The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature; Reading, Thinking , Writing

by Michael Meyer

• ISBN13: 9780312398811
• ISBN10: 0312398816
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Trade Paper
• Copyright: 2002-08-01
• Publisher: Bedford/St. Martin's

Summary

Ideally suited for courses emphasizing writing about literature, this new compact edition of The Bedford Introduction to Literature offers all the distinctive features of Michael Meyer's best-selling introduction to literature in a shorter, less expensive paperback format. With its rich array of selections, its many innovative editorial features, and now fully integrated with its own companion Web site, this new compact edition of the most comprehensive three-genre literature anthology available provides more options than ever before to help students read, think, and write effectively about literature.

Table of Contents

Resources for Writing about Literature	Inside front
Preface for Instructors	ix
Introduction: Reading Imaginative Literature	1	(6)
The Nature of Literature	1	(2)
EMILY DICKINSON,
A narrow Fellow in the Grass	2	(1)
The Value of Literature	3	(2)
The Changing Literary Canon	5	(2)
FICTION	7	(488)
THE ELEMENTS OF FICTION	9	(272)
1. Reading Fiction	11	(32)
Reading Fiction Responsively	11	(9)
KATE CHOPIN,
The Story of an Hour	12	(3)
A SAMPLE PAPER: Differences in Responses to Kate Chopin 's "The Story of an Hour"	15	(5)
Explorations and Formulas	20	(2)
A Composite of a Romance Tip Sheet	22	(4)
PHOTO: Romance Novel Cover	25	(1)
A Comparison of Two Stories	26	(17)
KAREN van der ZEE,
From A Secret Sorrow	27	(8)
GAIL GODWIN,
A Sorrowful Woman	35	(5)
PERSPECTIVE: KAY MUSSELL, Are Feminism and Romance Novels Mutually Exclusive?	40	(1)
PERSPECTIVE: THOMAS JEFFERSON, On the Dangers of Reading Fiction	41	(2)
2. Writing about Fiction	43	(21)
From Reading to Writing	43	(3)
Questions for Responsive Reading and Writing	44	(2)
A Sample Paper in Progress	46	(13)
First Response	46	(2)
Brainstorming	48	(1)
Revising: First and Second Drafts	48	(11)
FINAL DRAFT: Fulfillment or Failure? Marriage in A Secret Sorrow and "A Sorrowful Woman"	59	(5)
3. Plot	64	(34)
EDGAR RICE BURROUGHS,
From Tarzan of the Apes	65	(7)
ALICE WALKER,
The Flowers	72	(2)
WILLIAM FAULKNER,
A Rose for Emily	74	(9)
PERSPECTIVE: WILLIAM FAULKNER, On "A Rose for Emily" 82 ANDRE DUBUS, Killings	83	(14)
PERSPECTIVE: A, L. BADER, Nothing Happens in Modern Short Stories	97	(1)
4. Character	98	(36)
CHARLES DICKENS,
From Hard Times	99	(4)
BESSIE HEAD,
The Prisoner Who Wore Glasses	103	(5)
HERMAN MELVILLE,
Bardeby, the Scrivener	108	(25)
PERSPECTIVE ON MELVILLE: NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, On Herman Melville 's Philosophic Stance	133	(1)
5. Setting	134	(22)
ERNEST HEMINGWAY,
Soldiers Home	136	(6)
PERSPECTIVE: ERNEST HEMINGWAY, On What Every Writer Needs	142	(1)
RON HANSEN,
Nebraska	143	(4)
PERSPECTIVE: RON HANSEN, On "Nebraska" as an Unconventional Short Story	147	(1)
FAY WELDON,
IND AFF, or Out of Love in Sarajevo	147	(7)
PERSPECTIVE: FAY WELDON, On the Importance of Place in "IND AFF"	154	(2)
6. Point of View	156	(42)
Third-Person Narrator (Nonparticipant)	157	(2)
First-Person Narrator (Participant)	159	(39)
GISH JEN,
Who s Irish?	167	(2)
ANTON CHEKHOV,
The Lady with the Pet Dog	169	(18)
PERSPECTIVE: ANTON CHEKHOV, On Morality in Fiction	187
JOYCE CAROL GATES:
The Lady with the Pet Dog	182	(13)
PERSPECTIVE: MATTHEW C. BRENNAN, Point of View and Plotting in Chekhov s and Oates 's "The Lady with the Pet Dog"	195	(3)
7. Symbolism	198	(22)
ALBERTO ALVARO RÍOS,
The Secret Lion	201	(4)
COLETTE [Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette],
The Hand	205	(3)
RALPH ELLISON,
Battle Royal	208	(11)
PERSPECTIVE: MORDECAI MARCUS, What is an Initiation Story?	219	(1)
8. Theme	220	(24)
STEPHEN CRANE,
The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky	223	(9)
KATHERINE MANSFIELD,
Miss Brill	232	(4)
DAGOBERTO GILB,
Love in L.A.	236	(3)
MARK TWAIN,
The Story of the Good Little Boy	239	(5)
9. Style, Tone, and Irony	244	(26)
Style	244	(2)
Tone	246	(1)
Irony	247	(23)
RAYMOND CARVER,
Popular Mechanics	248	(2)
PERSPECTIVE: JOHN BARTH, On Minimalist Fiction	250	(1)
PERSPECTIVE: T. CORAGHESSAN BOYLE, Carnal Knowledge	251	(15)
PERSPECTIVE: PUNYAKANTE WIJENAIKE, Anoma	266	(4)
10. Combining the Elements of Fiction	270	(11)
The Elements Together	270	(1)
Mapping the Story	271	(1)
DAVID UPDIKE,
Summer	271	(5)
Questions for Writing: Developing a Topic into a Revised Thesis	276	(5)
APPROACHES TO FICTION	281	(156)
11. A Study of Nathaniel Hawthorne	283	(40)
A Brief Biography and Introduction	283	(34)
PHOTO: Nathaniel Hawthorne	284	(3)
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE,
