Comparative Anatomy

by Fishbeck, Dale W.; Sebastiani, Aurora

• ISBN13: 9780895825179
• ISBN10: 0895825171
• Edition: Looseleaf
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-10-01
• Publisher: Morton Pub Co

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(1)
What Is a Chordate?	2	(1)
Classification	2	(1)
Evolutionary System	2	(1)
Cladistic System	2	(1)
Homologous or Homoplastic?	3	(1)
Terms: Anatomical and Directional	3	(1)
Suggested Equipment List	4	(3)
Dissection Tools	4	(1)
Other Equipment	4	(3)
II Phylum Hemichordata
The Hemichordates	7	(6)
II Phylum Chordata The Non-Vertebrate Chordates
Subphylum Urochordata: The Tunicate	13	(6)
Subphylum Cephalochordata: Amphioxus	19	(8)
III Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata
Lamprey	27	(20)
External Anatomy	27	(3)
Integumentary System	30	(2)
Internal Anatomy	32	(1)
Skeletal System	33	(1)
Muscular System	34	(1)
Digestive System	35	(1)
Respiratory System	36	(1)
Excretory System	36	(2)
Reproductive System	38	(1)
Circulatory System	39	(1)
Nervous System and Sense Organs	40	(1)
Larval Lamprey	40	(7)
IV Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata
Dogfish Shark Dogfish Shark --- External Anatomy and Integumentary System	47	(8)
External Anatomy	47	(6)
Integumentary System	53	(2)
Dogfish Shark --- Skeletal System	55	(12)
Axial Division	57	(7)
Chondrocranium	57	(3)
Splanchnocranium	60	(1)
Visceral Arches	60	(1)
Mandibular Arch	61	(1)
Hyoid Arch	61	(3)
Appendicular Division	64	(3)
Pectoral Girdle and Fins	64	(1)
Pelvic Girdle and Fins	64	(3)
Dogfish Shark -- Muscular System	67	(12)
Skinning	68	(2)
Trunk or Axial Muscles	70	(1)
Pectoral Fin Muscles	70	(2)
Extensor or Abductor	70	(1)
Flexor or Adductor	70	(2)
Pelvic Fin Muscles	72	(1)
Extensor or Abductor	72	(1)
Flexor or Adductor	72	(1)
Dorsal Fin Muscle	72	(1)
Muscles of the Gill Arches or Their Derivatives	72	(1)
Branchiomeric Muscles	73	(3)
Visceral Arch I (Mandibular Arch)	73	(1)
Levators	73	(1)
Dorsal Constrictors	74	(1)
Ventral Constrictors	74	(1)
Visceral Arch II (Hyoid Arch)	74	(1)
Dorsal Constrictors	74	(1)
Ventral Constrictors	74	(1)
Visceral Arches III--VII	75	(1)
Levators	75	(1)
Interarcual Muscles	75	(1)
Superficial Constrictors	76	(1)
Hypobranchial Muscles	76	(1)
Eye Muscles	77	(2)
Dogfish Shark -- Body Cavities and Mesenteries	79	(6)
Opening the Shark	80	(2)
Mesenteries	82	(3)
Derivatives of the Dorsal Mesentery	82	(1)
Derivatives of the Ventral Mesentery	82	(3)
Dogfish Shark -- Digestive and Respiratory Systems	85	(10)
Digestive System	87	(5)
Accessory Digestive Organs	90	(2)
Respiratory System	92	(3)
Internal Gill Slits	93	(1)
Gills	93	(2)
Dogfish Shark -- Urogenital System	95	(6)
Urinary System	95	(1)
Kidneys and Ducts	95	(1)
Reproductive System	96	(5)
Female	96	(1)
Male	97	(4)
Dogfish Shark -- Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems	101	(16)
Blood Circulation in Fish	102	(1)
Heart and Arteries	102	(11)
