Community-Based Corrections

by McCarthy, Belinda Rodgers; McCarthy, Bernard J.

• ISBN13: 9780534231248
• ISBN10: 0534231241
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1996-10-01
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Intended for the upper level undergraduate or graduate level course in Corrections, Community-Based Corrections, or Probation and Parole found in the criminal justice department or sociology department.

This text focuses on all forms of community-based correctional facilities (as opposed to federal prisons from traditional incarceration programs to the most current programs such as electronic monitoring, house arrest, day-treatment, bootcamp and fines. Coverage also includes the recent shift in legislative strategy from how to help the offender to how to protect the community.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Introduction to Community-Based Corrections	1	(36)
Objectives of Community-Based Corrections	1	(6)
Community Protection	1	(1)
A Continuum of Sanctions: Fitting the Punishment to the Crime	2	(3)
Rehabilitation and Reintegration	5	(1)
Cost Effectiveness	6	(1)
Objectives in Conflict	7	(1)
Development of Community-Based Corrections	7	(7)
The Emergence of Community-Based Corrections	8	(2)
The Reexamination of Community-Based Corrections	10	(3)
Contemporary Community-Based Corrections	13	(1)
Chaos in the Courts	14	(4)
First Federal 3-Strikes Conviction Ends a Criminal's 25-Year Career	18	(14)
The Future of Community-Based Corrections	20	(12)
Perspectives on the Study of Community-Based Corrections	32	(2)
Systems Analysis	32	(1)
The Correctional Continuum	33	(1)
Summary	34	(3)
Diversion Programs	37	(31)
Diversion in the Criminal Justice System	38	(1)
Traditional Diversion	38	(1)
Avoidance of Unnecessary Arrest and Prosecution	38	(1)
Development of Formal Diversion Programs	39	(1)
The Philosophy of Diversion	40	(1)
Objectives of Diversion Programs	40	(1)
Offender Change Objectives	40	(1)
Criminal Justice System Objectives: Serving the Victim and the Community	41	(1)
Contemporary Diversion Programming	41	(2)
The Diversion Controversy	43	(1)
Diversion Program Models	44	(2)
Alcohol Detoxification Centers	44	(1)
Domestic Violence	45	(1)
For Homeless, a Stirring of Hope	46	(6)
Programs for Drug-Abusing Offenders	48	(5)
Comprehensive Diversion Programs	53
Sometimes, Speed Works in Oakland, Drug Rehab Starts Fast---and Shows Promise	52	(6)
Community Dispute-Resolution Programs	57	(1)
Diversion Services	58	(3)
Problems and Issues in Diversion	61	(1)
Alternatives to Diversion	62	(1)
Decriminalization	62	(1)
Other Alternatives to Diversion	63	(1)
New Directions in Diversion Programs	63	(1)
Little Known Shoplifting Law Flawed, Critics Say	64	(1)
Summary	64	(4)
Pretrial Release Programs	68	(28)
Objectives of Pretrial Release Programs	69	(1)
Increased Release Rates	69	(1)
Speedy Operations	69	(1)
Equal Justice	69	(1)
Low Failure-to-Appear (FTA) Rates	69	(1)
Protection of the Community	70	(1)
Minimum Economic Costs with Maximum Benefit	70	(1)
Historical Development of Pretrial Release Programs	70	(1)
English Origins	70	(1)
Amendment VIII	71	(3)
The Beginning of Contemporary Pretrial Release Programs	72	(1)
Bail Reform in the Federal Judicial System	73	(1)
Emergence of Supervised Pretrial Release Pretrial Service Agencies	73	(1)
The Federal Bail Reform Act of 1984 and Its Impact	74	(1)