Young Goodman Brown	287	(10)
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE,
Lady Eleanore's Mantle	297	(9)
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE,
The Birthmark	306	(11)
Perspectives on Hawthorne	317	(5)
Hawthorne on Solitude	317	(2)
Hawthorne on the Power of the Writers Imagination	319	(1)
Hawthorne on His Short Stories	320	(1)
HERMAN MELVILLE,
On Nathaniel Hawthorne s Tragic Vision	321	(1)
Suggested Topics for Longer Papers	322	(1)
12. A Study of Flannery O'Connor	323	(49)
PHOTO: Flannery O'Connor	323	(1)
A Brief Biography and Introduction	324	(43)
FLANNERY O'CONNOR,
A Good Man Is Hard to Find	327	(11)
FLANNERY O'CONNOR,
Revelation	338	(15)
FLANNERY O'CONNOR,
Parkers Back	353	(14)
Perspectives on O'Connor	367	(4)
O'Connor on Faith	367	(1)
O'Connor on the Materials of Fiction	367	(1)
O'Connor on the Use of Exaggeration and Distortion	368	(1)
JOSEPHINE HENDIN,
On O'Connor's Refusal to "Do Pretty"	369	(1)
CLAIRE KAHANE,
The Function of Violence in O'Connor's Fiction	369	(1)
EDWARD KESSLER,
On O'Connor's Use of History	370	(1)
Suggested Topics for Longer Papers	371	(1)
13. A Critical Case Study: William Faulkner's "Barn Burning"	372	(27)
PHOTO: William Faulkner	373	(1)
WILLIAM FAULKNER, Barn Burning	373	(13)
Perspectives on Faulkner	386	(12)
JANE HILES,
Blood Ties in "Barn Burning"	386	(1)
BENJAMIN DeMOTT,
Abner Snopes as a Victim of Class	387	(2)
GAYLE EDWARD WILSON,
Conflict in "Barn Burning"	389	(3)
JAMES FERGUSON,
Narrative Strategy in "Barn Burning"	392	(1)
Questions for Writing: Incorporating the Critics	393	(2)
AN EXCERPT FROM A SAMPLE PAPER: The Fires of Class Conflict in "Barn Burning"	395	(3)
Suggested Topics for Longer Papers	398	(1)
14. A Cultural Case Study: James Joyce's "Eveline"	399	(17)
JAMESJOYCE,
Eveline	400	(1)
PHOTO: James Joyce in Paris	401	(7)
Documents	408	(7)
PHOTO: Poole Street, Dublin	408	(1)
Resources of Ireland (From the Alliance Temperance Almanack for 1910)	409	(3)
A Letter Home from an Irish Emigrant in Australia	412	(1)
A Plot Synopsis o f The Bohemian Girl	413	(2)
Suggested Topics for Longer Papers	415	(1)
15. A Thematic Case Study: The Nature of Storytelling	416	(21)
Metafiction	416	(19)
MARGARET ATWOOD,
There Was Once	417	(3)
TIM O'BRIEN,
How to Tell a True War Story	420	(10)
DON DeLILLO,
Videotape	430	(5)
Suggested Topics for Longer Papers	435	(2)
A COLLECTI0N OF STORIES	437	(58)
16. Stories for Further Reading	439	(34)
JAMAICA KINCAID,
Girl	439	(2)
D. H. LAWRENCE,
The Horse Dealers Daughter	441	(12)
NAGUIB MAHFOUZ,
The Answer Is No	453	(2)
ALICE MUNRO,
Wild Swans	455	(7)
EDGAR ALLAN POE,
The Cask of Amontillado	462	(5)
JOHN UPDIKE,
A & P	467	(6)
17. An Album of Contemporary Stories	473	(22)
SHERMAN ALEXIE,
Class	473	(13)
AMY BLOOM,
Hold Tight	486	(4)
E. ANNIE PROULX,
55 Miles to the Gas Pump	490	(5)
POETRY	495	(430)
THE ELEMENTS OF POETRY	495	(238)
18. Reading Poetry	497	(33)
Reading Poetry Responsively	497	(3)
MARGE PIERCY,
The Secretary Chant	498	(1)
ROBERT HAYDEN,
Those Winter Sundays	499	(1)
JOHN UPDIKE,
Dog's Death	500	(1)
The Pleasure of Words	500	(17)
WILLIAM HATHAWAY,
Oh, Oh	502	(1)
ROBERT FRANCIS,
Catch	503	(1)
A SAMPLE ANALYSIS: Tossing Metaphors Together in "Catch"	504	(4)
WOLE SOYINKA,
Telephone Conversation	508	(1)
ELIZABETH BISHOP,
The Fish	509	(8)
PHILIP LARKIN,
A Study of Reading Habits	517
ROBERT MORGAN,
Mountain Graveyard	513	(1)
E. E. CUMMINGS,
l(a	514	(1)
ANONYMOUS,
Western Wind	515	(1)
REGINA BARRECA,
Nighttime Fires	515	(2)
Suggestions for Approaching Poetry	517	(1)
Poetry in Popular Forms	518	(6)
HELEN FARRIES,
Magic of Love	520	(1)
JOHN FREDERICK NIMS,
Love Poem	520	(2)
BRUCE SPRINGSTEEN,
Streets of Philadelphia	522	(1)
PERSPECTIVE: ROBERT FRANCIS, On "Hard" Poetry	523	(1)
Poems for Further Study	524	(6)
RUDYARD KIPLING,
If-	524	(1)
WYATT PRUNTY,
Elderly Lady Crossing on Green	525	(1)
JOHN DONNE,
The Sun Rising	526	(1)
LI HO,
A Beautiful Girl Combs Her Hair	527	(1)
ROBERT HASS,
Happiness	528	(2)
19. Writing about Poetry	530	(7)
From Reading to Writing	530	(7)
Questions for Responsive Reading and Writing	531	(1)
A SAMPLE ANALYSIS: Memory in Elizabeth Bishop's "Manners"	532	(1)
ELIZABETH BISHOP,
Manners	533	(4)
20. Word Choice, Word Order, and Tone	537	(33)
Diction	537	(2)
Denotations and Connotations	539	(4)
RAN DALL JARRELL,
The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner	540	(2)
E F. CUMMINGS,
she being Brand	542	(1)
Word Order	543	(1)
Tone	543	(4)
JUIDITH ORTIZ COFEK,
Common Ground	544	(1)
ROBIN MORGAN,
Invocation	545	(1)
KATHARYN HOWD MACHAN,
Hazel Tells Laverne	546	(1)
MARTÍN ESPADA,
Latin Night at the Pawnshop	547	(1)
Diction and Tone in Four Love Poems	547	(9)
ROBERT HERRICK,
