Computer Networks

by Tanenbaum, Andrew S.

• ISBN13: 9780130661029
• ISBN10: 0130661023
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-08-09
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

The world's leading introduction to networking-fully updated for tomorrow's key technologies. Computer Networks, Fourth Edition is the ideal introduction to today's networks-and tomorrow's. This classic best seller has been thoroughly updated to reflect the newest and most important networking technologies with a special emphasis on wireless networking, including 802.11, Bluetooth, broadband wireless, ad hoc networks, i-mode, and WAP. But fixed networks have not been ignored either with coverage of ADSL, gigabit Ethernet, peer-to-peer networks, NAT, and MPLS. And there is lots of new material on applications, including over 60 pages on the Web, plus Internet radio, voice over IP, and video on demand.Finally, the coverage of network security has been revised and expanded to fill an entire chapter. Author, educator, and researcher Andrew S. Tanenbaum, winner of the ACM Karl V. Karlstrom Outstanding Educator Award, carefully explains how networks work on the inside, from underlying hardware at the physical layer up through the top-level application layer. Tanenbaum covers all this and more: bull; Physical layer (e.g., copper, fiber, wireless, satellites, and Internet over cable) Data link layer (e.g., protocol principles, protocol verification, HDLC, and PPP) MAC Sublayer (e.g., gigabit Ethernet, 802.11, broadband wireless, and switching) Network layer (e.g., routing algorithms, congestion control, QoS, IPv4, and IPv6) Transport layer (e.g., socket programming, UDP, TCP, RTP, and network performance) Application layer (e.g., e-mail, the Web, PHP, wireless Web, MP3, and streaming audio) Network security (e.g., AES, RSA, quantum cryptography, IPsec, and Web security) The book gives detailed descriptions of the principles associated with each layer and presents many examples drawn from the Internet and wireless networks.

Author Biography

ANDREW S. TANENBAUM is Professor of Computer Science at Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Scientific Director of ASCI, a Dutch graduate school established by leading universities throughout the Netherlands. He is also a Fellow of the IEEE and a Fellow of the ACM. Other books Tanenbaum has authored or co-authored include Structured Computer Organization, Fourth Edition; Operating Systems: Design and Implementation, Second Edition; Modern Operating Systems, Second Edition; and Distributed Systems: Principles and Paradigms (all from Prentice Hall).