Continuing Problems of Jail and Bail	74	(13)
Local Jails	75	(1)
Jail Overcrowding	75	(1)
Use and Administration of Bail	76	(1)
Bail Reform---Bail Guidelines, Deposit Bail Systems, and Federal Efforts	77	(2)
Nonfinancial Pretrial Release Program Models	79	(1)
Prebooking Releases	79	(1)
Postbooking Releases	80	(5)
The Milwaukee Court Intervention Unit	85	(1)
Orange Country's Day Reporting Program	86	(1)
Effectiveness of Pretrial Release Programs	87	(3)
The Enhanced Pretrial Services Project	87	(1)
Electronic Monitoring	87	(1)
Research on Urine Monitoring	88	(1)
Differentiated Case Management: Drug Courts as an Alternative to Pretrial Release	89	(1)
Problems and Issues in Pretrial Release	90	(1)
Preventive Detention and Pretrial Crime	90	(1)
Restrictions on and Conditions of Pretrial Release Conduct	91	(1)
Assessing the Economic Costs	91	(1)
Costs and Benefits	91	(1)
Cost Effectiveness	92	(1)
Future Directions in Pretrial Release	92	(1)
Summary	93	(3)
Probation	96	(42)
Defining Probation	96	(1)
Objectives of Probation	97	(1)
Court Use of Probation	98	(1)
Historical Perspective	99	(2)
The English Tradition	99	(1)
Early U.S. Practices	100	(1)
John Augustus and the Beginnings of Probation	101	(1)
Probation Today	101	(2)
Trends and Issues in Probation	103	(1)
Administrative Issues	103	(1)
Granting Probation	103	(4)
Interstate Compact for the Supervision of Parolees and Probationers	107	(1)
Types of Offenders Served by Probation Services	108	(1)
Granting Probation	108	(3)
Sentencing Guidelines	108	(3)
Guidelines Grid	111	(5)
Standardized Sentencing Instruments	112	(2)
Presentence Investigation Report (PSI)	114	(2)
``Love Made Me Go There, Whiskey Made Me to Shoot Her''---The Alabama Seventeenth Judicial Circuit Sentencing Project	116	(1)
Probation Supervision	117	(1)
Supervisory Styles	117	(1)
ROBO-PO: The Life and Times of a Federal Probation Officer	118	(6)
Service Delivery Strategies	120	(1)
Caseload Management	120	(1)
Conditions of Probation	121	(3)
A Man Must Get Written Consent for Sex	124	(1)
Revocation	124	(1)
Research on Probation	125	(4)
Outcome Measures	125	(1)
Studies on Recidivism	126	(2)
Evaluations of Specific Treatment Strategies	128	(1)
The Rand Study	128	(1)
Innovations in Probation	129	(1)
Probation Classification Systems	129	(1)
Domestic Violence	130	(1)
The Future of Probation	130	(3)
Intensive Supervision Programs (ISPs)	130	(3)
Summary	133	(1)
Program Profile: The Trend Toward Multidisciplinary Treatment of Domestic Violence: Avoiding Recidivism in Virginia	134	(4)
Economic Sanctions: Fines, Fees, Restitution, and Community Service	138	(35)
Fines	139	(2)
Impediments to the Use of Fines	139	(2)
Day Fines	141	(6)
How Day Fines Are Calculated	142	(1)
The Staten Island Experiment	143	(3)
The Milwaukee Municipal Court Experiment	146	(1)
Structured Fines Research	147	(1)
Fees and Surcharges	147	(3)
Revenue Generation	148	(1)
Fee Schedules	148	(2)
Debt Collection: The Enforcement of Fines and Other Charges	150	(2)
Problems of Enforcement	150	(1)
New Jersey's Model Court Collection Process	150	(2)
The Privatization of Collection Activities	152	(1)
Restitution and Community Service	152	(1)
Restitution Is an Ancient Principle	153	(5)
Contemporary Applications	153	(1)
Extent of Use	154	(1)
Historical Perspective	154	(1)
Contemporary Support for Restitution and Community Service	155	(1)
A Closer Look at Correctional Objectives	156	(2)
