Computed Tomography : Fundamentals, System Technology, Image Quality, Applications

by Willi A. Kalender

• ISBN13: 9783895780813
• ISBN10: 3895780812
• Edition: CD
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-01-01
• Publisher: Wiley-VCH

Summary

This book provides a comprehensive and user-friendly description of the theoretical and technical essentials of computed tomography (CT) for a wide readership. It treats in detail all characteristic parameters relevant for image quality and all performance features significant for clinical applications. Readers will thus be informed how to optimally use a CT system depending on their different diagnostic requirements. This includes a detailed discussion about the dose required and about dose measurement as well as how to reduce dose in CT.This book is intended for all those who work daily, regularly or even only occasionally with CT: doctors, technologists, engineers, service technicians and physicists.A glossary describes all the important technical terms in alphabetical order.

Table of Contents

Preface	5	(4)
Table of Contents	9	(4)
Historical Overview	13	(4)
Principles of Computed Tomography	17	(18)
General Considerations on Slice Imaging	17	(5)
Computed Tomography -- a Digital Modality	17	(3)
Why do Slice Images offer Higher Contrast?	20	(2)
Basic Principles of CT	22	(13)
What do we Measure in CT?	22	(1)
How do we Measure an Object in CT?	23	(3)
How do we Compute a CT Image?	26	(3)
What is Displayed in CT Images?	29	(6)
Technical Concepts	35	(30)
Phases of Development and Goals	35	(4)
The Seventies -- from Head to Whole Body Scanning	35	(2)
The Eighties -- Fast Scanning of Single Slices	37	(1)
The Nineties -- Fast Volume Scanning	38	(1)
Standard Scanner Configuration	39	(17)
Mechanical Design	39	(5)
X-ray Components	44	(1)
Collimators and Filtration	45	(2)
Detector Systems	47	(9)
Scan Modes and Scan Parameters	56	(4)
Survey Radiographs	56	(1)
Scanning Single Slice -- Sequential CT	56	(2)
Material-selective Imaging -- Dual-Energy CT	58	(1)
Serial Scanning -- Dynamic CT	59	(1)
CT Fluoroscopy -- Interventional CT	59	(1)
Volume Scanning -- Spiral CT	59	(1)
Alternative Scanner Concepts	60	(5)
Electron Beam CT	60	(2)
The ``Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor''	62	(1)
Cone Beam CT	62	(3)
Spiral CT	65	(17)
First Considerations and Efforts	65	(2)
Scanning Principle and Techniques in Spiral CT	67	(3)
Image Reconstruction in Spiral CT	70	(6)
Basic Approach to z-Interpolation (360deg;LI)	71	(1)
z-Interpolation Using Data Rebinning (180°LI)	71	(2)
Variations of 180° z-Interpolation Algorithms	73	(3)
Considerations for Multi-slice Spiral CT	76	(6)
z-Interpolation in Multi-slice Spiral CT (180°MLI)	76	(1)
z-Filtering in Multi-slice Spiral CT (180°MFI)	76	(2)
ECG-correlated Cardiac Imaging	78	(4)
Image Quality	82	(37)
Variables and Procedures for Conventional CT	83	(19)
CT Values, Contrast and Homogeneity	83	(1)
Pixel Noise	84	(1)
Spatial Resolution -- Resolution at High Contrast	85	(12)
Contrast Resolution -- Resolution at Low Contrast	97	(1)
Artifacts	98	(4)
Variables and Procedures for Spiral CT	102	(14)
General Considerations	102	(1)
Pixel Noise	103	(2)
Slice Sensitivity Profiles	105	(1)
Spatial Resolution in the z-Direction	106	(7)
Artifacts in Spiral CT	113	(1)
Considerations for Multi-slice Spiral CT	114	(2)
Constancy Tests and Acceptance Testing	116	(3)
Dose	119	(31)
CT -- a High Dose Examination Procedure?	119	(1)
Technical Parameters for Dose Measurement	120	(12)
Conventional Single-slice Scans	121	(6)
Volume Scans	127	(1)
Stray Radiation	128	(1)
Special Considerations for Spiral CT Scans	128	(2)
Special Considerations for Multi-slice Spiral CT Scans	130	(2)
Regulations for Dose Measurement	132	(1)
Patient Dose in CT	132	(5)
Influence of Scanning Parameters on the Patient Dose	132	(2)
Influence of Spiral CT on Patient Dose	134	(1)
Estimation of Organ Dose Values and Effective Dose	135	(2)
Possibilities for Reducing the Dose	137	(5)
Influence by the Examiner	138	(1)
Technical Measures and New Approaches	139	(3)
Conclusions	142	(8)
Optimization of CT Systems and Quality Control	143	(2)
Information about Dose, Benefits and Risks	145	(3)
The Author's Summing up and Recommendations	148	(2)
Processing and Visualization of Images	150	(13)
Simple Image Processing and Evaluation Procedures	150	(1)
Two-dimensional Displays	151	(2)
Three-dimensional Displays	153	(7)
Surface Displays	154	(1)
Projection Displays	155	(1)
Volume Rendering Displays	155	(2)
Virtual Endoscopy	157	(1)
Recommendations on the Choice of 3D-Display Methods	158	(2)
How to Handle all the Images	160	(3)
Special Applications	163	(13)
General Considerations	163	(3)
Quantitative CT	166	(3)
Imaging of The Heart and Coronary Calcium Measurements	169	(7)
Phase-selective Imaging of the Heart with MSCT	171	(2)
Coronary Calcium Measurements with CT	173	(3)
The Future of CT	176	(3)
Appendix	179	(9)
Definitions	179	(4)
Abbreviations and Symbols	179	(4)
Geometry	183	(1)
Mathematical Aspects of Image Reconstruction	183	(5)
Convolution	183	(1)
2D Radon Transformation	184	(2)
3D Radon Transformation	186	(2)
Glossary	188	(24)
References	212	(7)
Index terms	219