Communications Law Liberties, Restraints, and the Modern Media (with InfoTrac)

by Zelezny, John D.

• ISBN13: 9780534513313
• ISBN10: 053451331X
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-07-12
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
The U.S. Legal System	1	(30)
Studying the Law	2	(2)
Jurisdiction	4	(4)
Federal Jurisdiction	4	(3)
State Jurisdiction	7	(1)
Categorizing Law by Source	8	(8)
Constitutional Law	9	(2)
Statutory Law	11	(1)
Administrative Law	12	(1)
Case Law	13	(3)
Other Ways to Categorize Law	16	(2)
Criminal Law versus Civil Law	16	(1)
Contracts and Torts	17	(1)
The Judicial Process	18	(13)
Justiciable Controversy	19	(1)
Pretrial Procedure	19	(3)
Trial Procedure	22	(1)
Appellate Procedure	22	(3)
Finding Court Decisions	25	(1)
Administrative Proceedings	26	(5)
The First Amendment	31	(40)
Background	32	(2)
Reasons for Freedom of Speech	34	(3)
Social Reasons	34	(2)
Individualistic Reasons	36	(1)
Rebuttal	36	(1)
Adoption of the First Amendment	37	(1)
Nature of the Guarantee	38	(4)
Liberty versus Government Power	38	(1)
Expression versus Conduct	39	(3)
Suspect Restrictions	42	(11)
Prior Restraints	42	(3)
Punishment After the Fact	45	(2)
Financial Burdens	47	(1)
Compelled Speech	48	(3)
Time, Place, and Manner Restrictions	51	(2)
Resolving Conflicts	53	(18)
Rights not Absolute	53	(1)
Unprotected Speech	54	(3)
The Balancing Approach	57	(6)
Special Problem: Government Media	63	(3)
Waiver of Rights	66	(5)
Risk to Public Safety	71	(28)
Introduction	73	(1)
Law and Order	73	(5)
Clear and Present Danger	74	(2)
The Incitement Standard	76	(2)
National Security	78	(4)
The Pentagon Papers Case	78	(2)
The H-Bomb Case	80	(1)
Wartime Access Restrictions	81	(1)
Personal Injury	82	(17)
Negligence versus Incitement	83	(1)
Harm Through Imitation	84	(3)
Harm from Advice or Instructions	87	(5)
Harm Through Advertising	92	(7)
Damage to Reputation	99	(54)
Evolution of Defamation Law	100	(3)
Development by the States	101	(1)
The Constitution Intervenes	102	(1)
Ingredients for a Lawsuit	103	(1)
Defamatory Content	103	(8)
The Meaning of ``Defamatory''	104	(3)
Interpreting the Statements	107	(4)
Falsity	111	(5)
Burden of Proof	112	(1)
How False Must It Be?	112	(1)
Special Problem: Fact versus Opinion	113	(3)
Publication	116	(1)
Identification	117	(2)
Special Problem: Group Defamation	118	(1)
Fault	119	(16)
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan	120	(3)
Meaning of Actual Malice	123	(3)
Gertz and the Negligence Standard	126	(3)
Categorizing the Plaintiff	129	(6)
Harm to Plaintiff	135	(3)
Awarding Damages	135	(1)
Limits on Damages	136	(1)
Matters of Private Concern	137	(1)
Privileges, Defenses, and Other Protections	138	(8)
Reports of Official Proceedings	138	(2)
Neutral Reporting	140	(1)
The Wire Service Defense	141	(1)
Retractions	141	(1)
Summary Judgment	142	(1)
Counter-Attacks by the Media	143	(1)
Anti-SLAPP Statutes	144	(1)
Libel Insurance	145	(1)
Statutes of Limitations	145	(1)
Libel Reform Efforts	146	(7)
Reasons for Change	146	(1)
The Annenberg Project	147	(1)
The Uniform Correction Act	148	(5)
Privacy and Peace of Mind	153	(44)
Origins of Privacy Law	154	(2)
Four Distinct Torts	155	(1)
Appropriation	156	(9)
Commercial Use	157	(3)
Name or Likeness	160	(2)
Consent	162	(2)
Special Problem: Deceased Celebrities	164	(1)
First Amendment Issues	165	(1)
Disclosure of Private Facts	165	(10)
Private Facts	166	(3)
Highly Offensive	169	(1)
Newsworthiness Defense	169	(6)
False Light	175	(3)
False Light Situations	176	(1)
The Elements and Privileges	177	(1)
Intrusion	178	(8)
Expectation of Privacy	179	(2)
Offensiveness	181	(1)
Use of Subterfuge	182	(3)
Public Places	185	(1)
Fraud	186	(1)
Emotional Distress	187	(3)
Harsh Satire and the Hustler Case	187	(2)
Shocking News Content and Tactics	189	(1)
Criminal Statutes	190	(7)
Restrictions on Disclosure	190	(1)
Restrictions on Information Gathering	191	(6)
Access to Places and Information	197	(36)
Access to Places	198	(9)
Trespass to Private Property	199	(5)
Accident, Crime, and Disaster Scenes	204	(1)
Polling Places	205	(1)
Government Property	205	(2)
Access to Government Proceedings	207	(5)
State Open Meeting Laws	207	(3)
The Federal Statute	210	(2)
Access to Government Records	212	(14)
The Freedom of Information Act	212	(11)
State Open Records Laws	223	(3)
Selective Access by Government	226	(7)
Media and the Justice system	233	(46)
Media and Courts: A Unique Relationship	235	(1)
Media and a Fair Trial	235	(8)
The Sixth Amendment Guarantee	236	(1)
The First Amendment Conflict	236	(1)
Warnings from the Supreme Court	237	(4)
The True Effect of Publicity	241	(1)
