Community Policing: Partnerships for Problem Solving with Infotrac

by MILLER/HESS

• ISBN13: 9780534628888
• ISBN10: 0534628885
• Additional ISBN(s): 9780495095446, 9780534539467
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-08-13
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
• More Book Details
• Purchase Benefits

Summary

Section One: AN OVERVIEW. 1. The Evolution of Community Policing. 2. Inside Police Agencies: Understanding Mission and Culture. 3. Understanding and Involving the Community. 4. Problem Solving: Proactive Policing. 5. Implementing Community Policing. Section Two: GETTING THE JOB DONE. 6. Communicating Effectively--One on One. 7. Building Partnerships: Indispensable to Community Policing. 8. Forming Partnerships with the Media. Section Three: COMMUNITY POLICING IN THE FIELD: COORDINATED STRATEGIES. 9. Early Experiments in Crime Prevention and the Evolution of Community Policing Strategies. 10. Safe Neighborhoods and Communities: From Traffic Problems to Crime. 11. Community Policing and Drugs. 12. Bringing Youths into Community Policing. 13. Community Policing and Gangs. 14. Understanding and Preventing Violence. 15. What Research Tells Us and a Look to the Future. Epilogue. Glossary. Author Index. Subject Index.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Acknowledgments	xxii
Foreword	xxiii
About the Authors	xxiv
SECTION I AN OVERVIEW	1	(132)
The Evolution of Community Policing	3	(23)
Introduction	4	(1)
A Brief History of Policing	5	(1)
The Beginnings of ``Modern'' Police Forces	6	(1)
Policing in the United States	7	(2)
Policing in the Southern States	8	(1)
The Three Eras of Policing	9	(8)
The Political Era (1840 to 1930)	9	(1)
The Reform Era (1930 to 1980)	10	(6)
The Community Era (1980 to Present)	16	(1)
Community Policing Defined	17	(2)
Features of Community Policing	19	(1)
Four Essential Elements of Community Policing	20	(1)
The Philosophical Dimension	20	(1)
The Strategic Dimension	20	(1)
The Tactical Dimension	21	(1)
The Organizational Dimension	21	(1)
Other Views of the Elements of Community Policing	21	(1)
The Three Generations of Community Policing	22	(1)
First Generation: Innovation (1979 through 1986)	22	(1)
Second Generation: Diffusion (1987 through 1994)	22	(1)
Third Generation: Institutionalization (1995 to Present)	22	(1)
Summary	23	(3)
Inside Police Agencies: Understanding Mission and Culture	26	(23)
Introduction	27	(1)
The Police Mission	27	(4)
Fighting Crime versus Service to the Public	29	(2)
Neighborhood Cops or Special Ops?	31	(1)
Who Are the Police?	31	(1)
The Police Culture	31	(3)
The Police Image	34	(3)
Sources of the Police Image	34	(2)
Personal Contacts	36	(1)
Public Expectations	37	(1)
Police Discretion	38	(3)
Reasons for Police Discretion	39	(1)
Changes in Police Discretion	40	(1)
The Downside of Police Discretion	40	(1)
Discretion and the Police Image	40	(1)
Use of Force	41	(1)
Ethical Policing	42	(4)
Ethical Dilemmas	43	(1)
Police Corruption	44	(1)
Investigative Commissions	45	(1)
Summary	46	(3)
Understanding and Involving the Community	49	(27)
Introduction	50	(1)
Community Defined	51	(1)
Social Capital	52	(2)
Community Factors Affecting Social Capital	53	(1)
Lack of Community	54	(1)
Broken Windows	54	(1)
Communities and Crime	55	(1)
Community Demographics	56	(1)
A Rapidly Changing Population	57	(2)
Organizations and Institutions	59	(1)