Table of Contents

Preface
Introduction	1	(84)
Uses Of Computer Networks	3	(11)
Business Applications	3	(3)
Home Applications	6	(3)
Mobile Users	9	(3)
Social Issues	12	(2)
Network Hardware	14	(12)
Local Area Networks	16	(2)
Metropolitan Area Networks	18	(1)
Wide Area Networks	19	(2)
Wireless Networks	21	(2)
Home Networks	23	(2)
Internetworks	25	(1)
Network Software	26	(11)
Protocol Hierarchies	26	(4)
Design Issues for the Layers	30	(2)
Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services	32	(2)
Service Primitives	34	(2)
The Relationship of Services to Protocols	36	(1)
Reference Models	37	(12)
The OSI Reference Model	37	(4)
The TCP/IP Reference Model	41	(3)
A Comparison of the OSI and TCP/IP Reference Models	44	(2)
A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols	46	(2)
A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model	48	(1)
Example Networks	49	(22)
The Internet	50	(9)
Connection-Oriented Networks: X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM	59	(6)
Ethernet	65	(3)
Wireless LANs: 802.11	68	(3)
Network Standardization	71	(6)
Who's Who in the Telecommunications World	71	(3)
Who's Who in the International Standards World	74	(1)
Who's Who in the Internet Standards World	75	(2)
Metric Units	77	(1)
Outline of the Rest of the Book	78	(1)
Summary	79	(6)
The Physical Layer	85	(98)
The Theoretical Basis for Data Communication	85	(5)
Fourier Analysis	86	(1)
Bandwidth-Limited Signals	86	(3)
The Maximum Data Rate of a Channel	89	(1)
Guided Transmission Media	90	(10)
Magnetic Media	90	(1)
Twisted Pair	91	(1)
Coaxial Cable	92	(1)
Fiber Optics	93	(7)
Wireless Transmission	100	(9)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum	100	(3)
Radio Transmission	103	(1)
Microwave Transmission	104	(2)
Infrared and Millimeter Waves	106	(1)
Lightwave Transmission	107	(2)
Communication Satellites	109	(9)
Geostationary Satellites	109	(4)
Medium-Earth Orbit Satellites	113	(1)
Low-Earth Orbit Satellites	114	(3)
Satellites versus Fiber	117	(1)
The Public Switched Telephone Network	118	(34)
Structure of the Telephone System	119	(3)
The Politics of Telephones	122	(2)
The Local Loop: Modems, ADSL, and Wireless	124	(13)
Trunks and Multiplexing	137	(9)
Switching	146	(6)
The Mobile Telephone System	152	(17)
First-Generation Mobile Phones: Analog Voice	153	(4)
Second-Generation Mobile Phones: Digital Voice	157	(9)
Third-Generation Mobile Phones: Digital Voice and Data	166	(3)
Cable Television	169	(8)
Community Antenna Television	169	(1)
Internet over Cable	170	(2)
Spectrum Allocation	172	(1)
Cable Modems	173	(2)
ADSL versus Cable	175	(2)
Summary	177	(6)
The Data Link Layer	183	(64)
Data Link Layer Design Issues	184	(8)
Services Provided to the Network Layer	184	(3)
Framing	187	(4)
Error Control	191	(1)
Flow Control	192	(1)
Error Detection and Correction	192	(8)
Error-Correcting Codes	193	(3)
Error-Detecting Codes	196	(4)
Elementary Data Link Protocols	200	(11)
An Unrestricted Simplex Protocol	204	(2)
A Simplex Stop-and-Wait Protocol	206	(2)
A Simplex Protocol for a Noisy Channel	208	(3)
Sliding Window Protocols	211	(18)
A One-Bit Sliding Window Protocol	214	(2)
A Protocol Using Go Back N	216	(7)
A Protocol Using Selective Repeat	223	(6)
Protocol Verification	229	(5)
Finite State Machine Models	229	(3)
Petri Net Models	232	(2)
Example Data Link Protocols	234	(8)
HDLC---High-Level Data Link Control	234	(3)
The Data Link Layer in the Internet	237	(5)
Summary	242	(5)
The Medium Access Control Sublayer	247	(96)
The Channel Allocation Problem	248	(3)
Static Channel Allocation in LANs and Mans	248	(1)
Dynamic Channel Allocation in LANs and Mans	249	(2)
Multiple Access Protocols	251	(20)
