Comparative Criminal Justice Systems

by Fairchild, Erika; Dammer, Harry R.

• ISBN13: 9780534514808
• ISBN10: 0534514804
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-08-24
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

The revision of this best-selling book presents a comprehensive analysis of how various criminal justice systems throughout the world compare. New co-author Harry Dammer has extensively revised the text to reflect the latest trends and most up-to-date information on such hot topics as international crime control and corrections. By using a topical approach (examining various aspects of each system, such as policing, drugs, sentencing, and juvenile justice) rather than a country- by-country approach, the book gives students a more realistic understanding of the similarities and differences of each system. The authors use six "model" countries (China, England, Germany, Japan, Saudi Arabia, and France) to provide specific examples and explore historical, political, economic, social, and cultural influences on each system.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
PART I SETTING THE STAGE	1	(90)
Introduction	3	(11)
Defining Terms	5	(1)
Why Compare Systems of and Issues in Criminal Justice?	6	(3)
To Benefit from Others' Experience	7	(1)
To Broaden Our Understanding of the World	8	(1)
To Deal with Transnational Crime Problems	9	(1)
The Historical-Political Approach	9	(1)
Model Systems	10	(1)
Basic Values in the Criminal Justice System	11	(1)
Political Culture Versus Politicized Justice	11	(1)
The Plan of This Book	12	(1)
Summary	13	(1)
Discussion Questions	13	(1)
For Further Reading	13	(1)
Measuring and Comparing Crime in and Across Nations	14	(28)
Why Measure Crime and Compare Crime Data?	15	(1)
The Historical Background of International Crime Data	16	(1)
The Different Kinds of Crime Data	17	(8)
The Uniform Crime Reports	17	(1)
The National Crime Victimization Surveys	18	(1)
Self-Report Surveys	18	(1)
International Police Data	18	(1)
United Nations Surveys	19	(1)
INTERPOL and INTERPOL Crime Data	20	(1)
International Victimization Surveys	21	(3)
Other Sources of Crime Data	24	(1)
Limitations of International Crime Data	25	(4)
Underreporting	25	(1)
Nonstandard Definitions	26	(1)
Differences in Collection and Recording Practices	27	(2)
How to Compare International Crime Data	29	(1)
Ways to Improve the Comparability of Crime Data	29	(1)
Cautions in Comparing Crime Data	30	(1)
International Crime Rates	30	(7)
Overall Crime Rates	30	(1)
Homicide Rates	31	(3)
Crime Rates in Model Countries	34	(3)
The Exceptions: Countries with Low Crime Rates	37	(2)
Japan	37	(1)
Saudi Arabia	38	(1)
How Does the United States Measure Up?	39	(2)
Summary	41	(1)
Discussion Questions and Exercises	41	(1)
For Further Reading	41	(1)
Families of Law	42	(22)
Ancient and Lesser-Employed Legal Systems	44	(2)
Ancient/Historical Legal Systems	44	(1)
Religious Law	45	(1)
Indigenous Law	45	(1)
Clarifying Terms	46	(1)
The Civil Law	47	(4)
Roman Law	48	(1)
Canon and Commercial Law	48	(1)
The Napoleonic Code	49	(1)
The German Civil Code	50	(1)
The Importance of the French and German Civil Codes	50	(1)
The Common Law	51	(3)
The King's Court	51	(1)
Equity Courts	52	(1)
The Modern History of the Common Law	52	(1)
The Development of Criminal Procedure	52	(1)
The Definition of Crimes	53	(1)
The Current Status of the Common Law	53	(1)
The Socialist Law	54	(6)