Heart and Afferent Branchial Arteries	102	(4)
Efferent Branchial Arteries, Dorsal Aorta, and Its Branches	106	(7)
Venous System	113	(3)
Portal Systems	113	(1)
Renal Portal System	113	(1)
Hepatic Portal System	113	(2)
Systemic Veins	115	(1)
Lymphatic System	116	(1)
Dogfish Shark -- Nervous System and Sense Organs	117	(16)
Brain and Nerves	117	(6)
The Brain: Dorsal View	117	(6)
The Brain: Ventral View	123	(2)
Ventricles of the Brain	123	(1)
Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation and Meninges	123	(2)
The Occipital Nerves, Hypobranchial Nerve, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Cord	125	(1)
Cervicobrachial and Lumbosacral Plexus	125	(1)
Autonomic Nervous System	125	(1)
Sense Organs	125	(8)
Olfactory Apparatus	125	(1)
Lateral Line System	126	(1)
Auditory and Equilibrium Apparatus	127	(2)
Eye and Extrinsic Eye Muscles	129	(1)
External Structures of the Eye	129	(1)
Internal Structures of the Eye	129	(4)
Dogfish Shark -- Endocrine System	133	(6)
Hypophysis or Pituitary	133	(1)
Pineal Gland	133	(1)
Thyroid Gland	133	(2)
Thymus Gland	135	(1)
Adrenal Gland	135	(1)
Pancreas	135	(1)
Ovaries	135	(1)
Testes	135	(1)
Other Endocrine Tissues	135	(4)
V Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Mud Puppy (Necturus)
Mud Puppy -- External Anatomy and Integumentary System	139	(4)
External Anatomy	139	(1)
Integumentary System	140	(3)
Mud Puppy -- Skeletal System	143	(8)
Axial Division	144	(5)
Skull	144	(1)
Chondrocranium/Dermal Bones	144	(2)
Splanchnocranium	146	(1)
Vertebral Column	147	(1)
Vertebral Regions	147	(1)
Cervical	147	(1)
Trunk	148	(1)
Sacral	148	(1)
Caudal	148	(1)
Ribs	148	(1)
Sternum	148	(1)
Appendicular Division	149	(2)
Pectoral Girdle and Forelimb	149	(1)
Pectoral Girdle	149	(1)
Forelimb	149	(1)
Pelvic Girdle and Hindlimb	150	(1)
Pelvic Girdle	150	(1)
Hindlimb	150	(1)
Mud Puppy -- Muscular System	151	(12)
Skinning	151	(1)
Axial Muscles	152	(2)
Epaxial Muscles	152	(1)
Dorsalis Trunci	152	(1)
Hypaxial Muscles	152	(1)
Rectus Abdominis	152	(1)
External Oblique	153	(1)
Internal Oblique	153	(1)
Transversus Abdominis	153	(1)
Dorsal and Lateral Muscles of the Head	154	(1)
Adductor Mandibulae Anterior	154	(1)
Adductor Mandibulae Externus	154	(1)
Depressor Mandibulae	154	(1)
Branchiohyoideus	155	(1)
Levatores Arcuum	155	(1)
Dilatator Laryngis	155	(1)
Ventral Muscles of the Throat	155	(2)
Intermandibularis	155	(1)
Interhyoideus	155	(1)
Sphincter Colli	155	(1)
Geniohyoideus	156	(1)
Genioglossus	156	(1)
Rectus Cervicis	156	(1)
Subarcuales	157	(1)
Transversi Ventrales	157	(1)
Depressores Arcuum	157	(1)
Ventral Pectoral Muscles	157	(1)
Omoarcual	157	(1)
Procoracohumeralis	157	(1)
Supracoracoideus	158	(1)
Pectoralis	158	(1)
Dorsal/Lateral/Medial Pectoral Muscles	158	(1)
Pectoriscapularis	158	(1)
Cucullaris	158	(1)
Dorsalis Scapulae	158	(1)
Latissimus Dorsi	158	(1)
Thoraciscapularis	158	(1)
Levator Scapulae	158	(1)
Subcoracoscapularis	159	(1)
Muscles of the Forelimb	159	(1)