The Public-Private Policing Interaction	60	(1)
The Power Structure	60	(1)
The Criminal Justice System	61	(3)
Controversial Issues	63	(1)
Restorative Justice	64	(1)
Citizen Involvement in the Law Enforcement Community	65	(8)
Civilian Review Boards	67	(3)
Citizen Patrol	70	(1)
Citizen Police Academies	71	(1)
Ride-Along Programs	72	(1)
Summary	73	(3)
Problem Solving: Proactive Policing	76	(27)
Introduction	77	(1)
From Incidents to Problems	78	(3)
Community Policing Compared to Problem-Oriented Policing	80	(1)
Being Efficient and Effective	81	(1)
Addressing Substantive Problems	82	(1)
The SARA Model: A Four-Stage Problem-Solving Process	82	(8)
Scanning and Analysis	83	(4)
Assessing Responses to Problems	87	(1)
The SARA Model in Action	88	(2)
Making Ethical Decisions	90	(1)
Mediation as a Problem-Solving Tool	90	(1)
Problem-Solving Policing and Crime-Specific Planning	91	(1)
Crime Analysis	91	(1)
Using Technology for Problem Solving	92	(4)
CompStat	92	(1)
Crime Mapping---Geographic Information Systems	93	(1)
Geographic Profiling	94	(2)
Common Mistakes in Problem Solving	96	(1)
Problem Solving and Creativity	96	(1)
Problem Solving at Work	97	(3)
Promising Practices from the Field	98	(1)
The International Association of Chiefs of Police's Community Policing Awards	99	(1)
2002 IACP Community Policing Award Winner, Category---Agency Serving a Population of 50,001 to 100,000 Residents: Gastonia, NC Police Department	99	(1)
Summary	100	(3)
Implementing Community Policing	103	(30)
Introduction	104	(1)
Change	105	(1)
Needed Changes	106	(1)
Management Styles	107	(1)
Creating a Vision and Mission Statement	108	(1)
Assessing Needs	109	(3)
Analyzing the Department	109	(2)
Analyzing the Community	111	(1)
Strategic Planning	112	(2)
Developing Strategies	114	(1)
Hiring and Promoting	115	(1)
Training	116	(2)
An Example of Implementing Community Policing	118	(4)
Lessons Learned from Team Policing	121	(1)
Doing the Little Things---A Shift in Policy Focus	122	(1)
Benefits That Might Be Achieved	122	(1)
Resistance to Community Policing	123	(1)
Pitfalls to Avoid	123	(4)
Reconciling Expectations and Results	123	(1)
The Specialized Unit Approach	124	(1)
Community Empowerment	124	(2)
Taking Advantage of Your Position	126	(1)
Misrepresentation---Talking the Talk without Walking the Walk	126	(1)
Impediments to Overcome	127	(1)
Evaluating Progress	128	(1)
Giving COP Implementation a Boost	129	(1)
Summary	129	(4)
SECTION II BUILDING RELATIONSHIPS AND TRUST	133	(110)
Communicating Effectively---One on One	135	(38)
Introduction	136	(2)
Understanding One's Self	138	(1)
Prejudice, Bias, Stereotyping and Discrimination	138	(1)
Understanding Others	139	(1)
The Communication Process	139	(3)
Nonverbal Communication and Body Language	140	(1)
Barriers to Communication	141	(1)
Active Listening	142	(1)
Lessons from Business	142	(2)
Networking	142	(1)
A Service Orientation: The Citizen as Customer	143	(1)
Diversity: An Overview	144	(14)
Racism	146	(1)
Racial Disparity	146	(3)
Racial Profiling	149	(3)
Strategies to Overcome Barriers Based on Racial and Ethnic Diversity	152	(1)
Religious Diversity	153	(1)
Socioeconomic Diversity	154	(3)
The Powerful and Connected	157	(1)
Facing the Challenge	157	(1)
A Cultural Diversity Value Statement	158	(1)
Persons with Disabilities	158	(4)
Understanding Physical and Mental Disabilities	158	(4)
The Elderly	162	(2)
Our Nation's Youths	164	(2)
