Comprehending Behavioral Statistics (with CD-ROM)

by Hurlburt, Russell T.

• ISBN13: 9780534606275
• ISBN10: 053460627X
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-06-17
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

An unbeatable combination that will appeal to any learning style! Packaged with the free Personal Trainer CD-ROM, COMPREHENDING BEHAVIORAL STATISTICS makes statistics appealing and approachable to students with a variety of learning styles and backgrounds. Students who learn best by READING find Hurlburt's explanations-which have been crafted and revised based on his own students' feedback-to be exceptionally clear. Students who learn better by LISTENING find the audio/visual "lectlets" on the accompanying Personal Trainer CD-ROM invaluable. Covering each topic in the text, the lectlets include interactive review questions with immediate feedback that engage students who learn best by INTERACTING. For VISUAL learners, the text includes more than 400 illustrations (twice as many as most texts), as well as Hurlburt's free ESTAT software on the accompanying CD-ROM. ESTAT is a unique program that allows students to practice the eyeball-estimation of basic concepts so that they can understand at a deeper level the statistics they are computing. Faculty appreciate the textbook's accuracy and focus on timely topics as well as its innovative pedagogy: Hurlburt uses a progressive, cumulative integration and review of concepts so students keep fundamental concepts "fresh" as they progress through the course.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(13)
Inductive Statements	2	(1)
Statistical Reasoning	3	(1)
Rational Decision Making	4	(1)
A Classic Example: Pygmalion in the Classroom	4	(4)
Samples from Populations	8	(1)
Probability	9	(2)
A Note to the Student	11	(3)
Exercises for Chapter 1	12	(2)
Variables and Their Measurement	14	(14)
Levels of Measurement	15	(2)
Continuous and Discrete Variables	17	(3)
Real Limits	17	(1)
Significant Figures	18	(1)
Rounding	18	(2)
Summation	20	(2)
Notation	20	(1)
Computations	20	(2)
Connections	22	(6)
Cumulative Review	22	(1)
Computers	22	(2)
Homework Tips	24	(1)
Exercises for Chapter 2	25	(3)
Frequency Distributions	28	(26)
Distributions as Tables	31	(3)
Distributions as Graphs	34	(4)
Histogram	34	(2)
Frequency Polygon	36	(2)
Eyeball-estimation	38	(3)
The Shape of Distributions	41	(3)
Describing Distributions	41	(1)
The Normal Distribution	42	(2)
Eyeball-calibration	44	(3)
Bar Graphs of Nominal and Ordinal Variables	47	(1)
Connections	48	(6)
Cumulative Review	48	(1)
Computers	48	(1)
Homework Tips	49	(1)
Exercises for Chapter 3	50	(4)
Measures of Central Tendency	54	(22)
Mode	56	(2)
Eyeball-estimating the Mode	57	(1)
Determining the Mode	58	(1)
Median	58	(2)
Eyeball-estimating the Median	59	(1)
Computing the Median	59	(1)
Mean	60	(5)
Eyeball-estimating the Mean	60	(4)
Computing the Sample Mean	64	(1)
Comparing the Mode, Median, and Mean	65	(3)
Computing the Population Mean	68	(1)
Connections	69	(7)
Cumulative Review	69	(1)
Journals	69	(1)
Computers	69	(1)
Homework Tips	70	(1)
Exercises for Chapter 4	70	(6)
Measures of Variation	76	(26)
Range	79	(1)
Standard Deviation	80	(12)
Mean Squared Deviation Formulas	81	(2)
Inflection Points of Normal Distributions	83	(2)
Eyeball-estimation	85	(4)
Computing the Standard Deviation	89	(3)
Variance	92	(1)
Eyeball-calibration for Distributions	93	(1)
Connections	94	(8)
Cumulative Review	94	(1)
Journals	95	(1)
Computers	95	(1)
Homework Tips	96	(1)
Exercises for Chapter 5	96	(6)
Using Frequency Distributions	102	(34)
Points in Distributions	103	(2)
Percentiles and Percentile Rank	104	(1)
Standard Scores (z Scores)	104	(1)
Areas Under Distributions	105	(6)
Using Areas Under Distributions	108	(3)
Areas Under Normal Distributions	111	(10)
Eyeball-estimation	112	(2)
Eyeball-calibration	114	(3)
Calculating Areas	117	(4)
Other Standardized Distributions Based on z Scores	121	(4)