The Historical Background of Socialist Law	55	(1)
Socialism and the People's Republic of China	56	(1)
Socialist Versus Civil Law	56	(1)
The Public Law/Private Law Distinction	57	(1)
Economic Crimes	57	(1)
The Educational Function of the Law	57	(1)
The Role of the Procurator	58	(1)
Political Versus Nonpolitical Justice	58	(1)
The Independence of the Judiciary	59	(1)
The Islamic Law	60	(2)
Shari'a	60	(1)
The Prevalence of Shari'a	61	(1)
Crime and Punishment Under Shari'a	62	(1)
Equality and Islamic Justice	62	(1)
Summary	62	(1)
Discussion Questions and Exercises	63	(1)
For Further Reading	63	(1)
Six Model Nations	64	(27)
England	66	(4)
Overview	66	(1)
Historical Developments	66	(3)
Crime	69	(1)
Criminal Law	70	(1)
The Criminal Justice System	70	(1)
France	70	(3)
Overview	70	(1)
Historical Development	71	(1)
Crime	72	(1)
Criminal Law	72	(1)
The Criminal Justice System	73	(1)
Germany	73	(4)
Overview	73	(1)
Historical Developments	74	(1)
Crime	75	(1)
Criminal Law	76	(1)
The Criminal Justice System	76	(1)
China	77	(4)
Overview	77	(1)
Historical Developments	77	(2)
Crime	79	(1)
Criminal Law	80	(1)
The Criminal Justice System	80	(1)
Japan	81	(4)
Overview	81	(1)
Historical Developments	81	(1)
Crime	82	(2)
Criminal Law	84	(1)
The Criminal Justice System	84	(1)
Saudi Arabia	85	(3)
Overview	85	(1)
Historical Developments	86	(1)
Crime	86	(1)
Criminal Law	87	(1)
The Criminal Justice System	88	(1)
Summary	88	(1)
Discussion Questions	89	(1)
For Further Reading	89	(2)
PART II CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESSES	91	(186)
Law Enforcement: Functions, Organization, and Community Involvement	93	(26)
Functions of Police	94	(2)
Deviance Control	95	(1)
Civil Order Control	95	(1)
The Functional Organization of Police Forces	95	(1)
Policing in the Model Countries	96	(16)
England	96	(1)
Organization and Training	97	(1)
Civil Order Control	98	(1)
France	99	(1)
Organization and Training	99	(2)
Civil Order Control	101	(1)
Germany	102	(1)
Organization and Training	102	(1)
Civil Order Control	103	(1)
Problems Following Reunification	103	(1)
China	103	(1)
Organization and Training	104	(1)
Civil Order Control	105	(1)
Japan	105	(1)
Organization and Training	106	(1)
The Koban and the Chuzaisho	107	(1)
A Unique Police Culture	108	(1)
Organization and Training	109	(1)
Saudi Arabia	109	(1)
Organization and Training	109	(1)
Civil Order Control	110	(1)
Comparing the Different Styles of Policing	111	(1)
Community Policing and Its Implementation in the Model Countries	112	(3)
What Is Community Policing?	112	(1)
Models of Community Policing	112	(1)
Community Policing in the Model Countries	113	(1)
England	113	(1)
France	113	(1)
Germany	113	(1)
China	114	(1)
Japan	114	(1)
Saudi Arabia	115	(1)
International Police Cooperation	115	(2)
Summary	117	(1)
Discussion Questions and Exercises	117	(1)
For Further Reading	118	(1)
Constitutional Review	119	(20)
Judicial Review: An American Contribution to the Science of Government	121	(1)
Other Possible Arrangements for Constitutional Review	121	(1)
No Review	121	(1)
Nonjudicial Review	122	(1)
Judicial Review with Legislative Approval	122	(1)
Constitutional Review and the Criminal Process	122	(1)
Constitutional Review in the Model Countries	123	(12)
England: Indirect Judicial Review	123	(2)
France: The Conseil Constitutionnel	125	(2)
Germany: The Bundesverfassungsgericht	127	(2)
Japan	129	(1)
Why Japan's Supreme Court Is Different	129	(2)