To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time	547	(2)
ANDREW MARVELL,
To His Coy Mistress	549	(1)
PERSPECTIVE: BERNARD DUYFHUIZEN, "To His Coy Mistress": On How a Female Might Respond	550	(2)
RICHARD WILBUR,
A Late Aubade	552	(1)
DIANE ACKERMAN,
A Fine, a Private Place	553	(3)
Poems for Further Study	556	(9)
THOMAS HARDY,
The Convergence of the Twain	556	(1)
DAVID R. SLAVITT,
Titanic	557	(1)
LIONEL JOHNSON,
A Decadent 's Lyric	558	(1)
SHARON OLDS,
Sex without Love	559	(1)
CATHY SONG,
The Youngest Daughter	560	(1)
JOHN KEATS,
Ode on a Grecian Urn	561	(2)
GWENDOLYN BROOKS,
We Real Cool	563	(1)
ALICE JONES,
The Larynx	563	(1)
LOUIS SIMPSON,
In the Suburbs	564	(1)
A Note on Reading Translations	565	(1)
Four Translations of a Poem by Sappho	566	(4)
SAPPHO,
Immortal Aphrodite of the broidered throne (Translated by Henry T. Wharton)	566	(1)
SAPPHO,
Beautiful-throned, immortal Aphrodite (Translated by T. W. Higginson)	566	(1)
SAPPHO,
Invocation to Aphrodite (Translated by Richard Lattimore)	567	(1)
SAPPHO,
On the throne of many hues, Immortal Aphrodite (Translated by Diane Rayor)	568	(2)
21. Images	570	(19)
Poetry's Appeal to the Senses	570	(9)
WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS,
Poem	571	(1)
JEANNETTE BARNES,
Battle-Piece	572	(1)
WALT WHITMAN,
Cavalry Crossing a Ford	573	(1)
DAVID SOLWAY,
Windsurfing	574	(1)
THEODORE ROETHKE,
Root Cellar	575	(1)
MATTHEW ARNOLD,
Dover Beach	576	(2)
JIMMY SANTIAGO BACA,
Green Chile	578	(1)
Poems for Further Study	579	(10)
WILLIAM BLAKE,
London	579	(1)
WILFRED OWEN,
Dulce et Decorum Est	580	(1)
SANDRA M. GILBERT,
Mafioso	581	(1)
PATRICIA SMITH,
What It's Like to Be a Black Girl (For Those of You Who Aren't)	582	(1)
RAINER MARIA RILKE,
The Panther	583	(1)
SALLY CROFT,
Home-Baked Bread	583	(1)
CHARLES SIMIC,
Filthy Landscape	584	(1)
EZRA POUND,
In a Station of the Metro	585	(1)
CATHY SONG,
The White Porch	585	(2)
PERSPECTIVE: T. E. HULME, On the Differences between Poetry and Prose	587	(2)
22. Figures of Speech	589	(20)
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE,
From Macbeth (Act V, Scene v)	590	(1)
Simile and Metaphor	591	(3)
MARGARET ATWOOD,
you fit into me	591	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
Presentiment-is that long Shadow-on the lawn-	592	(1)
ANNE BRADSTREET,
The Author to Her Book	593	(1)
ROSARIO CASTELLANOS,
Chess	593	(1)
Other Figures	594	(4)
EDMUND CONTI,
Pragmatist	594	(1)
DYLAN THOMAS,
The Hand That Signed the Paper	595	(1)
JANICE TOWNLEY MOORE,
To a Wasp	596	(2)
J. PATRICK LEWIS,
The Unkindest Cut	598	(1)
Poems for Further Study	598	(11)
MARGARET ATWOOD,
February	598	(1)
SOPHIE CABOT BLACK,
August	599	(1)
ERNEST SLYMAN,
Lightning Bugs	600	(1)
SHARON OLDS,
Poem for the Breasts	601	(1)
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH,
London, 1802	602	(1)
JIM STEVENS,
Schizophrenia	603	(1)
JOHN DONNE,
A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning	603	(2)
LINDA PASTAN,
Marks	605	(1)
THOMAS LYNCH,
Liberty	605	(1)
STEPHEN DUNLA,
John & Mary	606	(1)
PERSPECTIVE: JOHN R. SEARLE, Figuring Out Metaphors	607	(2)
23. Symbol, Allegory, and Irony	609	(24)
Symbol	609	(2)
ROBERT FROST,
Acquainted with the Night	610	(1)
Allegory	611	(3)
EDGAR ALLAN POE,
The Haunted Palace	612	(2)
Irony	614	(4)
EDWIN ARLINGTON ROBINSON,
Richard Cory	614	(1)
KENNETH FEARING,
AD	615	(1)
JANICE MIRIKITANI,
Recipe	616	(1)
E.E. CUMMINGS,
next to of course god america i	617	(1)
STEPHEN CRANE,
A Man Said to the Universe	618	(1)
Poems for Further Study	618	(15)
JANE KENYON,
Surprise	618	(1)
LAURE-ANNE BOSSELAAR,
The Bumper-Sticker	619	(1)
RENNIE McQUILKIN,
The Lighters	620	(1)
CARL SANDBURG,
Buttons	621	(1)
WILLIAM STAFFORD,
Traveling through the Dark	621	(1)
ANDREW HUDGINS,
Seventeen	622	(1)
ALDEN NOWLAN,
The Bull Moose	623	(1)
JULIO MARZAN,
Ethnic Poetry	624	(1)
JAMES MERRILL,
Casual Wear	625	(1)
HENRY REED,
Naming of Parts	626	(1)
JOHN CIARDI,
Suburban	627	(1)
ROBERT BROWNING,
My Last Duchess	628	(2)
WILLIAM BLAKE,
The Chimney Sweeper	630	(1)
DIANE THIEL,
The Minefield	630	(1)
GARY SOTO,
Behind Grandmas House	631	(1)
PERSPECTIVE: EZRA POUND, On Symbols	632	(1)
24. Sounds	633	(24)
Listening to Poetry	633	(7)
ANONYMOUS,
Scarborough Fair	634	(1)
JOHN UPDIKE,
Player Piano	635	(1)
MAY SWENSON,
A Nosy Fright	636	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
A Bird came down the Walk-	637	(2)
GALWAY KINNELL,
Blackberry Eating	639	(1)
Rhyme	640	(4)
RICHARD ARMOUR,
Going to Extremes	640	(1)
ROBERT SOUTHEY,
From "The Cataract of Lodore"	640	(3)
PERSPECTIVE: DAVID LENSON, On the Contemporary Use of Rhyme	643	(1)
Sound and Meaning	644	(2)
GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS,
God's Grandeur	644	(2)
Poems for Further Study	646	(11)
PAULA GUNN ALLEN,