Relative Frequencies of Real-World Normal Variables	125	(3)
Percentiles and Percentile Rank in Normal Distributions	128	(1)
Connections	129	(7)
Cumulative Review	129	(1)
Computers	130	(2)
Homework Tips	132	(1)
Exercises for Chapter 6	132	(4)
Samples and the Sampling Distribution of the Means	136	(23)
Random Samples	138	(6)
Simple Random Sampling	139	(3)
Samples from Populations	142	(2)
The Sampling Distribution of the Means	144	(10)
The Central Limit Theorem	146	(3)
Factors That Affect the Magnitude of σx: n and σ	149	(1)
Using the Sampling Distribution of the Means	149	(5)
Connections	154	(5)
Cumulative Review	154	(1)
Computers	154	(1)
Homework Tips	155	(1)
Exercises for Chapter 7	155	(4)
Parameter Estimation	159	(25)
Point-estimation	161	(1)
Distribution of Sample Means	161	(2)
Confidence Intervals	163	(14)
When σ Is Known	164	(4)
Changing the Level of Confidence	168	(2)
When σ Is Unknown	170	(5)
Opinion Polls	175	(1)
Four Factors That Affect the Width of a Confidence Interval	176	(1)
Connections	177	(7)
Cumulative Review	177	(1)
Journals	177	(1)
Computers	177	(1)
Homework Tips	178	(1)
Exercises for Chapter 8	179	(5)
Evaluating Hypotheses	184	(19)
Descriptive Versus Inferential Statistics	186	(2)
Descriptive Statistics	186	(1)
Inferential Statistics	186	(2)
Evaluating Hypotheses	188	(9)
Null and Alternative Hypotheses	189	(1)
Directional (One-tailed) and Nondirectional (Two-tailed) Hypotheses	190	(1)
Type I and Type II Errors	191	(1)
Level of Significance (α)	192	(2)
Statistical Power	194	(1)
The Courtroom Analogy	195	(1)
Practical Significance	196	(1)
The Procedure for Evaluating Hypotheses	197	(2)
Connections	199	(4)
Cumulative Review	199	(1)
Computers	200	(1)
Journals	200	(1)
Homework Tips	200	(1)
Exercises for Chapter 9	200	(3)
Inferences About Means of Single Samples	203	(31)
Evaluating Hypotheses About Means	204	(17)
When σ Is Known	205	(6)
A Directional (One-tailed) Example	211	(3)
Practical Significance: Effect Size	214	(2)
When σ Is Unknown	216	(5)
The Relationship Between Hypothesis Testing and Confidence Intervals	221	(1)
Statistical Significance Is Not Necessarily Practical Significance	222	(1)
One-sample t Test Eyeball-calibration	223	(1)
Connections	224	(10)
Cumulative Review	224	(3)
Journals	227	(1)
Computers	228	(1)
Homework Tips	229	(1)
Exercises for Chapter 10	229	(5)
Inferences About Means of Two Independent Samples	234	(35)
Hypotheses with Two Independent Samples	236	(4)
Dependent and Independent Variables	236	(2)
The Null Hypothesis	238	(1)
Experimental Outcomes	239	(1)
The Test Statistic	240	(2)
Standard Error of the Difference Between Two Means	242	(3)
Pooled Variance	243	(1)
Interpreting the Standard Error of the Difference Between Two Means	244	(1)
Evaluating Hypotheses About Means of Two Independent Samples	245	(8)
Procedure	246	(3)
A Directional (One-tailed) Example	249	(4)
Practical Significance Versus Statistical Significance Revisited	253	(1)
Two-sample t Test Eyeball-calibration	254	(4)
Connections	258	(11)
Cumulative Review	258	(1)
Journals	258	(2)
Computers	260	(1)
Homework Tips	261	(2)
Exercises for Chapter 11	263	(6)
Inferences About Means of Two Dependent Samples	269	(25)
Dependent-sample Tests	270	(2)
Evaluating Hypotheses About Means of Two Dependent Samples	272	(8)
An Example	273	(1)
Null Hypothesis	274	(1)
Test Statistic	275	(1)
Evaluating the Hypothesis	276	(4)
Comparing Dependent- and Independent-sample t Tests	280	(2)
Dependent-sample t Test Eyeball-calibration	282	(3)
Connections	285	(9)
Cumulative Review	285	(1)
Journals	285	(1)
Computers	286	(1)
Homework Tips	287	(1)
Exercises for Chapter 12	288	(6)
Statistical Power	294	(23)
Statistical Power	295	(6)
An Example	297	(1)
Illustrating Power	298	(3)
Factors That Increase Power	301	(5)
Increasing the Sample Size Increases Power	301	(2)
Increasing the Raw Effect Size Increases Power	303	(1)
Decreasing σ Increases Power	304	(1)
Increasing α Increases Power	304	(1)
Changing from a Nondirectional to a Directional Test Increases Power	305	(1)