The Aftermath of Sheppard	242	(1)
Preventing Publication	243	(6)
Gag Orders on the Media	243	(5)
Gag Orders on Participants	248	(1)
Access to Proceedings	249	(12)
Access to Trials	250	(3)
Pretrial Proceedings	253	(2)
Civil Proceedings	255	(1)
Special Problem: Cameras in the Courtroom	256	(3)
Special Problem: Juvenile Court	259	(1)
Ethics and Etiquette of Court Coverage	260	(1)
Access to Court Evidence and Records	260	(1)
Extracting Evidence from the Media	261	(12)
Forced Disclosure and the First Amendment	265	(3)
State Shield Laws	268	(3)
Legal Obligation to the Source	271	(1)
Police Searches	272	(1)
Contempt of Court	273	(6)
The Penalties for Contempt	273	(6)
Creative Property	279	(50)
Introduction	280	(1)
Copyright	281	(24)
Protected Works	282	(5)
Ownership	287	(6)
Formalities	293	(1)
Infringement	294	(3)
Licensing Agreements	297	(3)
Music Licensing	300	(3)
Special Problem: Cable Retransmissions	303	(1)
International Protection	304	(1)
The Fair Use Defense	305	(9)
Applying the Factors	306	(6)
Freedom for Parody	312	(2)
Copyright and Advancing Technology	314	(1)
Trademarks	315	(7)
Creation of Trademarks	316	(2)
Trademark Registration	318	(1)
Infringement	319	(1)
Dilution	320	(2)
Unfair Competition	322	(7)
Corporate and Government Speech	329	(30)
Introduction	330	(2)
Corporations and Investors	332	(6)
The Securities and Exchange Commission	332	(1)
Corporate Reports	332	(2)
Rule 10b-5	334	(4)
Corporations and Political Influence	338	(11)
Influencing Candidate Elections	339	(7)
Influencing Public Issues	346	(1)
Attribution Requirements	347	(2)
Government and Political Influence	349	(10)
Government Employees and The Hatch Act	350	(2)
Employee Honoraria	352	(1)
Official Government Persuasion	353	(6)
Commercial Speech	359	(38)
Introduction	360	(1)
Commercial Speech and the First Amendment	361	(10)
The Rise to Protection	362	(2)
The Central Hudson Test	364	(2)
Ad Bans for Disfavored Products	366	(4)
Required Disclosures	370	(1)
Deceptive Ads and the FTC	371	(15)
Authority of the FTC	371	(3)
Deception: The Basic Elements	374	(6)
Prior Substantiation	380	(1)
FTC Rules and Guides	381	(1)
FTC Enforcement Devices	381	(5)
Lanham Act Lawsuits	386	(3)
Elements of a Claim	387	(1)
Sample Cases	387	(1)
Plaintiff's Remedies	388	(1)
State Advertising Laws	389	(3)
Government Prosecution	389	(1)
Private Lawsuits	390	(1)
Federal Preemption	390	(2)
Liability for Illegal Ads	392	(1)
Rejection of Advertising	392	(5)
Broadcast and Cable Regulation	397	(52)
Introduction	398	(1)
The Rudiments of Broadcast Regulation	399	(9)
Use of the Spectrum	399	(2)
The Communications Act of 1934	401	(1)
The FCC	402	(1)
Limited First Amendment Status	403	(5)
Station Licensing	408	(16)
The Initial License	409	(7)
License Renewals	416	(3)
Transfer of Licenses	419	(1)
Ownership Limitations	420	(2)
EEO Rules	422	(2)
Broadcast Content Controls	424	(11)
Political Broadcasting	424	(6)
Remnants of the Fairness Doctrine	430	(2)
Children's Television	432	(2)
Other Content Controls	434	(1)
Cable Television	435	(14)
First Amendment Status	436	(1)
The Cable Acts	437	(2)
Franchising	439	(1)
Cable Content	440	(3)
Entry by Telephone Companies	443	(6)
Obscenity and Indecency	449	(36)
Introduction	450	(3)
History of Pornography	451	(1)
Early American Obscenity Law	452	(1)
Obscenity and the Constitution	453	(3)
The Rationale for Controls	454	(1)
The Presidential Commissions	455	(1)
Defining Obscenity	456	(6)
Prurient Interest	457	(1)
Patent Offensiveness	458	(1)
Lack of Serious Value	459	(2)
Exception: Child Pornography	461	(1)
Attacking Obscenity	462	(6)
State Statutes	462	(1)
Federal Statutes	463	(2)
The Knowledge Requirement	465	(1)
Private Possession	466	(1)
Prior Restraint	467	(1)
Curbing Non-Obscene Material	468	(5)
Postal Controls	468	(1)
Local Zoning	469	(3)
Funding Conditions	472	(1)
Women's Rights	472	(1)
Indecency	473	(12)
The Public Airwaves	473	(6)
Cable TV	479	(2)
Telephone	481	(4)
The Internet	485	(24)
Introduction	486	(6)
Jurisdiction Issues	487	(3)
Liability Issues	490	(2)
Defamation in Cyberspace	492	(4)
ISP Liability	493	(2)
User Liability	495	(1)
Privacy Online	496	(4)
Electronic Mail	496	(1)
Data Collection and the Web	497	(1)
Information Security	498	(2)
Creative Property in Cyberspace	500	(4)
Copyright's Exclusive Rights	501	(1)
Fair Use	502	(1)
Trademarks and Domain Names	503	(1)
Adult Material on the Net	504	(5)
The Framework for Regulation	505	(1)
The Communications Decency Act	506	(1)
The Child Online Protection Act	507	(2)
Appendix: Selected Provisions of the U.S. Constitution	509	(2)
Glossary of Legal Terms	511	(10)
Notes	521	(10)
Subject Index	531	(14)
Case Index	545