Youths with Special Needs and the Police	164	(2)
Victims and Witnesses	166	(3)
Results of Being Victimized	166	(1)
Nonreporting of Victimization	166	(1)
Assisting Victims	167	(2)
Agencies That Can Assist	169	(1)
The Direction of Victims' Rights and Services in the Twenty-First Century	169	(1)
Summary	169	(4)
Building Partnerships: The Glue of Community Policing	173	(36)
Introduction	174	(1)
Why Partnerships?	175	(1)
The Core Components of a Partnership or Collaboration	176	(8)
Stakeholders	176	(2)
Active Community Involvement	178	(1)
Building Trust	178	(3)
A Shared Vision and Common Goals	181	(2)
The Remaining Core Components of Successful Collaboration and Partnerships	183	(1)
Criticisms of Partnerships	184	(1)
Making Time for Partnering and Problem Solving: Call Management or Call Reduction	184	(4)
Calls for Service and Problem Solving	187	(1)
Citizen Police Academies	188	(2)
Some Key Collaborators	190	(11)
Prosecutors	190	(4)
Community Courts	194	(1)
Community Corrections	195	(1)
Other Government Agencies	196	(1)
Private Security Providers	196	(1)
Victims	197	(1)
The Elderly	198	(2)
Taxi Drivers	200	(1)
Building Partnerships in a Variety of Neighborhoods	201	(1)
Successful Partnerships in Action	202	(1)
Partnerships to Accommodate the Homeless	203	(1)
A More Complex Partnership	203	(2)
Communication/Networking	203	(1)
Cooperation	203	(1)
Coordination	203	(1)
Collaboration Forming	204	(1)
Successful Law Enforcement/Community Partnership in Action	204	(1)
IACP Community Policing Award-Winning Category---Agency Serving a Population of 100,001 to 250,000 Residents---Halton, Ontario, Regional Police Service	205	(1)
The Problem	205	(1)
The Solution	205	(1)
Evaluation	206	(1)
Summary	206	(3)
Forming Partnerships with the Media	209	(34)
Introduction	210	(1)
Mutual Reliance of the Police and the Media	211	(1)
The First Amendment and Freedom of the Press	212	(2)
The Media and the Public's Fear of Crime	212	(1)
The Media's Impact on the Criminal Justice System	213	(1)
Freedom of Information Act	214	(1)
The Sixth Amendment, Suspects' Rights and Criminal Investigations	214	(1)
Leaks	214	(1)
Victim Privacy Rights	215	(2)
Conflict between the Media and the Police	217	(6)
Differing Perspectives	219	(1)
Sources of Conflict	220	(3)
Benefits of Conflict	223	(1)
General Policies and Protocol for Media Relations	223	(7)
Being Professional When Interviewed	224	(1)
Lying to the Media	225	(1)
Public Information Officers	226	(2)
Policies Regarding Photographing and Videotaping	228	(2)
Understanding and Improving Relations with the Media	230	(2)
Strategies for Developing Partnerships with the Media	232	(4)
Marketing Community Policing	236	(2)
Publicity as a Means to Prevent Crime	238	(1)
Summary	239	(4)
SECTION III COMMUNITY POLICING IN THE FIELD: COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS	243	(245)
Early Experiments in Crime Prevention and the Evolution of Community Policing Strategies	245	(40)
Introduction	246	(1)
Traditional Approaches to Crime Prevention	247	(5)
Street Lighting Projects	248	(1)
Property Identification Projects	248	(1)
Crime Prevention Security Surveys	248	(1)
Citizen Patrol Projects	249	(1)
Citizen Crime Reporting, Neighborhood or Block Programs	249	(1)
Special Crime Watch Programs	250	(2)
Other Efforts to Enhance Crime Prevention	252	(3)
National Night Out	252	(1)
Organizations Focused on Crime Prevention	252	(2)