Using Power to Determine Sample Size	306	(6)
An Example	309	(3)
Connections	312	(5)
Cumulative Review	312	(1)
Journals	312	(1)
Homework Tips	312	(1)
Exercises for Chapter 13	312	(5)
Inferences About Two or More Means: Analysis of Variance	317	(43)
Why Multiple t Tests Are Not Appropriate	319	(1)
Hypotheses with Three or More Samples	320	(2)
Null Hypothesis	321	(1)
Alternative Hypothesis	321	(1)
Logic of Analysis of Variance	322	(8)
MSB: Between-group Point-estimate of σ2	324	(2)
MSw: Within-group Point-estimate of σ2	326	(1)
F Ratio	327	(2)
ANOVA Is Nondirectional	329	(1)
Partitioning the Sum of Squares	330	(6)
Review of the Procedure	336	(4)
Another Example	340	(3)
ANOVA Eyeball-calibration	343	(5)
Number of Subjects Required for Adequate Power	348	(2)
Connections	350	(10)
Cumulative Review	350	(1)
Journals	351	(1)
Computers	351	(1)
Homework Tips	352	(1)
Exercises for Chapter 14	353	(7)
Post Hoc Tests, A Priori Tests, Repeated-Measures ANOVA, and Two-way ANOVA	360	(27)
Interpreting ANOVA: Post Hoc Tests	362	(3)
Instead of ANOVA: A Priori Tests	365	(2)
A Priori Tests When There Are Two Groups	365	(1)
Comparisons	366	(1)
Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance	367	(3)
Two-way Analysis of Variance	370	(1)
Displaying the Outcome of a Two-way Design	370	(2)
Main Effects	372	(2)
Interaction	374	(3)
Kinds of Interaction	375	(2)
Null Hypothesis for Interaction	377	(1)
Interpreting Two-way ANOVA	377	(1)
Connections	378	(9)
Cumulative Review	378	(1)
Journals	379	(1)
Computers	380	(1)
Homework Tips	381	(1)
Exercises for Chapter 15	381	(6)
Measures of the Relationship Between Two Variables: Correlation	387	(31)
Correlation Coefficient	388	(5)
Scatter Diagrams	390	(1)
Values of r	391	(2)
Pearson's r	393	(10)
z Score Formulas	394	(1)
How It Works	395	(4)
Factors That Affect the Size of r	399	(1)
Correlation Does Not Imply Causation	400	(1)
Testing Hypotheses About r	401	(1)
Power	402	(1)
Spearman's rs	403	(3)
Ranking	405	(1)
Testing Hypotheses About rs	406	(1)
Connections	406	(12)
Cumulative Review	406	(1)
Journals	406	(2)
Computers	408	(2)
Homework Tips	410	(1)
Exercises for Chapter 16	410	(8)
Prediction: Linear Regression	418	(37)
Regression Lines	420	(11)
Notation	421	(1)
The Equation	422	(2)
Eyeball-estimating the Constants	424	(5)
Computing the Constants	429	(1)
Interpreting the Constants	430	(1)
Regression Line in Standard Form	431	(3)
Regression to the Mean	432	(2)
The Best (Least Squares) Regression Line	434	(2)
Error of Prediction	434	(1)
The Best Line	435	(1)
Standard Error of Estimate	436	(4)
Coefficient of Determination	438	(1)
Predicted Distribution	439	(1)
Interpreting Correlation and Regression	440	(3)
IQ	440	(2)
Personality	442	(1)
Hypothesis Testing in Regression	443	(1)
Connections	444	(11)
Cumulative Review	444	(1)
Journals	444	(2)
Computers	446	(1)
Homework Tips	446	(2)
Exercises for Chapter 17	448	(7)
Some Nonparametric Statistical Tests	455	(35)
Testing with a Nonnormal Distribution	457	(1)
Nonparametric Statistical Tests	458	(1)
Tests for Data Measured at the Nominal Level	458	(13)
One Sample: The Χ2 Goodness of Fit Test	459	(6)
Two Independent Samples: The Χ2 Test of Independence	465	(4)
Two Dependent Samples: The McNemar Test for Significance of Change	469	(2)
Tests for Data Measured at the Ordinal Level	471	(6)
Two Independent Samples: The Mann-Whitney U Test	471	(3)
Two Dependent Samples: The Wilcoxon Matched-pairs Signed-rank Test	474	(1)
k Independent Samples: The Kruskal-Wallis H Test	475	(2)
Choosing Between Parametric and Nonparametric Tests	477	(1)
Connections	477	(13)
Cumulative Review	477	(2)
Journals	479	(1)
Computers	479	(2)
Homework Tips	481	(1)
Exercises for Chapter 18	481	(9)
References	490	(2)
Appendix A Statistical Tables	492	(17)
Appendix B Review of Basic Arithmetic	509	(8)
Appendix C Summary of Statistical Formulas Used in This Text	517	(9)
Appendix D Answers to Selected Exercises	526	(28)
List of Symbols and Glossary	554	(6)
Index	560