a Memorable Thought	242	(1)
Outline Your Speech	243	(12)
The Preliminary Outline	245	(1)
The Full-Content Outline	246	(4)
The Presentational Outline	250	(5)
Summary	255	(1)
Discussion Starters	256	(1)
Answers and Explanations	256	(1)
Notes	257	(1)
Managing Anxiety and Delivering Your Speech	258	(38)
Qualities of Effective Speakers	260	(3)
Ethics	260	(1)
Knowledge	261	(1)
Preparation	262	(1)
Self-Confidence	263	(1)
Managing Speech Anxiety	263	(8)
Communication Apprehension	264	(1)
Symptoms of Speech Anxiety	264	(1)
Causes of Speech Anxiety	265	(2)
Speech Anxiety and Other Cultures	267	(1)
Treating Speech Anxiety	268	(3)
Methods of Delivery	271	(5)
Impromptu Delivery	273	(1)
Manuscript Delivery	274	(1)
Memorized Delivery	274	(1)
Extemporaneous Delivery	275	(1)
Vocal and Physical Aspects of Delivery	276	(8)
Vocal Aspects	276	(4)
Physical Aspects	280	(4)
Presentational Aids	284	(9)
Choosing and Using Presentational Aids	284	(1)
Kinds of Presentational Aids	285	(4)
Methods of Presentation	289	(2)
Computer-Generated Presentational Aids	291	(1)
Developing Presentational Aids	292	(1)
Polishing Your Delivery	293	(1)
Summary	293	(1)
Discussion Starters	294	(1)
Notes	295	(1)
Informative Speaking	296	(30)
Information and Power	298	(2)
Distinctions Between Informative and Persuasive Speaking	300	(1)
Topics for Informative Speeches	300	(5)
Objects	302	(1)
Processes	303	(1)
Events	303	(1)
Concepts	304	(1)
Preparing and Developing an Informative Speech	305	(10)
Gain and Maintain Audience Attention	305	(2)
Increase Understanding of the Topic	307	(5)
Hints for Effective Informative Speaking	312	(3)
Evaluating the Informative Speech	315	(3)
Topic	315	(1)
General Requirements	316	(1)
Audience Analysis	316	(1)
Supporting Materials	316	(1)
Organization	317	(1)
Delivery	318	(1)
Language Choice	318	(1)
A Sample Informative Speech with Commentary	318	(5)
Analysis and Evaluation	322	(1)
Summary	323	(1)
Discussion Starters	324	(1)
Notes	324	(1)
Appendix: Informative Speech Topics	325	(1)
Persuasive Speaking	326	(34)
The Goal of Persuasive Speaking	328	(3)
Topics for Persuasive Speeches	331	(4)
Questions of Fact	332	(1)
Questions of Value	333	(1)
Questions of Policy	334	(1)
Persuasive Claims	335	(2)
Establishing Credibility	337	(2)
Competence	337	(1)
Character	337	(1)
Charisma	338	(1)
Becoming Effective Consumers of Persuasion	339	(1)
Preparing and Developing a Persuasive Speech	340	(5)
Researching the Topic	341	(1)
Organizing the Speech	341	(1)
Supporting Materials	341	(4)
Persuasive Strategies	345	(1)
Fallacies in Argument Development	345	(3)
Fallacies of Reason	345	(1)
Fallacies of Evidence	346	(2)
Evaluating the Persuasive Speech	348	(3)
Topic	348	(1)
General Requirements	348	(1)
Audience Analysis	348	(1)
Supporting Materials	348	(1)
Organization	349	(1)
Delivery	349	(1)
Language Choice	350	(1)
A Sample Persuasive Speech with Commentary	351	(5)
Analysis and Evaluation	355	(1)
Summary	356	(2)
Discussion Starters	358	(1)
Notes	358	(1)
Appendix: Persuasive Speech Topics	359	(1)
PART THREE Connecting in Relational Contexts
Interpersonal Communication	360	(28)
Interpersonal Communication	362	(1)
The Motivation to Communicate and Form Relationships	363	(6)
Schutz's Theory of Interpersonal Needs	364	(4)
Social Exchange Theory	368	(1)
Relationships: Getting to Know Others and Ourselves	369	(6)
Learning About Others Through Online Relationships	369	(1)
Learning About Others Through Face-to-Face Relationships	370	(4)
Learning About Ourselves	374	(1)