``Doing Justice'': Judicial Attitudes Toward Community Service Sentences	158	(6)
The Restitution/Community Service Process	160	(3)
Program Models: Community Supervision and Residential Alternatives	163	(1)
Georgia Department of Corrections Community Service Guidelines for Agencies Supervising Offenders	164	(6)
Alternatives to Restitution: Victim Compensation Programs	167	(1)
Restitution and Victim Compensation: Costs and Benefits	168	(2)
Summary	170	(3)
Intermediate Sanctions	173	(61)
The Eras in Community Corrections	174	(1)
The Community Corrections Era	174	(1)
Intermediate Sanctions as the Focal Point of Community Corrections	174	(1)
Objectives of Intermediate Sanctions	175	(4)
Community Protection	175	(1)
Enhancement of the Correctional Continuum	176	(1)
Economic Objectives	176	(3)
Definition of Intermediate Sanctions	179	(1)
Scaling Correctional Options and the Correctional Continuum	179	(3)
Evaluating Intermediate Sanctions	182	(2)
Inmate Preferences for Incarceration over Intermediate Sanctions	184	(2)
Intensive Supervision Programs (ISPs)	186	(4)
Program Development	186	(1)
ISP Goals	187	(2)
Program Illustrations	189	(1)
Research on ISPs	189	(1)
Georgia's Intensive Supervision Program	190	(2)
New Jersey's Intensive Supervision Program	192	(2)
Massachusetts' Intensive Supervision Program	194	(1)
The Experience of the BJA/NIJ Prison Diversion Programs	195	(3)
Future of ISPs	197	(1)
Boot Camps	198	(4)
Definition	198	(1)
Program Objectives	198	(1)
Program Development	198	(2)
Boot Camps Today	200	(2)
Local Jurisdiction Boot Camp: Harris County (Houston) Texas	202	(4)
Research on Boot Camps	204	(2)
Program Variation Within the NIJ Study: The Examples of Georgia and New York	206	(2)
Boot Camps Offer No Quick Fix	208	(4)
The Future of Boot Camps	211	(1)
Home Confinement and Electronic Monitoring	212	(4)
Objectives	212	(1)
Program Development	213	(1)
Implementation Issues	214	(2)
Defective Electronic Monitoring Equipment May Lead to Further Crime and Civil Liability	216	(3)
Program Effectiveness	218	(1)
The Future	218	(1)
Home Confinement and Electronic Monitoring in a Rural Setting	219	(2)
Day Reporting Centers	221	(2)
Objectives	221	(1)
Development of Day Reporting Centers	221	(1)
Program Characteristics	222	(1)
Prison Without Walls: A Typical Day Reporting Experience	223	(2)
A Composite Day Reporting Center	225	(5)
Program Illustrations	226	(4)
Future of Day Reporting Centers	230	(1)
Summary	230	(4)
Community Residential Centers (Halfway Houses)	234	(31)
Objectives	236	(2)
Benefits to the Offender	236	(1)
Benefits to the Community	237	(1)
Benefits to the Justice System	238	(1)
Historical Perspective	238	(6)
Program Models	240	(4)
Program Planning and Operations	244	(6)
Target Population Selection	244	(1)
Location and Site Selection	245	(1)
Personnel and Training	246	(1)
Treatment Services	247	(1)
Resident Security and Community Protection	248	(1)
An LEAA Exemplary Project	249	(1)
Montgomery County Pre-Release Agreement	250	(1)
Problems and Issues in Halfway Houses	250	(2)
The Dilemma of Being Half In and Half Out	250	(2)
Freedom: Halfway House Style	252	(2)
Halfway House/Community Relations	253	(1)
A Profile of a Multifaceted Community Correctional Agency	253	(1)
The Inmate Code in a Halfway House: A Source of Resistance to Constructive Reintegration	254	(2)
The Mariana (Florida) Community Center	256	(1)
Program Evaluation	257	(4)