Hoop Dancer	646	(1)
LEWIS CARROLL [Charles Lutwidge Dodgson],
Jabberwocky	646	(1)
SYLVIA PLATH,
Mushrooms	647	(1)
WILLIAM HELEN,
The Trains	648	(1)
VIRGINIA HAMILTON ADAIR,
Dirty Old Man	649	(1)
ALEXANDER POPE,
From An Essay on Criticism	650	(1)
GWENDOLYN BROOKS,
Sadie and Maud	651	(1)
MAXINE HONG KINGSTON,
Restaurant	652	(1)
PAUL HUMPHREY,
Blow	652	(1)
ROBERT FRANCIS,
The Pitcher	653	(1)
HELEN CHASIN,
The Word Plum	654	(1)
PERSPECTIVE: DYLAN THOMAS, On the Words in Poetry	654	(3)
25. Patterns of Rhythm	657	(21)
Some Principles of Meter	657	(5)
WALT WHITMAN,
From "Song of the Open Road"	658	(3)
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH,
My Heart Leaps Up	661	(1)
Suggestions for Scanning a Poem	662	(2)
TIMOTHY STEELS,
Waiting for the Storm	663	(1)
WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS,
That the Night Come	663	(1)
Poems for Further Study	664	(14)
ALICE JONES,
The Foot	664	(1)
A. E. HOUSMAN,
When I was one-and-twenty	665	(1)
RACHEL HADAS,
The Red Hat	666	(1)
ROBERT HERRICK,
Delight in Disorder	667	(1)
BEN JONSON,
Still to Be Neat	667	(1)
DIANE BURNS,
Sure You Can Ask Me a Personal Question	668	(1)
WILLIAM BLAKE,
The Lamb	669	(1)
WILLIAM BLAKE,
The Tyger	670	(1)
ANNA LAETITIA BARBAULD,
On a Lady's Writing	671	(1)
THEODORE ROETHKE,
My Papa's Waltz	671	(1)
ROBERT PINSKY,
An Old Man	672	(1)
ARON KEESBURY,
Song to a Waitress	673	(1)
EDWARD HIRSCH,
Fast Break	674	(1)
DAVID BARBER,
A Colonial Epitaph Annotated	675	(1)
PERSPECTIVE: LOUISE BOGAN, On Formal Poetry	676	(2)
26. Poetic Forms	678	(26)
Some Common Poetic Forms	679	(2)
A. E. HOUSMAN,
Loveliest of trees, the cherry now	679	(1)
ROBERT HERRICK,
Upon Julia's Clothes	680	(1)
Sonnet	681	(7)
JOHN KEATS,
On First Looking into Chapman 's Homer	682	(1)
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH,
The World Is Too Much with Us	682	(1)
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE,
Shall I compare thee to a summers day?	683	(1)
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE,
My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun	684	(1)
ERNA ST. VINCENT MILLAY,
I will put Chaos into fourteen lines	685	(1)
MARK DOTY,
Golden Retrievals	685	(1)
MOLLY PEACOCK,
Desire	686	(1)
MARK JARMAN,
Unholy Sonnet	687	(1)
Villanelle	688	(2)
DYLAN THOMAS,
Do not go gentle into that good night	688	(1)
ROBYN SARAH,
Villanelle for a Cool April	689	(1)
Sestina	690	(3)
ELIZABETH BISHOP,
Sestina	690	(1)
FLORENCE CASSEN MAYERS,
All-American Sestina	691	(2)
Epigram	693	(1)
SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE,
What Is an Epigram?	693	(1)
A. R. AMMONS,
Coward	693	(1)
DAVID McCORD,
Epitaph on a Waiter	693	(1)
PAUL LAURENCE DUNBAR,
Theology	693	(1)
Limerick	694	(1)
ANONYMOUS,
There was a young lady named Bright	694	(1)
LAURENCE PERRINE,
The limericks never averse	694	(1)
KEITH CASTO,
She Don't Bop	695	(1)
Haiku	695	(1)
MATSUG BASRO,
Under cherry trees	695	(1)
CAROLYN KIZER,
After Bashö	695	(1)
Elegy	696	(1)
SEAMUS HEANEY,
Mid-term Break	696	(1)
Ode	697	(2)
PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY,
Ode to the West Wind	697	(2)
Picture Poem	699	(1)
MICHAEL McFEE,
In Medias Res	700	(1)
Parody	700	(4)
X. J. KENNEDY,
A Visit from St. Sigmund	701	(1)
PERSPECTIVE: ROBERT MORGAN, On the Shape o f a Poem	702	(1)
PERSPECTIVE: ELAINE MITCHELL, Form	703	(1)
27. Open Form	704	(17)
E. E. CUMMINGS,
in Just-	704	(1)
WALT WHITMAN,
From "I Sing the Body Electric"	705	(1)
PERSPECTIVE: WALT WHITMAN, On Rhyme and Meter	706	(1)
JAY MEEK,
Swimmers	707	(1)
GALWAY KINNELL,
After Making Love We Hear Footsteps	708	(1)
KELLY CHERRY,
Alzheimer's	709	(1)
WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS,
The Red Wheelbarrow	710	(1)
JONATHAN HOLDEN,
Cutting Loose on an August Night	710	(1)
MARILYN NELSON WANIEK,
Emily Dickinson's Defunct	711	(1)
ROBERT HASS,
A Story about the Body	712	(1)
SHARON OLDS,
Rite of Passage	713	(1)
JULIO MARZAN,
The Translator at the Reception for Latin American Writers	714	(1)
ALLEN GINSBERG,
First Party at Ken Kesey' s with Hell's Angels	715	(1)
ANONYMOUS,
The Frog	716	(1)
TATO LAMERA,
AmeRican	716	(2)
PETER MEINKE,
The ABC of Aerobics	718	(1)
GARY SOTO,
Mexicans Begin Jogging	719	(1)
Found Poem	720	(1)
DONALD JUSTICE,
Order in the Streets	720	(1)
28. Combining the Elements of Poetry	721	(12)
The Elements Together	721	(1)
Mapping the Poem	722	(1)
JOHN DONNE,
Death Be Not Proud	723	(1)
Asking Questions about the Elements	723	(2)
A SAMPLE FIRST RESPONSE	724	(1)
Organizing Your Thoughts	725	(1)
A SAMPLE INFORMAL OUTLINE	725	(1)
The Elements and Theme	726	(9)
A SAMPLE EXPLICATION: The Use of Conventional Metaphors for Death in John Donne's "Death Be Not Proud"	726	(7)
APPROACHES TO POETKY	733	(144)
