Composition and Origin of Cometary Materials

by Altwegg, K.; Ehrenfreund, P.; Geiss, J.; Huebner, W. F.

• ISBN13: 9780792361541
• ISBN10: 0792361547
• Edition: Reprint
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-01-01
• Publisher: Kluwer Academic Pub

Summary

Comet nuclei are the most primitive bodies in the solar system. They have been created far away from the early Sun and their material properties have been altered the least since their formation. Thus, the composition and structure of comet nuclei provide the best information about the chemical and thermodynamic conditions in the nebula from which our solar system formed. In this volume, cometary experts review a broad spectrum of ideas and conclusions based on in situ measurement of Comet Halley and remote sensing observations of the recent bright Comets Hale-Bopp and Hyakutake. The chemical character of comet nuclei suggests many close similarities with the composition of interstellar clouds. It also suggests material mixing from the inner solar nebula and challenges the importance of the accretion shock in the outer nebula. The book is intended to serve as a guide for researchers and graduate students working in the field of planetology and solar system exploration. Several special indexes focus the reader's attention to detailed results and discussions. It concludes with recommendations for laboratory investigations and for advanced modeling of comets, the solar nebula, and the collapse of interstellar clouds.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xi
I: GASES AND GRAINS IN THE COMA
Composition of the Volatile Material in Halley's Coma from In Situ Measurements	3	(16)
K. Altwegg
H. Balsiger
J. Geiss
Remote Observations of the Composition of Cometary Volatiles	19	(14)
J. Crovisier
D. Bockelee-Morvan
Cometary Deuterium	33	(12)
R. Meier
T. Owen
Comet Halley's Gas Composition and Extended Sources: Results from the Neutral Mass Spectrometer on Giotto	45	(8)
P. Eberhardt
On the Existence of Distributed Sources in Comet Comae	53	(16)
M.C. Festou
The Distributed CO in Comet Halley	69	(6)
A. LI
J.M. Greenberg
H2O Activity of Comet Hale-Bopp	75	(8)
E. Kuhrt
Hale-Bopp and Its Sodium Tails	83	(8)
G. Cremonese
Rocky Cometary Particulates: Their Elemental, Isotopic and Mineralogical Ingredients	91	(8)
E.K. Jessberger
The Silicate Material in Comets	99	(10)
M.S. Hanner
On the Organic Refractory Component of Cometary Dust	109	(8)
M.N. Fomenkova
II: FROM COMA ABUNDANCES TO NUCLEUS COMPOSITION
From Coma Abundances to Nucleus Composition	117	(14)
W.F. Huebner
J. Benkhoff
On the Prediction of CO Outgassing from Comets Hale-Bopp and Wirtanen	131	(10)
A. Enzian
On the Flux of Water and Minor Volatiles from the Surface of Comet Nuclei	141	(8)
J. Benkhoff
Morphological Structure and Chemical Composition of Cometary Nuclei and Dust	149	(14)
J.M. Greenberg
A. LI
Polarization of Light Scattered by Cometary Dust Particles: Observations and Tentative Interpretations	163	(6)
A.C. Levasseur-Regourd
Changes in the Structure of Comet Nuclei due to Radioactive Heating	169	(12)
D. Prialnik
M. Podolak
III: ORIGIN OF COMETARY MATERIALS
Spectroscopy Between the Stars	181	(22)
G. Winnewisser
C. Kramer
The Composition of Interstellar Molecular Clouds	203	(16)
W.M. Irvine
Evolution of Interstellar Ices	219	(14)
L.J. Allamandola
M.P. Bernstein
S.A. Sandford
R.L. Walker
An ISO View on Interstellar and Cometary Ice Chemistry	233	(6)
P. Ehrenfreund
Chemical and Physical Processing of Presolar Materials in the Solar Nebula and the Implications for Preservation of Presolar Materials in Comets	239	(14)
B. Fegley Jr.
Rare Atoms, Molecules and Radicals in the Coma of P/Halley	253	(16)
J. Geiss
K. Altwegg
H. Balsiger
S. Graf
Ion Irradiation and the Origin of Cometary Materials	269	(6)
G. Strazzulla
Formation and Processing of Organics in the Early Solar System	275	(14)
J.F. Kerridge
Perspectives on the Comet-Asteroid-Meteorite Link	289	(12)
K. Lodders
R. Osborne
IV: CRITICAL MEASUREMENTS FOR THE FUTURE
Diversity of Comets: Formation Zones and Dynamical Paths	301	(12)
P.R. Weissman
Rosetta Goes to Comet Wirtanen	313	(8)
G. Schwehm
R. Schulz
Coma Composition and Evolution of Rosetta Target Comet 46P/Wirtanen	321	(8)
R. Schulz
G. Schwehm
Missions to Comets and Asteroids	329	(12)
W.T. Huntress Jr.
Characterization of Cosmic Materials in the Laboratory	341	(14)
L. Colangeli
V. Mennella
J.R. Brucato
P. Palumbo
A. Rotundi
Studies of Comets in the Ultraviolet: The Past and the Future	355	(8)
S.A. Stern
Critical Questions and Future Measurements-Collated Views of the Workshop Participants	363	(10)
A.J. Ball
H.U. Keller
R. Schulz
V: SUMMARY AND INDEXES
Cometary Materials: Progress Toward Understanding the Composition in the Outer Solar Nebula	373	(18)
K. Altwegg
P. Ehrenfreund
J. Geiss
W.F. Huebner
A.C. Levasseur-Regourd
Subject Index	391	(7)
Comet Index	398	(1)
Molecule Indexes	399	(9)
Abbreviations	408	(3)
Author Index	411	(1)
List of Participants	412