The Structure and Functioning of the Japanese Supreme Court	131	(1)
China	132	(1)
Human Rights in Chinese Context	133	(1)
Nonjudicial Review, Chinese Style	133	(1)
Saudi Arabia	134	(1)
Beyond Constitutional Review: Supranational Courts of Human Rights	135	(2)
The European Court of Human Rights	135	(1)
The Development of the ECHR	135	(1)
The Dilemma of the ECHR	136	(1)
Looking to the Future	136	(1)
Summary	137	(1)
Discussion Questions and Activities	137	(1)
For Further Reading	138	(1)
Criminal Procedure	139	(25)
The Adversarial System	140	(2)
Common Law Criminal Procedure	142	(4)
The Right to Counsel	142	(1)
The Right to Remain Silent	143	(1)
The Right to Trial by Jury	143	(1)
The Right to Bail	144	(1)
The Differences in Criminal Procedure Rules in Common Law Countries	145	(1)
The Inquisitorial System	146	(1)
Civil Law Criminal Procedure	147	(4)
The Investigation	147	(1)
The Right to Counsel	148	(1)
The Right to Remain Silent	148	(1)
The Trial	149	(1)
Differences and Similarities Between the French, German, and American Systems	150	(1)
Procedural Variations in Other Civil Law Countries	150	(1)
The Mixed Court	151	(1)
Socialist Criminal Procedure	151	(6)
Pretrial Investigation, Arrest, and Detention	152	(2)
The Right to Counsel	154	(1)
The Trial Process and Judicial Fairness	154	(3)
Distinctive Aspects of Socialist Law Procedure	157	(1)
Japan: The Hybrid Situation	157	(2)
Islamic Criminal Procedure	159	(2)
The Convergence of Systems	161	(1)
Summary	162	(1)
Discussion Questions	162	(1)
For Further Reading	162	(2)
Legal Actors	164	(24)
The Legal Profession	165	(3)
Adjudicators	166	(1)
Advocates	167	(1)
Advisors	168	(1)
Legal Scholars	168	(1)
Key Issues in the Legal Profession	168	(2)
Creeping Specialization	168	(1)
Stratification Within the Profession	169	(1)
Legal Aid	169	(1)
Bureaucratic and Political Organization of Legal Actors	170	(2)
Bureaucratically Oriented Organization	171	(1)
Politically Oriented Organization	172	(1)
The Legal Profession in the Model Systems of Justice	172	(14)
England	172	(3)
France and Germany	175	(4)
China	179	(3)
Japan	182	(2)
Saudi Arabia	184	(2)
Summary	186	(1)
Discussion Questions	187	(1)
For Further Reading	187	(1)
Courts	188	(26)
The Concept of a Court	189	(1)
The Development of Courts in Western Nations	190	(1)
The Study of Courts	191	(1)
Courts in England	192	(3)
Magistrates' Courts	192	(1)
Crown Courts	193	(1)
Appeals Courts	194	(1)
Courts in France	195	(4)
Trial Courts	196	(1)
Appeals Courts	197	(1)
Administrative Courts	198	(1)
Courts in Germany	199	(2)
Criminal Court Organization	200	(1)
Courts in China	201	(2)
Courts in Japan	203	(4)
Court Organization	204	(2)
Citizen Participation in the Judicial Process	206	(1)
The Nonlitigious Japanese: Myth or Reality?	207	(1)
Courts in Saudi Arabia	207	(2)
Court Organization	208	(1)
Supranational Courts	209	(3)
The Background of the Supranational Courts	209	(1)
Supranational Courts Today	210	(1)
The Legal Jurisdiction of Supranational Courts	211	(1)
Future Developments in Supranational Courts	212	(1)
Summary	212	(1)
Discussion Questions and Exercises	213	(1)
For Further Reading	213	(1)
After Conviction: The Sentencing Process	214	(35)
The Purposes of Criminal Sanctions	215	(2)
Sentencing Practices	217	(2)
Corporal Punishment	219	(3)
Noncustodial Sanctions	222	(7)
Monetary Sanctions	223	(1)
Fines	223	(1)
Day Fines	224	(1)
Restitution and Community Service	225	(1)
Community Supervision	226	(1)