Aloha	251	(4)
Carrier Sense Multiple Access Protocols	255	(4)
Collision-Free Protocols	259	(2)
Limited-Contention Protocols	261	(4)
Wavelength Division Multiple Access Protocols	265	(2)
Wireless LAN Protocols	267	(4)
Ethernet	271	(21)
Ethernet Cabling	271	(3)
Manchester Encoding	274	(1)
The Ethernet MAC Sublayer Protocol	275	(3)
The Binary Exponential Backoff Algorithm	278	(1)
Ethernet Performance	279	(2)
Switched Ethernet	281	(2)
Fast Ethernet	283	(3)
Gigabit Ethernet	286	(4)
IEEE 802.2: Logical Link Control	290	(1)
Retrospective on Ethernet	291	(1)
Wireless Lans	292	(10)
The 802.11 Protocol Stack	292	(1)
The 802.11 Physical Layer	293	(2)
The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol	295	(4)
The 802.11 Frame Structure	299
Services	1	(301)
Broadband Wireless	302	(8)
Comparison of 802.11 with 8016	303	(2)
The 802.16 Protocol Stack	305	(1)
The 802.16 Physical Layer	306	(1)
The 802.16 MAC Sublayer Protocol	307	(2)
The 802.16 Frame Structure	309	(1)
Bluetooth	310	(8)
Bluetooth Architecture	311	(1)
Bluetooth Applications	312	(1)
The Bluetooth Protocol Stack	313	(2)
The Bluetooth Radio Layer	315	(1)
The Bluetooth Baseband Layer	315	(1)
The Bluetooth L2CAP Layer	316	(1)
The Bluetooth Frame Structure	316	(2)
Data Link Layer Switching	318	(19)
Bridges from 802.x to 802.y	320	(2)
Local Internetworking	322	(2)
Spanning Tree Bridges	324	(1)
Remote Bridges	325	(1)
Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches, Routers, and Gateways	326	(3)
Virtual LANs	329	(8)
Summary	337	(6)
The Network Layer	343	(138)
Network Layer Design Issues	343	(7)
Store-and-Forward Packet Switching	344	(1)
Services Provided to the Transport Layer	344	(1)
Implementation of Connectionless Service	345	(2)
Implementation of Connection-Oriented Service	347	(1)
Comparison of Virtual-Circuit and Datagram Subnets	348	(2)
Routing Algorithms	350	(34)
The Optimality Principle	352	(1)
Shortest Path Routing	353	(2)
Flooding	355	(2)
Distance Vector Routing	357	(3)
Link State Routing	360	(6)
Hierarchical Routing	366	(2)
Broadcast Routing	368	(2)
Multicast Routing	370	(2)
Routing for Mobile Hosts	372	(1)
Routing in Ad Hoc Networks	373	(7)
Node Lookup in Peer-to-Peer Networks	380	(4)
Congestion Control Algorithms	384	(13)
General Principles of Congestion Control	386	(2)
Congestion Prevention Policies	388	(1)
Congestion Control in Virtual-Circuit Subnets	389	(2)
Congestion Control in Datagram Subnets	391	(3)
Load Shedding	394	(1)
Jitter Control	395	(2)
Quality of Service	397	(21)
Requirements	397	(1)
Techniques for Achieving Good Quality of Service	398	(11)
Integrated Services	409	(3)
Differentiated Services	412	(3)
Label Switching and MPLS	415	(3)
Internetworking	418	(13)
How Networks Differ	419	(1)
How Networks Can Be Connected	420	(2)
Concatenated Virtual Circuits	422	(1)
Connectionless Internetworking	423	(2)
Tunneling	425	(1)
Internetwork Routing	426	(1)
Fragmentation	427	(4)
The Network Layer in the Internet	431	(42)
The IP Protocol	433	(3)
IP Addresses	436	(13)
Internet Control Protocols	449	(5)
OSPF---The Interior Gateway Routing Protocol	454	(5)
BGP---The Exterior Gateway Routing Protocol	459	(2)
Internet Multicasting	461	(1)
Mobile IP	462	(2)
IPv6	464	(9)
Summary	473	(8)
The Transport Layer	481	(98)
The Transport Service	481	(11)
Services Provided to the Upper Layers	481	(2)
Transport Service Primitives	483	(4)
Berkeley Sockets	487	(1)
An Example of Socket Programming: An Internet File Server	488	(4)
Elements of Transport Protocols	492	(21)
Addressing	493	(3)
Connection Establishment	496	(6)
Connection Release	502	(4)
Flow Control and Buffering	506	(4)
Multiplexing	510	(1)
Crash Recovery	511	(2)