National Evaluation Program	257	(2)
NEP Recommendations	259	(1)
GAO Survey	260	(1)
Minnesota Evaluation	260	(1)
The Future of Halfway Houses	261	(1)
Management by Objectives	261	(1)
Management Information System	261	(1)
Mutual Agreement Programming	262	(1)
Summary	262	(3)
Parole and Temporary Release Programs	265	(39)
A Judge's Warning to the Parole Authorities	266	(1)
What Is Parole?	266	(2)
Objectives	268	(1)
Historical Development	269	(2)
Molester Seeks Castration; Texas Agrees: Soon to Leave Prison, Man Wants Testicles Removed as Precaution	271	(2)
Contemporary Parole	273	(4)
Administrative Structure	275	(1)
Essential Elements of Parole	276	(1)
Sentencing Flexibility	276	(1)
Sentencing Models	277	(2)
Changes in Parole Powers	278	(1)
Qualified Parole Board	278	(1)
The Truth About Polly Klaas	279	(1)
The Iowa Parole Board	280	(11)
Qualified Parole Staff	280	(2)
Freedom from Influence	282	(1)
Effective Parole Administration	282	(1)
Proper Parole Procedures	282	(4)
Promising Parole Strategies	286	(5)
The Future of Parole	291	(1)
Abolishing Parole: Why the Emperor Has No Clothes	292	(1)
Summary of Parole	293	(1)
Temporary Release Programs	294	(4)
Types of Contemporary Programs	294	(4)
Willie Horton and the Presidential Election of 1988	298	(3)
Objectives	298	(1)
Problems and Issues	299	(1)
New Directions	300	(1)
Summary of Temporary Release Programs	301	(3)
Problems and Needs of Female Offenders	304	(25)
Special Problems of Female Offenders	305	(3)
Women and Crime	305	(3)
``Women Doing Crime, Women Doing Time''	308	(4)
The Female Offender and the Criminal Justice System	310	(1)
Social Roles and the Needs of the Female Offender	311	(1)
Services	312	(2)
Economic Assistance	312	(2)
Girl Scouts Beyond Bars: Florida's Programs	314	(4)
Programs for Parents	314	(2)
Survival Training	316	(2)
Community-Based Correctional Programs	318	(8)
Major Issues in Programming	318	(1)
National Council on Crime and Delinquency (NCCD) Survey	319	(2)
NCCD Program Illustrations	321	(2)
Program Effectiveness	323	(1)
Drug Treatment Programs	324	(2)
Intermediate Sanctions	326	(1)
Issues in the Treatment of Female Offenders	326	(1)
Summary	327	(2)
Programs for Juveniles	329	(54)
Criminal Justice and Juvenile Justice	330	(1)
Overview of the Juvenile Justice System	330	(8)
The Offenders	334	(2)
Processing Juvenile Offenders	336	(2)
A Closer Look at Intake	338	(1)
Community-Based Programs for Juveniles	339	(1)
Programs for Runaways	340	(1)
Juvenile Diversion Programs	340	(3)
Outreach Programs	340	(2)
Programs Targeting Minority Youth	342	(1)
Mentoring Men of Distinction	343	(4)
Mentoring Programs	343	(1)
Youth Service Bureaus	343	(3)
Youth Courts	346	(1)
Specialized Programs	346	(1)
Teens Face Jury of Their Peers	347	(1)
Diversion and the Juvenile Justice System	348	(1)
Community Alternatives to Secure Detention	348	(2)
Home Detention Programs	349	(1)
Temporary Shelter Programs	349	(1)
Detention Aftercare in New York	350	(1)
Detention Aftercare	351	(1)
Juvenile Probation Programs	351	(6)
Programs for Youths with School-Related Problems	351	(3)
Drug Treatment Programs	354	(1)
Restitution and Community Service Programs	355	(2)
Making a Difference	357	(3)
Day Treatment Programs	358	(1)
Wilderness Experience Programs	359	(1)
Marine Institute Graduates Celebrate Love, Life Skills	360	(3)
Specialized Programs	361	(2)
Community-Based Residential Programs for Juveniles	363	(3)