Probation	226	(1)
House Arrest	227	(1)
Electronic Monitoring	228	(1)
Exile	228	(1)
Restorative Justice	229	(1)
Warnings	229	(1)
Imprisonment	229	(14)
International Prison Data	232	(9)
Commitment to Mental Hospitals	241	(2)
The Death Penalty	243	(2)
Public Opinion and Sentencing	245	(2)
Summary	247	(1)
Discussion Questions and Exercises	248	(1)
For Further Reading	248	(1)
After Conviction: The Problem of Prison	249	(28)
The Evolution of Prison Systems	251	(1)
Penal Policy in the Model Nations	252	(15)
England and Wales	252	(3)
France	255	(2)
Germany	257	(2)
China	259	(3)
Japan	262	(4)
Saudi Arabia	266	(1)
Prison Crowding	267	(4)
Prison Crowding Data	267	(2)
Effects of Prison Crowding	269	(1)
Solutions to Prison Crowding	270	(1)
Rights of Prisoners	271	(3)
Summary	274	(1)
Discussion Questions	274	(1)
For Further Reading	275	(2)
PART III MODERN DILEMMAS IN INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE	277	(56)
Terrorism	279	(21)
The Historical Background of Terrorism	280	(1)
Defining Terrorism	281	(1)
The Goals of Terrorism	281	(1)
The Prevalence of Terrorism	282	(1)
Terrorist Groups	283	(5)
Northern Ireland	285	(1)
Palestine	286	(1)
Al-Qaida	287	(1)
Terrorism in the Model Nations	288	(6)
England	288	(1)
France	288	(2)
Germany	290	(1)
China	291	(1)
Japan	292	(1)
Saudi Arabia	293	(1)
Responses to International Terrorism	294	(4)
Foreign Policy	294	(1)
International Cooperation Strategies	294	(2)
Military and Police Detection and Apprehension Strategies	296	(1)
Adjudication	297	(1)
The Future of Terrorism	298	(1)
Summary	298	(1)
Discussion Questions and Exercises	299	(1)
For Further Reading	299	(1)
Transnational Organized Crime and Drug Trafficking	300	(21)
What Is Organized Crime?	301	(1)
The Scope of the Organized Crime Problem Worldwide	302	(1)
``Traditional'' Criminal Syndicates	303	(5)
The Italian Mafia	303	(2)
Yakuza: The Japanese Gangster	305	(2)
Chinese Triad Groups	307	(1)
``New'' Organized Crime Groups	308	(3)
The Colombian Drug Cartel	308	(1)
The Russian Mafiya	309	(1)
The Mexican Federation	310	(1)
``Second Tier'' Groups	310	(1)
The Organized Drug Trade	311	(6)
The Extent and Impact of the Drug Trade	311	(1)
The Drug Odyssey	312	(1)
Money Laundering	313	(2)
Traffic in Narcotics and U.S. Foreign Policy	315	(2)
Responses to Organized Crime and Drug Trafficking	317	(3)
Prevention Strategies	318	(1)
Crime Control Strategies	318	(1)
Cooperation Strategies	319	(1)
Summary	320	(1)
Discussion Questions	320	(1)
For Further Reading	320	(1)
Contemporary Influences and Future Developments in Transnational Crime and Justice	321	(12)
Convergence	322	(1)
Cultural Persistence	323	(1)
Political and Policy-Making Processes	324	(1)
Looking to the Future	325	(7)
Changes in the Model Nations	325	(1)
Computer Crime	326	(2)
Corruption	328	(1)
Forms of Corruption	328	(1)
Reasons for Corruption	329	(1)
Solutions to Corruption	329	(1)
Smuggling	329	(1)
Smuggling of Firearms	329	(1)
Smuggling of Nuclear Weapons Materials	330	(1)
Smuggling of Human Organs	330	(1)
Smuggling of Women	331	(1)
Smuggling of Migrants	331	(1)
Summary	332	(1)
Discussion Questions	332	(1)
For Further Reading	332	(1)
Appendix A Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers	333	(4)
Appendix B Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners	337	(2)
Appendix C Demographic Summaries	339	(18)
Appendix D The World's Legal Systems	357	(4)
Glossary	361	(12)
Works Cited	373	(14)
Index	387