Triceps Brachii	159	(1)
Coracobrachialis	159	(1)
Humeroantebrachialis	159	(1)
Flexors and Extensors of the Forearm	159	(1)
Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Hindlimb	160	(2)
Puboischiofemoralis Externus	160	(1)
Puboischiotibialis	160	(1)
Ischiofemoralis	160	(1)
Puboischiofemoralis Internus	160	(1)
Pubotibialis	160	(1)
Ischioflexorius	160	(1)
Ischiocaudalis	161	(1)
Caudocrualis or Caudopuboischiotibialis	161	(1)
Caudofemoralis	161	(1)
Iliotibialis	162	(1)
Ilioextensorius	162	(1)
Iliofibularis	162	(1)
Flexors and Extensors of the Hindlimb	162	(1)
Mud Puppy -- Body Cavities and Mesenteries	163	(6)
Opening Necturus	163	(1)
Body Cavities	164	(1)
Mesenteries	165	(4)
Derivatives of the Dorsal Mesentery	165	(2)
Derivatives of the Ventral Mesentery	167	(2)
Mud Puppy -- Digestive and Respiratory Systems	169	(6)
Digestive System	169	(3)
Alimentary Canal	169	(1)
Accessory Digestive Organs	170	(2)
Respiratory System	172	(3)
Mud Puppy -- Urogenital System	175	(6)
Urinary System	175	(1)
Kidney and Ducts	175	(1)
Reproductive System	176	(5)
Female	176	(1)
Male	176	(5)
Mud Puppy -- Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems	181	(12)
Circulatory System	181	(1)
Heart	181	(3)
Arteries	184	(4)
Ventral Aorta and Afferent Branchial Arteries	184	(1)
Efferent Branchial Arteries, Dorsal Aorta and Its Branches	184	(4)
Veins	188	(4)
Renal Portal System	188	(1)
Posterior Vena Cava	188	(1)
Pulmonary Veins	189	(1)
Hepatic Portal System	190	(1)
Ventral Abdominal Vein and Associated Veins of the Hindlimb	190	(1)
Veins of the Head and Forelimb	190	(2)
Lymphatic System	192	(1)
Mud Puppy -- Nervous System and Sense Organs	193	(6)
Nervous System	193	(1)
Brain and Cranial Nerves	193	(3)
Meninges and Ventricles of the Brain	193	(1)
Telencephalon	194	(1)
Diencephalon	194	(1)
Mesencephalon	195	(1)
Metencephalon	195	(1)
Myelencephalon	195	(1)
Spinal Nerves and Spinal Cord	196	(1)
Brachial Plexus	196	(1)
Lumbosacral Plexus	196	(1)
Autonomic Nervous System	197	(1)
Sense Organs	197	(2)
Olfactory Apparatus	197	(1)
Lateral Line System	197	(1)
Auditory and Equilibrium Apparatus	197	(1)
The Eyes	197	(2)
Mud Puppy -- Endocrine System	199	(6)
Hypophysis or Pituitary	199	(1)
Pineal Gland	199	(1)
Thyroid Gland	200	(1)
Parathyroid Glands	200	(1)
Ultimobranchial Bodies	200	(1)
Thymus Gland	200	(1)
Suprarenal or Adrenal Glands	200	(1)
Pancreas	200	(1)
Ovaries	201	(1)
Testes	201	(1)
Other Endocrine Tissues	201	(4)
VI Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Cat
Cat -- External Anatomy and Integumentary System	205	(4)
External Anatomy	205	(1)
Integumentary System	206	(3)
Skin	206	(1)
Epidermis	206	(1)
Dermis	206	(1)
Epidermal Derivatives	206	(1)
Hair	206	(1)
Claws and Nails	206	(1)
Horns and Antlers	206	(2)
Glands	208	(1)
Cat -- Skeletal System	209	(18)
Axial Division	210	(10)
Skull	210	(1)
Anatomy of the Skull	211	(3)
Surface Features of the Skull	214	(1)
Cavities and Sinuses	214	(1)