Using Volunteers	254	(1)
Traditional Programs for Youths	255	(2)
The McGruff ``Take a Bite Out of Crime'' Program	255	(1)
Police Athletic Leagues	255	(1)
Officer Friendly	255	(1)
Police Explorers	256	(1)
Police-School Liaison Programs	256	(1)
The DARE Program	257	(1)
Empirical Studies of Community Policing	257	(7)
Flint, Michigan	258	(1)
Newark 1	259	(1)
Newark 2	259	(1)
Oakland	260	(1)
San Diego	260	(1)
Houston	260	(1)
Boston	261	(1)
Baltimore County	261	(1)
Summary and Implications of the Experiments	261	(2)
Fear-Reduction Strategies Experiments Compared	263	(1)
Other Crime Prevention Program Studies in the 1980s	264	(3)
The Seattle Program	265	(1)
The Portland Program	266	(1)
The Hartford Experiment	266	(1)
The Portland Commercial Demonstration Project	267	(3)
Community Policing and the Criminal Justice System	270	(3)
Community Policing and the Courts	270	(1)
Community Policing and Corrections	271	(1)
Strategies Recommended by the National Crime Prevention Council	272	(1)
Early Efforts Using the Media in Crime Prevention Efforts	273	(2)
The ``McGruff'' National Media Campaign	273	(1)
Police-Community Anticrime Newsletters	274	(1)
Lessons Learned	275	(1)
Qualitative Evaluations and Salient Program Features	275	(3)
Impediments to Community Policing Revisited	278	(1)
Cost versus Benefit	279	(1)
A Final Note: The Important Distinction between Programs and Community Policing	279	(1)
Summary	280	(5)
Safe Neighborhoods and Communities: From Traffic Problems to Crime	285	(32)
Introduction	286	(2)
Traffic Enforcement and Safety	288	(6)
Corridor Safety Programs	289	(1)
Speeding in Residential Areas	289	(1)
Street Racing	290	(1)
Red Light Running	290	(1)
Impaired Drivers	291	(1)
Nonuse of Seat Belts	292	(1)
Safe Communities	293	(1)
Addressing Disorder Concerns	294	(1)
Reducing the Fear of Crime	295	(1)
National Emphasis on Community Policing and Crime Prevention	296	(2)
The Office of Community Oriented Policing Services	296	(1)
The Community Policing Consortium	297	(1)
The Weed and Seed Program	297	(1)
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design	298	(1)
The Importance of Place	299	(1)
The Risk Factor Prevention Paradigm	300	(1)
Partnerships to Prevent or Reduce Crime and Disorder	301	(1)
Business Anticrime Groups	301	(1)
Local Government--Community Crime Prevention Coalitions	301	(1)
Community Coalitions	302	(1)
Cooperation with Grassroots Organizations	302	(1)
Working with Landlords and Residents of Public Housing	302	(1)
Using Advances in Technology to Fight Crime	302	(1)
Preventing Burglary of Single-Family Houses	303	(1)
Preventing Burglary in Public Housing	303	(1)
Preventing Burglary of Retail Establishments	304	(1)
Preventing Shoplifting	304	(1)
Preventing Robberies at Automated Teller Machines	305	(1)
Preventing Assaults in and around Bars	305	(1)
Preventing Street Prostitution	306	(1)
Preventing Theft of and from Vehicles	307	(1)
Partnerships in Action Against Crime and Disorder	308	(2)
Gastonia (North Carolina) Police Department Award Winner	310	(2)
The Problem	310	(1)
The Solution	310	(1)
Evaluation	311	(1)
Summary	312	(5)
Community Policing and Drugs	317	(33)
Introduction	318	(1)
The ``War on Drugs''	319	(1)
The National Drug Control Strategy	320	(1)
Stopping Drug Use before It Starts	321	(2)
The DARE Program	321	(1)
A Reality-Based Approach to Drug Education	322	(1)