29. A Study of Emily Dickinson
A Brief Biography	735	(2)
PHOTO: Emily Dickinson	735	(2)
An Introduction to Her Work	737	(21)
PHOTO: Facsimile o f manuscript page, "What Soft - Cherubic Creatures-"	738	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
If I can stop one Heart from breaking	739	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
If I shouldn't be alive	740	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
The Thought beneath so slight a film-	741	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
To make a prairie it takes a clover and one bee	742	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
Success is counted sweetest	742	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
These are the days when Birds come back-	743	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
Water, is taught by thirst	743	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
How many times these low feet staggered-	744	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
Portraits are to daily faces	744	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
Some keep the Sabbath going to Church-	745	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
"Heaven"-is what I cannot reach!	746	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
I like a look of Agony,	746	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
Wild Nights-Wild Nights!	747	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
Nature-sometimes sears a Sapling-	748	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
I would not paint-a picture-	748	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
What Soft-Cherubic Creatures-	749	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
The Soul selects her own Society-	750	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
Much Madness is divinest Sense-	750	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
I dwell in Possibility-	751	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
This was a Poet-It is That	752	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
After great pain, a formal feeling comes-	752	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
I heard a Fly buzz-when I died-	753	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
Because I could not stop for Death -	754	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
The Wind begun to knead the Grass-	755	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
A loss of something ever felt I -	756	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
Oh Sumptuous moment	756	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
The Bustle in a House	757	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
Tell all the Truth but tell it slant-	757	(1)
Perspectives on Dickinson	758	(7)
Dickinson's Description of Herself	758	(1)
THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON,
On Meeting Dickinson for the First Time	759	(1)
MABEL LOOMIS TODD,
The Character of Amherst	760	(1)
RICHARD WILBUR,
On Dickinson's Sense of Privation	760	(1)
SANDRA M. GILBERT and SUSAN GUBAR,
On Dickinson's White Dress	761	(1)
PAULA BENNETT,
On "I heard a Fly buzz-when l died-"	762	(1)
Questions for Writing about an Author in Depth	763	(2)
A Sample In-Depth Study: Religious Faith in Four Poems by Emily Dickinson	765	(5)
EMILY DICKINSON,
"Faith" is a fine invention	765	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
I know that He exists	765	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
I never saw a Moor-	766	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
Apparently with no surprise	766	(4)
Suggested Topics for Longer Papers	770	(1)
30. A Study of Robert Frost	771	(31)
A Brief Biography	771	(3)
PHOTO: Robert Frost	772	(2)
An Introduction to His Work	774	(18)
PHOTO: Facsimile of manuscript page, "Neither Out Far nor In Deep"	774	(2)
ROBERT FROST,
The Road Not Taken	776	(2)
ROBERT FROST,
The Pasture	778	(1)
ROBERT FROST,
Mending Wall	778	(2)
ROBERT FROST,
Home Burial	780	(3)
ROBERT FROST,
Birches	783	(1)
ROBERT FROST,
A Girl's Garden	784	(2)
ROBERT FROST,
"Out, Out-"	786	(1)
ROBERT FROST,
A Boundless Moment	787	(1)
ROBERT FROST,
The Investment	788	(1)
ROBERT FROST,
Fire and Ice	788	(1)
ROBERT FROST,
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening	789	(1)
ROBERT FROST,
The Armful	789	(1)
ROBERT FROST,
Spring Pools	790	(1)
ROBERT FROST,
Design	791	(1)
ROBERT FROST,
Neither Out Far nor In Deep	791	(1)
Perspectives on Frost	792	(9)
"In White": Frosts Early Version of "Design"	792	(1)
Frost on the Living Part of a Poem	793	(1)
AMY LOWELL,
On Frosts Realistic Technique	793	(1)
Frost on the Figure a Poem Makes	794	(2)
Frost on the Way to Read a Poem	796	(1)
LIONEL TRILLING,