A Simple Transport Protocol	513	(11)
The Example Service Primitives	513	(2)
The Example Transport Entity	515	(7)
The Example as a Finite State Machine	522	(2)
The Internet Transport Protocols: UDP	524	(8)
Introduction to UDP	525	(1)
Remote Procedure Call	526	(3)
The Real-Time Transport Protocol	529	(3)
The Internet Transport Protocols: TCP	532	(25)
Introduction to TCP	532	(1)
The TCP Service Model	533	(2)
The TCP Protocol	535	(1)
The TCP Segment Header	536	(3)
TCP Connection Establishment	539	(2)
TCP Connection Release	541	(1)
Modeling TCP Connection Management	541	(2)
TCP Transmission Policy	543	(4)
TCP Congestion Control	547	(3)
TCP Timer Management	550	(3)
Wireless TCP and UDP	553	(2)
Transactional TCP	555	(2)
Performance Issues	557	(16)
Performance Problems in Computer Networks	557	(3)
Network Performance Measurement	560	(2)
System Design for Better Performance	562	(4)
Fast TPDU Processing	566	(3)
Protocols for Gigabit Networks	569	(4)
Summary	573	(6)
The Application Layer	579	(142)
DNS-The Domain Name System	579	(9)
The DNS Name Space	580	(2)
Resource Records	582	(4)
Name Servers	586	(2)
Electronic Mail	588	(23)
Architecture and Services	590	(1)
The User Agent	591	(3)
Message Formats	594	(8)
Message Transfer	602	(3)
Final Delivery	605	(6)
The World Wide Web	611	(63)
Architectural Overview	612	(17)
Static Web Documents	629	(14)
Dynamic Web Documents	643	(8)
HTTP---The HyperText Transfer Protocol	651	(5)
Performance Enhancements	656	(6)
The Wireless Web	662	(12)
Multimedia	674	(40)
Introduction to Digital Audio	674	(2)
Audio Compression	676	(3)
Streaming Audio	679	(4)
Internet Radio	683	(2)
Voice over IP	685	(7)
Introduction to Video	692	(4)
Video Compression	696	(8)
Video on Demand	704	(7)
The MBone---The Multicast Backbone	711	(3)
Summary	714	(7)
Network Security	721	(114)
Cryptography	724	(13)
Introduction to Cryptography	725	(2)
Substitution Ciphers	727	(2)
Transposition Ciphers	729	(1)
One-Time Pads	730	(5)
Two Fundamental Cryptographic Principles	735	(2)
Symmetric-Key Algorithms	737	(15)
DES---The Data Encryption Standard	738	(3)
AES---The Advanced Encryption Standard	741	(4)
Cipher Modes	745	(5)
Other Ciphers	750	(1)
Cryptanalysis	750	(2)
Public-Key Algorithms	752	(3)
RSA	753	(2)
Other Public-Key Algorithms	755	(1)
Digital Signatures	755	(10)
Symmetric-Key Signatures	756	(1)
Public-Key Signatures	757	(2)
Message Digests	759	(4)
The Birthday Attack	763	(2)
Management of Public Keys	765	(7)
Certificates	765	(2)
X.509	767	(1)
Public Key Infrastructures	768	(4)
Communication Security	772	(13)
IPsec	772	(4)
Firewalls	776	(3)
Virtual Private Networks	779	(1)
Wireless Security	780	(5)
Authentication Protocols	785	(14)
Authentication Based on a Shared Secret Key	786	(5)
Establishing a Shared Key: The Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange	791	(2)
Authentication Using a Key Distribution Center	793	(3)
Authentication Using Kerberos	796	(2)
Authentication Using Public-Key Cryptography	798	(1)
E-Mail Security	799	(6)
PGP---Pretty Good Privacy	799	(4)
PEM---Privacy Enhanced Mail	803	(1)
S/Mime	804	(1)
Web Security	805	(14)
Threats	805	(1)
Secure Naming	806	(7)
SSL---The Secure Sockets Layer	813	(3)
Mobile Code Security	816	(3)
Social Issues	819	(9)
Privacy	819	(103)
Freedom of Speech	922
Copyright	826	(2)
Summary	828	(7)
Reading List and Bibliography	835	(34)
Suggestions for Further Reading	835	(13)
Introduction and General Works	836	(2)
The Physical Layer	838	(2)
The Data Link Layer	840	(1)
The Medium Access Control Sublayer	840	(2)
The Network Layer	842	(2)
The Transport Layer	844	(1)
The Application Layer	844	(2)
Network Security	846	(2)
Alphabetical Bibliography	848	(21)
Index	869