Strategies for Dealing with the Drug Problem	323	(5)
Available Grants to Assist in Implementing Selected Strategies	328	(1)
Weed and Seed Funding	328	(1)
Drug-Free Community Funding	328	(1)
Addressing Drug Dealing in Privately Owned Apartment Complexes	329	(2)
Conditions Making Apartment Complexes Susceptible to Drug Dealing	330	(1)
Enlisting Property Owners' Help in Closing a Drug Market	330	(1)
Collaborative Efforts to Combat the Drug Problem	331	(2)
Comprehensive, Coordinated Community Approaches	333	(4)
A Drug Problem in New York City	334	(3)
Getting Impaired Drivers Off the Street	337	(1)
Underage Alcohol Use	337	(7)
Hearings before the U.S. Senate on Governmental Affairs	338	(3)
Strategies to Combat Underage Drinking	341	(1)
Educating Students about the Effects of Alcohol	342	(1)
Rave Parties	343	(1)
Crime, Drugs and the American Dream	344	(1)
A Problem-Solving Partnership in Action---New Rochelle (New York) Police Department	345	(2)
The Problem	345	(1)
The Solution	345	(2)
Evaluation	347	(1)
Summary	347	(3)
Bringing Youths into Community Policing	350	(36)
Introduction	351	(1)
Youths and Community Policing	352	(1)
Building Personal Relationships	353	(4)
Connecting Youths and the Community	353	(1)
The Youth Development Approach	354	(1)
The Developmental Asset Approach	354	(1)
Recognizing Risk Factors	355	(1)
Youth-Focused Community Policing	355	(1)
The Five Promises	356	(1)
A Partnership to Prevent Juvenile Delinquency	356	(1)
Involving Youths in Violence Prevention	357	(1)
The Importance of Parental Involvement	357	(1)
The Importance of Schools	357	(3)
School Teams	358	(1)
The School Safety Pyramid	359	(1)
Crime in Our Schools	360	(1)
Bullying in Schools	361	(4)
Adult Responsibility	361	(1)
Strategies to Mediate Bullying	362	(1)
A Case Study	363	(2)
School Violence	365	(5)
Early Warning Signs of Impending Violent Behavior	366	(1)
School Shooters	366	(4)
After School Programs	370	(1)
Creating Safe Schools	370	(6)
School/Law Enforcement/Community Partnerships	371	(5)
Crisis Planning	376	(2)
Lockdowns	377	(1)
School Mock Disaster Exercises	377	(1)
Early Intervention	378	(2)
The 8% Problem/Solution	379	(1)
Problem-Solving Partnership in Action: School Impact Project---Dorchester High School by the Boston Police Department	380	(1)
Scanning	380	(1)
Analysis	380	(1)
Response	380	(1)
Assessment	381	(1)
Summary	381	(5)
The Challenge of Gangs: Controlling Their Destructive Force	386	(36)
Introduction	387	(1)
Understanding Gangs and Gang Members	388	(6)
Gangs Defined	389	(1)
Types of Gangs	390	(2)
Demographics---Profile of Gang Members	392	(1)
The Gang Subculture	393	(1)
Gang Activities	394	(1)
Why Youths Join Gangs	395	(1)
Preventing Gang Membership	396	(3)
Early Precursors of Gang Membership	396	(1)
Implications for Prevention	397	(1)
The GREAT Program	398	(1)
The GRIP Program	399	(1)
Recognizing the Presence of Gangs (or a Gang Problem)	399	(1)
Identifying Gang Members	400	(2)
The Police Response	402	(2)
Intelligence Gathering	402	(2)
Evolution of Strategies for Dealing with the Gang Problem	404	(2)
Suppression---The Traditional Response	404	(1)
Gang Units	405	(1)
A Collaborative Gang Initiative	406	(1)
Community Policing and Gangs: Assistance from the OJJDP	406	(1)
Community Policing and Gangs: Assistance from the National Youth Gang Center	407	(1)
Strategies to Address a Gang Problem and Gang Violence	408	(4)