Cranial Foramina	215	(1)
Mandible	215	(1)
The Hyoid	216	(1)
Vertebral Column	216	(1)
Thoracic Vertebrae	216	(1)
Cervical Vertebrae	217	(1)
Lumbar Vertebrae	218	(1)
Sacrum	218	(1)
Caudal Vertebrae	218	(1)
Sternum	218	(1)
Ribs	219	(1)
Appendicular Division	220	(7)
Pectoral Girdle and Forelimb	220	(2)
Pelvic Girdle and Hindlimb	222	(5)
Cat -- Muscular System	227	(32)
Skinning	227	(1)
Preparing the Cat for Muscle Dissection	228	(1)
Direction of Muscle Fibers	228	(1)
Superficial Thoracic Muscles	228	(2)
Pectoantebrachialis	228	(1)
Pectoralis Major	228	(1)
Pectoralis Minor	229	(1)
Xiphihumeralis	229	(1)
Abdominal Muscles	230	(1)
External Oblique	230	(1)
Internal Oblique	230	(1)
Transversus Abdominis	230	(1)
Rectus Abdominis	230	(1)
Deep Thoracic Muscles	231	(1)
Serratus Ventralis	231	(1)
Scalenes	231	(1)
Transversus Costarum	231	(1)
Intercostalis Externus	231	(1)
Intercostalis Internus	231	(1)
Transversus Thoracis	232	(1)
Serratus Dorsalis	232	(1)
Superficial Back Muscles	232	(2)
Clavotrapezius	232	(1)
Clavobrachialis	232	(1)
Acromiotrapezius	233	(1)
Spinotrapezius	233	(1)
Latissimus Dorsi	234	(1)
Lower Back Muscles: Lumbar and Thoracic	234	(1)
Multifidus Spinae	234	(1)
Longissimus Dorsi	234	(1)
Spinalis Dorsi	235	(1)
Iliocostalis	235	(1)
Muscles of the Neck	235	(3)
Sternomastoid	235	(1)
Cleidomastoid	235	(1)
Sternohyoid	235	(1)
Sternothyroid	236	(1)
Thyrohyoid	236	(1)
Stylohyoid	236	(1)
Mylohyoid	236	(1)
Geniohyoid	237	(1)
Genioglossus	237	(1)
Hyoglossus	237	(1)
Styloglossus	237	(1)
Deep Neck and Back Muscles	238	(2)
Rhomboideus Capitis	238	(1)
Rhomboideus Cervicis and Thoracis	238	(1)
Splenius	238	(1)
Longissimus Capitis	238	(1)
Semispinalis Cervicis	239	(1)
Semispinalis Capitis	239	(1)
Longus Colli	239	(1)
Muscles of the Head	240	(2)
Masseter	240	(1)
Temporalis	240	(1)
Pterygoideus Externus	240	(1)
Pterygoideus Internus	241	(1)
Digastric	241	(1)
Muscles of the Shoulder	242	(1)
Supraspinatus	242	(1)
Infraspinatus	242	(1)
Teres Major	242	(1)
Levator Scapulae Ventralis	242	(1)
Acromiodeltoid	242	(1)
Spinodeltoid	242	(1)
Teres Minor	242	(1)
Subscapularis	242	(1)
Muscles of the Upper Forelimb or Brachium	242	(3)
Coracobrachialis	242	(1)
Epitrochlearis	242	(2)
Biceps Brachii	244	(1)
Triceps Brachii	244	(1)
Anconeus	245	(1)
Brachialis	245	(1)
Muscles of the Lower Forelimb or Antebrachium	245	(3)
Brachioradialis	246	(1)
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus	246	(1)
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis	246	(1)
Extensor Digitorum Communis	246	(1)
Extensor Digitorum Lateralis	246	(1)
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris	246	(1)
Supinator	246	(1)
Abductor Pollicis Longus	246	(1)
Extensor Indicis	246	(1)
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris	246	(2)
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis	248	(1)
Flexor Carpi Radialis	248	(1)
Pronator Teres	248	(1)
Flexor Digitorum Profundus	248	(1)
Pronator Quadratus	248	(1)