Excerpts

Preface This book is now in its fourth edition. Each edition has corresponded to a different phase in the way computer networks were used. When the first edition appeared in 1980, networks were an academic curiosity. When the second edition appeared in 1988, networks were used by universities and large businesses. When the third edition appeared in 1996, computer networks, especially the Internet, had become a daily reality for millions of people. The new item in the fourth edition is the rapid growth of wireless networking in many forms. The networking picture has changed radically since the third edition. In the mid-1990s, numerous kinds of LANs and WANs existed, along with multiple protocol stacks. By 2003, the only wired LAN in widespread use was Ethernet, and virtually all WANs were on the Internet. Accordingly, a large amount of material about these older networks has been removed. However, new developments are also plentiful. The most important is the huge increase in wireless networks, including 802.11, wireless local loops, 2G and 3G cellular networks, Bluetooth, WAP, i-mode, and others. Accordingly, a large amount of material has been added on wireless networks. Another newly-important topic is security, so a whole chapter on it has been added. Although Chap. 1 has the same introductory function as it did in the third edition, the contents have been revised and brought up to date. For example, introductions to the Internet, Ethernet, and wireless LANs are given there, along with some history and background. Home networking is also discussed briefly. Chapter 2 has been reorganized somewhat. After a brief introduction to the principles of data communication, there are three major sections on transmission (guided media, wireless, and satellite), followed by three more on important examples (the public switched telephone system, the mobile telephone system, and cable television). Among the new topics covered in this chapter are ADSL, broadband wireless, wireless MANs, and Internet access over cable and DOCSIS. Chapter 3 has always dealt with the fundamental principles of point-to-point protocols. These ideas are essentially timeless and have not changed for decades. Accordingly, the series of detailed example protocols presented in this chapter is largely unchanged from the third edition. In contrast, the MAC sublayer has been an area of great activity in recent years, so many changes are present in Chap. 4. The section on Ethernet has been expanded to include gigabit Ethernet. Completely new are major sections on wireless LANs, broadband wireless, Bluetooth, and data link layer switching, including MPLS. Chapter 5 has also been updated, with the removal of all the ATM material and the addition of additional material on the Internet. Quality of service is now also a major topic, including discussions of integrated services and differentiated services. Wireless networks are also present here, with a discussion of routing in ad hoc networks. Other new topics include NAT and peer-to-peer networks. Chap. 6 is still about the transport layer, but here, too, some changes have occurred. Among these is an example of socket programming. A one-page client and a one-page server are given in C and discussed. These programs, available on the book''s Web site, can be compiled and run. Together they provide a primitive remote file or Web server available for experimentation. Other new topics include remote procedure call, RTP, and transaction/TCP. Chap. 7, on the application layer, has been more sharply focused. After a short introduction to DNS, the rest of the chapter deals with just three topics: e-mail, the Web, and multimedia. But each topic is treated in great detail. The discussion of how the Web works is now over 60 pages, covering a vast array of topics, including static and dynamic Web pages, HTTP, CGI scripts, content delivery networks, cookies, and Web caching. Material is also present on how modern Web pages are written, including brief introductions to XML, XSL, XHTML, PHP, and more, all with examples that can be tested. The wireless Web is also discussed, focusing on i-mode and WAP. The multimedia material now includes MP3, streaming audio, Internet radio, and voice over IP. Security has become so important that it has now been expanded to a complete chapter of over 100 pages. It covers both the principles of security (symmetric- and public-key algorithms, digital signatures, and X.509 certificates) and the applications of these principles (authentication, e-mail security, and Web security). The chapter is both broad (ranging from quantum cryptography to government censorship) and deep (e.g., how SHA-1 works in detail). Chapter 9 contains an all-new list of suggested readings and a comprehensive bibliography of over 350 citations to the current literature. Over 200 of these are to papers and books written in 2000 or later. Computer books are full of acronyms. This one is no exception. By the time you are finished reading this one, the following should ring a bell: ADSL, AES, AMPS, AODV, ARP, ATM, BGP, CDMA, CDN, CGI, CIDR, DCF, DES, DHCP, DMCA, FDM, FHSS, GPRS, GSM, HDLC, HFC, HTML, HTTP, ICMP, IMAP, ISP, ITU, LAN, LMDS, MAC, MACA, MIME, MPEG, MPLS, MTU, NAP, NAT, NSA, NTSC, OFDM, OSPF, PCF, PCM, PGP, PHP, PKI, POTS, PPP, PSTN, QAM, QPSK, RED, RFC, RPC, RSA, RSVP, RTP, SSL, TCP, TDM, UDP, URL, UTP, VLAN, VPN, VSAT, WAN, WAP, WDMA, WEP, WWW, and XML. But don''t worry. Each will be carefully defined before it is used. To help instructors using this book as a text for a course, the author has prepared various teaching aids, including A problem solutions manual. Files containing the figures in multiple formats. PowerPoint sheets for a course using the book. A simulator (written in C) for the example protocols of Chap. 3. A Web page with links to many tutorials, organizations, FAQs, etc. The solutions manual is available directly from Prentice Hall (but only to instructors, not to students). All the other material is on the book''s Web site: http://www.phptr.com/tanenbaumcn4/