Self-Disclosure in Relationships	375	(10)
The Process of Self-Disclosure: The Johari Window	376	(2)
Self-Disclosure and Social Penetration Theory	378	(1)
Motivation to Self-Disclose	379	(1)
Rhetorical Sensitivity	380	(1)
Self-Disclosure and Privacy	381	(1)
Cultural and Gender Issues in Self-Disclosure	382	(1)
General Conclusions About Self-disclosure	383	(2)
Summary	385	(1)
Discussion Starters	386	(1)
Notes	386	(2)
Developing Relationships	388	(34)
Forming and Dissolving Relationships	390	(17)
Interpersonal Attraction	390	(1)
The Need to Associate	391	(1)
Physical Attributes	392	(2)
Coming Together on the Internet	394	(1)
Knapp's Stages of Coming Together	394	(3)
Knapp's Stages of Coming Apart	397	(5)
Duck's Phases of Dissolution	402	(4)
Dialectical Theory: Push and Pull	406	(1)
Interpersonal Conflict	407	(8)
Conflict: The Major Causes	408	(1)
Conflict: Destructive and Constructive	409	(1)
Conflict Management: Some Useful Strategies	410	(4)
Signs That Show a Relationship Is in Trouble	414	(1)
Relational Repair Strategies	414	(1)
Improving Communication in Relationships	415	(2)
Establish Supporting and Caring Relationships	415	(1)
Nurture a Supportive Environment	416	(1)
Invite More Communication	417	(1)
Summary	417	(2)
Discussion Starters	419	(1)
Notes	419	(3)
Group and Team Communication	422	(24)
Small Group Communication: Making the Connection	424	(1)
What Is a Group?	425	(1)
Group Formation: Why Do People Join Groups?	426	(1)
Purposes of Small Group Communication	427	(2)
Social Purposes	428	(1)
Task-Related Purposes	428	(1)
Project or Work Teams	429	(2)
Characteristics of Small Groups	431	(8)
Interdependence	432	(1)
Commitment	433	(1)
Cohesiveness	433	(3)
Group Size	436	(1)
Norms	437	(1)
Group Culture	437	(1)
Disadvantages of Small Groups	438	(1)
Gender Differences in Group Communication	439	(1)
Ethical Behavior in Group Communication	440	(1)
Technology and Groups	441	(1)
Summary	442	(2)
Discussion Starters	444	(1)
Notes	444	(2)
Participating in Groups and Teams	446	(1)
Team Building	447	(2)
Setting Goals	448	(1)
Determining Roles	448	(1)
Developing Identity	448	(1)
Leadership	449	(5)
Leading a Group	449	(1)
Leadership Styles	450	(3)
Leadership and Gender Differences	453	(1)
Member Participation	454	(3)
Roles of Group Members	454	(1)
Contributions of Group Members	455	(2)
Conducting a Meeting	457	(1)
Problem Solving and Decision Making	458	(6)
Determining the Problem	459	(1)
Discussing the Problem	460	(1)
Applying Reflective Thinking to Problem Solving and Decision Making	461	(1)
Brainstorming	462	(1)
Brainstorming via Technology	463	(1)
Managing Group Conflict	464	(4)
Conflict and Group Communication	464	(3)
Managing Conflict	467	(1)
Ethical Behavior and Conflict	467	(1)
Evaluating Small Group Performance	468	(1)
Summary	468	(2)
Discussion Starters	470	(1)
Notes	470
APPENDIX Employment Interviewing: Preparing for Your Future	1	(1)
Preparing for Job Hunting	1	(1)
Career Research on the Internet	2	(2)
Choosing a Career	4	(1)
Qualities Employers Seek	4	(2)
Preparation for an Interview	6	(8)
Writing a Resume	7	(5)
Searching the Job Market	12	(1)
Researching the Company via the Internet	12	(1)
Developing Questions to Ask the Interviewer	13	(1)
How to Dress for an Interview	14	(1)
The Interview	14	(3)
Frequently Asked Questions	15	(2)
Other Considerations	17	(1)
Factors Leading to Rejection	17	(1)
Factors Leading to Job Offers	18	(1)
Summary	18	(1)
Discussion Starters	19	(1)
Notes	19
Glossary	1	(1)
Index	1