Muscles of the Manus	248	(1)
Lumbricales	248	(1)
Muscles of the Thigh	248	(5)
Sartorius	248	(1)
Gracilis	249	(1)
Biceps Femoris	249	(1)
Tenuissimus	249	(2)
Caudofemoralis	251	(1)
Semitendinosus	251	(1)
Semimembranosus	251	(1)
Adductor Femoris	251	(1)
Adductor Longus	251	(1)
Pectineus	251	(1)
Iliacus	251	(1)
Psoas Major	251	(1)
Psoas Minor	251	(1)
Tensor Fascia Latae	251	(1)
Quadriceps Complex	252	(1)
Vastus Medialis	252	(1)
Rectus Femoris	252	(1)
Vastus Lateralis	253	(1)
Vastus Intermedius	253	(1)
Muscles of the Shank	253	(3)
Tibialis Cranialis	253	(1)
Extensor Digitorum Longus	254	(1)
Peroneus Longus	254	(1)
Peroneus Tertius	254	(1)
Peroneus Brevis	255	(1)
Popliteus	255	(1)
Flexor Digitorum Longus	255	(1)
Flexor Hallucis Longus	255	(1)
Tibialis Caudalis	256	(1)
Gastrocnemius	256	(1)
Plantaris	256	(1)
Soleus	256	(1)
Triceps Surae	256	(1)
Muscles of the Pes	256	(1)
Extensor Digitorum Brevis	256	(1)
Flexor Digitorum Brevis	256	(1)
Muscles of the Hip	256	(2)
Gluteus Maximus	256	(1)
Gluteus Medius	257	(1)
Pyriformis	257	(1)
Gluteus Minimus	257	(1)
Gemellus Cranialis	257	(1)
Obturator Internus	257	(1)
Gemellus Caudalis	257	(1)
Quadratus Femoris	257	(1)
Obturator Externus	257	(1)
Tail Muscles	258	(1)
Cat -- Body Cavities and Mesenteries	259	(12)
Opening the Cat	259	(2)
Body or Coelomic Cavities	261	(1)
Mesenteries of the Thoracic Cavities	262	(2)
Mesenteries of the Abdominopelvic Cavity	264	(7)
Cat -- Digestive and Respiratory Systems	271	(14)
Digestive System	271	(1)
Alimentary Canal	271	(10)
Salivary Glands and Ducts	271	(1)
Mouth or Oral Cavity	272	(6)
Accessory Digestive Organs	278	(3)
Respiratory System	281	(4)
Cat -- Urogenital System	285	(10)
Urinary System	285	(3)
Kidney and Ducts	285	(3)
Reproductive System	288	(7)
Female	288	(3)
Male	291	(4)
Cat -- Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems	295	(30)
The Heart	295	(29)
External Anatomy	295	(2)
Internal Anatomy	297	(3)
Blood Vessels	300	(24)
Lymphatic System	324	(1)
Cat -- Nervous System and Sense Organs	325	(16)
Brain	325	(7)
Meninges and Ventricles of the Brain	326	(1)
External Anatomy	326	(1)
Telencephalon	326	(1)
Diencephalon	326	(1)
Mesencephalon	327	(1)
Metencephalon	327	(1)
Myelencephalon	328	(1)
Internal Anatomy: Sagittal Section of Brain	328	(3)
Brainstem	331	(1)
Spinal Cord	332	(5)
Spinal Nerves	332	(1)
Brachial Plexus	333	(1)
Lumbosacral Plexus (Ventral View)	334	(2)
Lumbosacral Plexus (Dorsal View)	336	(1)
Sense Organs	337	(4)
Tongue	337	(1)
Olfactory Apparatus (Nose)	338	(1)
Auditory and Equilibrium Apparatus	338	(1)
Eye	338	(1)
External Structures	338	(1)
Internal Structures	338	(3)
Cat -- Endocrine System	341	(6)
Pituitary Gland or Hypophysis	341	(1)
Pineal Gland	342	(1)
Thyroid Gland	342	(1)
Parathyroid Gland	342	(1)
Thymus Gland	343	(1)
Adrenal Glands	343	(1)
Pancreas	343	(2)
Ovaries	345	(1)
Testes	345	(1)
Other Endocrine Tissues	345	(2)
References	347	(2)
Glossary	349	(4)
Index	353