On Frost as a Terrifying Poet	797	(2)
HERBERT R. COURSEN JR.,
A Parodic Interpretation of "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening"	799	(1)
BLANCHE FARLEY,
The Lover Not Taken	800	(1)
Suggested Topics for Longer Papers	801	(1)
31. A Study of Langston Hughes	802	(27)
A Brief Biography	802	(2)
PHOTO: Langston Hughes	803	(1)
LANGSTON HUGHES,
The Negro Speaks of Rivers	804	(1)
An Introduction to His Work	804	(19)
PHOTO: Facsimile of manuscript page, "Old Walt"	805	(2)
LANGSTON HUGHES,
I, Too	807	(1)
LANGSTON HUGHES,
Negro	808	(1)
LANGSTON HUGHES,
Danse Africaine	809	(1)
LANGSTON HUGHES,
Mother to Son	809	(1)
LANGSTON HUGHES,
Jazzonia	810	(1)
LANGSTON HUGHES,
Dream Variations	811	(1)
LANGSTON HUGHES,
The Weary Blues	812	(1)
LANGSTON HUGHES,
Cross	813	(1)
LANGSTON HUGHES,
Formula	813	(1)
LANUSTON HUGHES,
Lenox Avenue: Midnight	814	(1)
LANGSTON HUGHES,
Song for a Dark Girl	815	(1)
LANGSTON HUGHES,
Red Silk Stockings	816	(1)
LANGSTON HUGHES,
Bad Man	816	(1)
LANGSTON HUGHES,
Rent-Party Shout: For a Lady Dancer	817	(1)
LANGSTON HUGHES,
Drum	818	(1)
LANGSTON HUGHES,
Uncle Tom	818	(1)
LANGSTON HUGHES,
Dream Boogie	819	(1)
LANGSTON HUGHES,
Harlem	820	(1)
LANGSTON HUGHES,
Democracy	820	(1)
LANGSTON HUGHES,
Un-American Investigators	821	(1)
LANGSTON HUGHES,
Old Walt	822	(1)
LANGSTON HUGHES,
Dinner Guest: Me	822	(1)
Perspectives on Hughes	823	(5)
Hughes on Racial Shame and Pride	823	(1)
Hughes on Harlem Rent Parties	824	(1)
DONALD B. GIBSON,
The Essential Optimism of Hughes and Whitman	825	(1)
JAMES A. EMANUEL,
Hughes's Attitude toward Religion	826	(1)
DAVID CHINITZ,
The Romanticization of Africa in the 1920's	827	(1)
Suggested Topics for Longer Papers	828	(1)
32. A Critical Case Study: T. S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"	829	(17)
T. S. ELIOT,
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock	829	(1)
PHOTO: T. S. Eliot	830	(4)
Perspectives on Eliot	834	(11)
ELISABETH SCHNEIDER,
Hints of Eliot in Prufrock	834	(1)
BARBARA EVERETT,
The Problem of Tone in Prufrock	835	(1)
MICHAEL L. BAUMANN,
The "Overwhelming Question "for Prufrock	836	(2)
FREDERIK L. RUSCH,
Society and Character in "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"	838	(2)
ROBERT SWARD,
A Personal Analysis of "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"	840	(5)
Suggested Topics for Longer Papers	845	(1)
33. A Cultural Case Study: Louise Erdrich's "Dear John Wayne"	846	(15)
PHOTO: Louise Erdrich	847	(1)
LOUISE ERDRICH,
Dear John Wayne	847	(3)
Documents	850	(10)
KATIE BACON,
From an Interview with Louise Erdrich	850	(2)
PAINTING: Thomas Birch, Settlers Moving West	852	(1)
TERRY WILSON,
On Hollywood Indians	853	(2)
RICHARD WARREN LEWIS,
From an Interview with John Wayne	855	(4)
PHOTO: John Wayne As Cavalry Officer	859	(1)
CHIEF LUTHER STANDING BEAR,
An Indian Perspective on the Great Plains	860	(1)
Suggested Topics for Longer Papers	860	(1)
34. Two Thematic Case Studies: The Love Poem and Teaching and Learning	861	(16)
Poems about Love	861	(7)
CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE,
The Passionate Shepherd to His Love	862	(1)
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE,
Not marble, nor the gilded monuments	863	(1)
ANNE BRADSTREET,
To My Dear and Loving Husband	864	(1)
ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING,
How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count the Ways	865	(1)
E. E. CUMMINGS,
since feeling is first	866	(1)
JANE KENYON,
The Shirt	866	(1)
TIMOTHY STEELS,
An Aubade	867	(1)
Poems about Teaching and Learning	868	(7)
EMILY DICKINSON,
From all the Jails the Boys and Girls	868	(1)
LANGSTON HUGHES,
Theme for English B	869	(2)
MARILYN HACKER,
Groves of Academe	871	(1)
MARK HALLIDAY,
Graded Paper	871	(2)
JUDY PAGE HEITZMAN,
The Schoolroom on the Second Floor of the Knitting Mill	873	(1)
RICHARD WAKEFIELD,
In a Poetry Workshop	874	(1)
Suggested Topics for Longer Papers	875	(2)
A COLLECTION OF POEMS	877	(48)
35. Poems for Further Reading	879	(32)
MAYA ANGELOU,
Africa	879	(1)
ANONYMOUS,
Bonny Barbara Allan	880	(1)
WILLIAM BLAKE,
Infant Sorrow	881	(1)
ROBERT BLY,
Snowfall in the Afternoon	881	(1)
ANNE BRADSTREET,
Before the Birth of One of Her Children	881	(1)
ROBERT BROWNING,
Meeting at Night	882	(1)
ROBERT BROWNING,
Parting at Morning	882	(1)
GEORGE GORDON, LORD BYRON,
She Walks in Beauty	883	(1)
SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE,
Kubla Khan: or, a Vision in a Dream	883	(2)
SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE,
Sonnet to the River Otter	885	(1)
E. E. CUMMINGS,
Buffalo Bills	885	(1)
GREGORY DJANIKIAN,
When I First Saw Snow	885	(1)
JOHN DONNE,
The Flea	886	(1)
THOMAS HARDY,
In Time of "The Breaking of Nations"	887	(1)
JOY HARJO,