Graffiti Removal Programs	409	(1)
Pulling Levers in Boston	410	(1)
Other Strategies Recommended by the National Crime Prevention Council	411	(1)
Task Forces	411	(1)
The Gang's Place within the Community	411	(1)
A Community Approach to a Gang Problem	412	(1)
Providing Alternatives to Gangs	413	(2)
Austin, Texas, Youth Options	413	(1)
Austin, Texas, Roving Leader Program	413	(1)
Dallas, Texas, Nuestro Centro, ``Our Center''	414	(1)
Pierce County, Washington, Safe Streets Campaign	414	(1)
A Five-Pronged Approach to Gang Reduction	415	(1)
Problem-Solving Partnership to Address a Gang Problem in Action	416	(2)
Summary	418	(4)
Understanding and Preventing Violence and Terrorism	422	(41)
Introduction	423	(1)
Causes of Violence	424	(2)
Those at Risk for Violence	426	(1)
Preventing Violence	426	(2)
Bias or Hate Crimes	428	(5)
Skinhead Groups	431	(1)
Addressing and Preventing Hate Crimes	432	(1)
Gun Violence	433	(3)
Strategies to Interrupt Sources of Illegal Guns	434	(1)
Strategies to Deter Illegal Gun Possession and Carrying	435	(1)
Strategies to Respond to Illegal Gun Use	436	(1)
Comprehensive Gun Violence Reduction Strategies	436	(3)
Reducing Access to Firearms	437	(1)
Teaching Gun-Safe Behavior	438	(1)
Right-to-Carry Laws	438	(1)
Domestic Violence	439	(1)
Partner Abuse and Stalking	439	(5)
Important Research Finding	439	(1)
Legislation to Prevent Stalking and Domestic Violence	440	(1)
Problem Solving and Domestic Violence: A Case Study	440	(2)
Corporate Partnership to Combat Domestic Violence	442	(1)
A Domestic Violence Reduction Unit	442	(1)
S*T*O*P Violence against Women	443	(1)
Domestic Violence Courts	443	(1)
Barriers to Multiagency Collaborations	444	(1)
Child Abuse	444	(4)
Children Exposed to Violence	445	(1)
Training Professionals to Recognize Child Victims	445	(1)
The Child Development--Community Policing (CD-CP) Model	446	(1)
Forming a Multidisciplinary Team to Investigate Child Abuse	447	(1)
Promising Service Developments for Children	447	(1)
Workplace Violence	448	(2)
Workplace Violence and Domestic Violence	449	(1)
Workplace Violence and Hospital Emergency Rooms	449	(1)
Preventing Workplace Violence	450	(1)
Terrorism: An Overview	450	(6)
Definitions of Terrorism	451	(1)
International Terrorism	452	(1)
Domestic Terrorism	452	(1)
The Police Response/Responsibility	453	(2)
Partnerships to Prevent Terrorism	455	(1)
A Problem-Solving Partnership in Action	456	(1)
The Problem	456	(1)
Analysis	456	(1)
Response	457	(1)
Assessment	457	(1)
Summary	457	(6)
What Research Tells Us and a Look to the Future	463	(25)
Introduction	464	(1)
The Importance of Research	465	(5)
Experimental Design	465	(3)
Surveys	468	(1)
Case Studies	469	(1)
Research Findings on Community Policing Departments	470	(3)
The Structure of Successful Community Policing Departments	470	(1)
Community Policing Activities Engaged in	471	(1)
Patterns of Community Policing in the United States	471	(2)
Citizen Complaints	473	(1)
Community Policing, Evaluation and Crime Statistics	473	(3)
Community Policing and Strong Communities	476	(1)
Evaluation of the COPS Office	477	(1)
What Works, What Doesn't and What's Promising	477	(3)
What Works	478	(1)
What Doesn't Work	478	(1)
What's Promising	479	(1)
A Look toward the Future	480	(4)
Community Policing: Still a Philosophy or a Reality?	483	(1)
Summary	484	(4)
Epilogue	488	(5)
Glossary	493	(10)
Author Index	503	(4)
Subject Index	507