Foster Care	363	(1)
Group Homes	364	(2)
Independent Living Programs	366	(1)
Juvenile Aftercare	366	(2)
Research and Program Models for Serious Chronic Delinquents	368	(6)
Research on Urban Delinquency and Substance Abuse	368	(2)
The OJJDP Plan	370	(4)
Problems and Issues in Community-Based Correctional Programs for Youths	374	(2)
Treatment versus Control	374	(1)
Deinstitutionalization of Juvenile Corrections	375	(1)
The Future of Community-Based Correctional Programs for Juveniles	376	(3)
Crime Control Moderated (Usually) by Continuing Concern for Rehabilitation	376	(1)
Continued Efforts to Develop Alternatives to Confinement	376	(3)
Summary	379	(4)
Problems and Needs of Drug- and Alcohol-Abusing Offenders	383	(38)
Special Problems of Drug Abusers	384	(1)
Drug Abuse and Crime	384	(1)
Fact Sheet: Methamphetamine	385	(1)
Emerging Drugs	386	(5)
The Narcotics User: A Portrait in Diversity	386	(2)
Characteristics of Narcotics Addicts	388	(1)
The Addict Personality	389	(1)
Causes and Purposes of Drug Addiction	389	(1)
Postaddiction Syndrome	390	(1)
Treatment of Drug Abusers	391	(1)
Methadone Maintenance	391	(1)
Prison: A Self-Contained Treatment Community	392	(2)
Therapeutic Communities	393	(1)
Learning Life Skills Through Delancey Street	394	(2)
Community-Based Correctional Programs for Narcotics Addicts	394	(2)
Bureau of Justice Assistance Fact Sheet: Treatment Accountability for Safer Communities	396	(2)
Probation Work with Drug Offenders	398	(2)
Narcotics Addicts on Parole	400	(1)
New Directions in the Treatment of Narcotics Addicts	400	(2)
I Did Drugs Until They Wore Me Out. Then I Stopped.	402	(2)
The Wildcat Project: Typical Clients	404	(1)
Special Problems of Alcohol Abusers	405	(2)
Alcohol and Crime	405	(1)
Research on Arrested Persons	405	(1)
Studies of Prisoners	406	(1)
Effects of Alcohol	406	(1)
The Stages of Alcoholism	407	(2)
The Alcoholic and the Problem Drinker	408	(1)
Causes of Alcoholism	408	(1)
Diagnosing the Problem	408	(1)
Treatment of Alcoholics and Problem Drinkers	409	(2)
Goals	409	(1)
Methods	410	(1)
Alcoholics Anonymous: The Twelve Steps	411	(1)
Community-Based Correctional Programs for Alcoholic Offenders	412	(1)
The Effectiveness of Alcohol Treatment	413	(1)
Alcohol Consumption	413	(1)
Behavioral Impairment and Adjustment	413	(1)
Patient and Treatment Characteristics	413	(1)
The Hazelden Rehabilitation Program, Center City, Minnesota	414	(2)
Treatment Prerequisites and the Criminal Justice System	414	(2)
Heavy Drinking: Long-term Effects	416	(1)
Summary	416	(2)
Goals of the 1995 National Drug Control Strategy	418	(3)
Planning for the Future	421	(24)
The Importance of Planning	422	(3)
The Planning Process	422	(1)
Policy Implementation	423	(2)
Benefits of Planning	425	(1)
The Intermediate Sanctions Planning Process	425	(4)
A Working Policy Group	426	(1)
Goal Development	426	(2)
Developing Baseline Information	428	(1)
County's Conservative Attitude Liberalizes Treatment of Lawbreakers	429	(5)
Sentence Monitoring	431	(1)
Targeting Offender Populations	431	(2)
Implementing Sentencing Policy	433	(1)
Reorganizing Community-Based Corrections	434	(2)
Programs and Strategies for the Correctional Planner	436	(5)
Subsidies and Community Corrections Acts	436	(1)
Community Correctional Centers	437	(2)
Contracting for Community Correctional Services	439	(2)
Summary	441	(1)
Conclusion	442	(3)
Index	445