Fishing	887	(1)
PRANCES E. W. HARPER,
Learning to Read	888	(1)
ANTHONY HECHT,
The Dover Bitch	889	(1)
GEORGE HERBERT,
The Collar	890	(1)
M. CARL HOLMAN,
Mr. Z	891	(1)
GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS,
Hurrahing in Harvest	892	(1)
GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS,
Pied Beauty	892	(1)
GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS,
The Windhoven	892	(1)
A. E. HOUSMAN,
To an Athlete Dying Young	893	(1)
BEN JONSON,
On My First Son	894	(1)
JOHN KEATS,
La Belle Dame sans Merci	894	(1)
JOHN KEATS,
To One Who Has Been Long in City Pent	895	(1)
LI-YOUNG LEE,
Eating Together	896	(1)
ARCHIBALD MacLEISH,
Ars Poetica	896	(1)
W. S. MERWIN,
For the Anniversary of My Death	897	(1)
EDNA ST. VINCENT MILLAY,
I, Being Born a Woman and Distressed	897	(1)
JOHN MILTON,
When I consider how my light is spent	897	(1)
N. SCOTT MOMADAY,
Crows in a Winter Composition	898	(1)
MARIANNE MOORE,
Poetry	898	(1)
SIR WALTER RALEGH,
The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd	899	(1)
CHRISTINA GEORGINA ROSSETTI,
Promises Like Pie-Crust	900	(1)
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE,
That time of year thou mayst in me behold	900	(1)
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE,
When forty winters shall besiege thy brow	901	(1)
PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY,
Ozymandias	901	(1)
GARY SOTO,
Black Hair	902	(1)
WALLACE STEVENS,
The Emperor of Ice-Cream	903	(1)
ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON,
Tears, Idle Tears	903	(1)
PHILLIS WHEATLEY,
On Being Brought from Africa to America	904	(1)
WALT WHITMAN,
Ones-Self I Sing	904	(1)
WALT WHITMAN,
When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer	904	(1)
MILLER WILLIAMS,
Thinking about Bill, Dead of AIDS	905	(1)
WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS,
Spring and All	905	(1)
WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS,
This Is Just to Say	906	(1)
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH,
Lines Written in Early Spring	906	(1)
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH,
Mutability	907	(1)
WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS,
Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop	907	(1)
WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS,
Sailing to Byzantium	908	(1)
WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS,
The Second Coming	909	(1)
WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS,
The Wild Swans at Coole	909	(2)
36. An Album of Contemporary Poems	911	(16)
BILLY COLLINS,
Marginalia	911	(2)
MARTÍN ESPADA,
Coca-Cola and Coco Frio	913	(1)
DEBORAH GARRISON,
The Boss	914	(1)
JANE HIRSHFIELD,
The Lives of the Heart	915	(2)
PHILIP LEVINE,
Reinventing America	917	(1)
GAIL MAZUR,
Snake in the Grass	918	(2)
ROBERT MORGAN,
Time's Music	920	(1)
JOAN MURRAY,
Play-By-Play	921	(1)
RONALD WALLACE,
Dogs	922	(3)
DRAMA	925	(574)
THE STUDY OF DKAMA	927	(324)
37. Reading Drama	929	(33)
Reading Drama Responsively	929	(15)
SUSAN GLASPELL,
Trifles	931	(11)
PERSPECTIVE: SUSAN GLASPELL, From the Short Story Version of Trifles	942	(2)
Elements of Drama	944	(4)
Drama in Popular Forms	948	(14)
LARRY DAVID,
From "The Pitch, "a Seinfeld Episode	949	(10)
PERSPECTIVE: ELAYNE RAPPING, On Television Sitcoms	959	(3)
38. Writing about Drama	962	(7)
From Reading to Writing	962	(7)
Questions for Responsive Reading and Writing	963	(1)
A SAMPLE PAPER: The Feminist Evidence in Trifles	964	(5)
39. A Study of Sophocles	969	(58)
PICTURE: Sophocles	969	(1)
Theatrical Conventions of Greek Drama	970	(3)
PHOTO: Drawing of a Classical Greek Theater	972	(1)
Tragedy	973	(45)
SOPHOCLES,
Oedipus the King (Translated by Robert Fagles)	975	(43)
Perspectives on Sophocles	1018	(8)
ARISTOTLE,
On Tragic Character	1018	(2)
SIGMUND FREUD,
On the Oedipus Complex	1020	(2)
SOPHOCLES,
Another Translation of a Scene from Oedipus the King	1022	(2)
MURIEL RUKEYSER,
On Oedipus the King	1024	(1)
BERNARD KNOX,
On Oedipus and Human Freedom	1025	(1)
DAVID WILES,
On Oedipus the King as a Political Play	1026	(1)
Suggested Topics for Longer Papers	1026	(1)
40. A Study of William Shakespeare	1027	(98)
PORTRAIT: William Shakespeare	1027	(1)
Shakespeare's Theater	1028	(4)
PHOTO: Drawing of the Globe Theatre	1031	(1)
The Range of Shakespeare's Drama: History, Comedy, and Tragedy	1032	(3)
A Note on Reading Shakespeare	1035	(83)
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE,
Othello the Moor of Venice	1036	(82)
Perspectives on Shakespeare	1118	(6)
Objections to the Elizabethan Theater by the Mayor of London	1118	(1)
LISA JARDINE,
On Boy Actors in Female Roles	1119	(1)
SAMUEL JOHNSON,
On Shakespeare's Characters	1120	(1)
JANE ADAMSON,
On Desdemona's Role in Othello	1121	(1)
DAVID BEVINGTON,
On Othello s Heroic Struggle	1122	(1)
JAMES KINCAID,
On the Value of Comedy in the Face of Tragedy	1122	(2)
Suggested Topics for Longer Papers	1124	(1)
41. Modern Drama	1125	(56)
Realism	1125	(2)
Naturalism	1127	(1)
Theatrical Conventions of Modern Drama	1128	(53)
HENRIK IBSEN,
A Doll House (Translated by Rolf Fjelde)	1129	(50)
PERSPECTIVE: HENRIK IBSEN, Notes for A Doll House	1179	(2)
42. A Critical Case Study: Henrik Ibsen's A Doll House	1181	(12)
PHOTO: Henrik Ibsen	1181	(1)
Perspectives	1182	(10)
A Nineteenth-Century Husbands Letter to His Wife	1182	(2)
RARRY WITHAM and JOHN LUTTERBIE,
A Marxist Approach to A Doll House	1184	(2)
CAROL STRONGIN TUFTS,
A Psychoanalytic Reading of Nora	1186	(2)
JOAN TEMPLETON,
Is A Doll House a Feminist Text?	1188	(2)
Questions for Writing: Applying a Critical Strategy	1190	(2)
Suggested Topics for Longer Papers	1192	(1)
43. A Cultural Case Study: David Henry Hwang's M. Butterfly	1193	(58)
DAVID HENRY HWANG	1194	(1)
PHOTO: David Henry Hwang	1194	(2)
DAVID HENRY HWANG,
M. Butterfly	1196	(46)
Documents	1242	(8)
A Plot Synopsis o f Madame Butterfly	1242	(1)
RICHARD BERNSTEIN,
The News Source for M. Butterfly	1243	(2)
PHOTO: Shi Pei Pu in The Story of the Butterfly	1245	(1)
FRANK RICH,
A Theater Review of M. Butterfly	1246	(1)
DAVID SAVRAN,
An Interview with David Henry Hwang	1247	(1)
JOHN LOUIS DiGAETANI,
An Interview with David Henry Hwang	1248	(2)
Suggested Topics for Longer Papers	1250	(1)
A COLLECTI0N 0F PLAYS	1251	(248)
44. Plays for Further Reading	1253	(248)
TENNESSEE WILLIAMS,
The Glass Menagerie	1253	(45)
PERSPECTIVE: TENNESSE WILLIAMS, Production Notes to The Glass Menagerie	1298	(2)
PERSPECTIVE: TENNESSE WILLIAMS, On Theme	1300	(1)
ARTHUR MILLER,
Death of a Salesman	1300	(67)
PERSPECTIVE: ARTHUR MILLER,
Tragedy and the Common Man	1367	(2)
PERSPECTIVE: ARTHUR MILLER,
On Biff and Wily Loman	1369	(1)
LORRAINE HANSBERRY,
A Raisin in the Sun	1370	(64)
PERSPECTIVE: THOMAS P. ADLER, The Political Basis of Lorraine Hansberry's Art	1434	(1)
LUIS VALDEZ,
Los Vendidos	1435	(8)
DAVID IVES,
Sure Thing	1443	(7)
JOHN LEGUIZAMO,
From Mambo Mouth	1450	(2)
DIANA SON,
Stop Kiss	1452	(44)
JANE ANDERSON,
The Reprimand	1496	(3)
CRITICAL THINKING AND WRITING	1499	(90)
45 Critical Strategies for Reading	1501	(27)
Critical Thinking	1501	(2)
The Literary Canon: Diversity and Controversy	1503	(2)
Formalist Strategies	1505	(2)
Biographical Strategies	1507	(2)
Psychological Strategies	1509	(2)
Historical Strategies	1511	(4)
Literary History Criticism	1512	(1)
Marxist Criticism	1513	(1)
New Historicist Criticism	1513	(1)
Cultural Criticism	1514	(1)
Gender Strategies	1515	(2)
Feminist Criticism	1516	(1)
Gay and Lesbian Criticism	1517	(1)
Mythological Strategies	1517	(2)
Reader-Response Strategies	1519	(2)
Deconstructionist Strategies	1521	(2)
Selected Bibliography	1523	(5)
46. Reading and Writing	1528	(36)
The Purpose and Value of Writing about Literature	1528	(1)
Reading the Work Closely	1529	(1)
Annotating the Text and Journal Note Taking	1530	(2)
Choosing a Topic	1532	(1)
Developing a Thesis	1533	(3)
Arguing about Literature	1536	(3)
Organizing a Paper	1539	(1)
Writing a Draft	1540	(3)
Writing the Introduction and Conclusion	1541	(1)
Using Quotations	1542	(1)
Revising and Editing	1543	(2)
Revision Checklist	1544	(1)
Manuscript Form	1545	(1)
Types of Writing Assignments	1546	(18)
Explication	1546	(1)
A SAMPLE EXPLICATION: A Reading of Dickinson s "There's a certain Slant of light"	1547	(1)
EMILY DICKINSON,
"There's a certain Slant of light"	1547	(1)
A SAMPLE ANALYSIS: The A & P as a State of Mind	1552	(4)
Comparison and Contrast	1556	(9)
A SAMPLE COMPARISON: The Struggle for Women's Self Definition in A Doll House and M. Butterfly	1559	(5)
47. The Literary Research Paper	1564	(20)
Choosing a Topic	1565	(1)
Finding Sources	1565	(4)
Annotated List of References	1566	(1)
Electronic Sources	1567	(1)
Online Resources for Research and Writing	1568	(1)
Evaluating Sources and Taking Notes	1569	(2)
Developing a Thesis and Organizing the Paper	1571	(1)
Revising	1572	(1)
Documenting Sources	1572	(12)
The List of Works Cited	1574	(3)
Parenthetical References	1577	(1)
A SAMPLE RESEARCH PAPER: How the Narrator Cultivates a Rose for Emily	1578	(6)
48. Taking Essay Examinations	1584	(5)
Preparing for an Essay Exam	1584	(2)
Keep Up with the Reading	1584	(1)
Take Notes and Annotate the Text	1584	(1)
Anticipate Questions	1585	(1)
Types of Exams	1586	(1)
Closed-Book versus Open-Book Exams	1586	(1)
Essay Questions	1586	(1)
Strategies for Writing Essay Exams	1587	(2)
Glossary of Literary Terms	1589
Index of First Lines	1622	(4)
Index of Authors and Titles	1626
Index of Terms	Inside back