Computer Organization and Architecture : Designing for Performance

by Stallings, William

• ISBN13: 9780130351197
• ISBN10: 0130351199
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-01-01
• Publisher: PRENTICE HALL

Summary

With up-to-date coverage of modern architectural approaches, this handbook provides a thorough discussion of the fundamentals of computer organization and architecture, as well as the critical role of performance in driving computer design. Captures the field's continued innovations and improvements, with input from active practitioners. Reviews the two most prevalent approaches: superscalar, which has come to dominate the microprocessor design field, including the widely used Pentium; and EPIC, seen in the IA-64 architecture of Intel' s Itanium. Views systems from both the architectural and organizational perspectives. Includes coverage of critical topics, such as bus organization, computer arithmetic, I/O modules, RISC, memory, and parallel processors. For professionals in computer product marketing or information system configuration and maintenance.

Author Biography

WILLIAM STALLINGS has made a unique contribution to understanding the broad sweep of technical developments in computer networking and computer architecture. He has authored 17 titles, plus revised editions, for a total of 37 books on various aspects of these subjects. He has three times received the award for best Computer Science Textbook of the Year from the Text and Academic Authors Association (Computer Organization and Architecture, Prentice Hall, 1996; Data and Computer Communications, Prentice Hall, 1997; Operating Systems, Prentice Hall, 1998). In over 20 years in the field, Dr. Stallings has been a technical contributor, technical manager and an executive with several high-technology firms. Currently he is an independent consultant whose clients have included computer and networking manufacturers and customers, software development firms and leading-edge government research institutions. Dr. Stallings is a frequent lecturer and a regular contributor to technical journals and trade publications. Dr. Stallings holds a Ph.D. from MIT in computer science and a B.S. from Notre Dame in electrical engineering.

Table of Contents

Web Site for Computer Organization and Architecture, Sixth Edition	vi
Preface	xv
About the Author	xxi
PART ONE OVERVIEW	1	(46)
Introduction	3	(12)
Organization and Architecture	4	(1)
Structure and Function	5	(5)
Why Study Computer Organization and Architecture?	10	(3)
Outline of the, Book	13	(1)
Internet and Web Resources	13	(2)
Computer Evolution and Performance	15	(32)
A Brief History of Computers	16	(21)
Designing for Performance	37	(4)
Pentium and PowerPC Evolution	41	(3)
Recommended Reading and Web Sites	44	(1)
Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems	45	(2)
PART TWO THE COMPUTER SYSTEM	47	(234)
A Top-level View of Computer Function and Interconnection	49	(46)
Computer Components	50	(3)
Computer Function	53	(14)
Interconnection Structures	67	(2)
Bus Interconnection	69	(10)
PCI	79	(10)
Recommended Reading and Web Sites	89	(1)
Key Terms Review Questions, and Problems	90	(5)
Appendix 3A: Timing Diagrams	92	(3)
Cache Memory	95	(42)
Computer Memory System Overview	96	(7)
Cache Memory Principles	103	(3)
Pentium 4 and PowerPC Cache Organizations	106	(15)
Pentium 4 and PowerPC Cache Organizations	121	(4)
Recommended Reading	125	(1)
Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems	125	(12)
Appendix 4A: Performance Characteristics of Two-Level Memories	128	(9)
Internal Memory	137	(26)
Semiconductor Main Memory	138	(10)
Error Correction	148	(6)
Advanced DRAM Organization	154	(5)
Recommended Reading and Web Sites	159	(1)
Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems	160	(3)
External Memory	163	(32)
Magnetic Disk	164	(10)
RAID	174	(10)
Optical Memory	184	(5)
Magnetic Tape	189	(2)
Recommended Reading and Web Sites	191	(1)
Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems	192	(3)
Input/Output	195	(42)
External Devices	197	(4)
I/O Modules	201	(3)
Programmed I/O	204	(4)
Interrupt-Driven I/O	208	(8)
Direct Memory Access	216	(4)
I/O Channels and Processors	220	(3)
The External Interface: Fire Wire and InfiniBand	223	(10)
Recommended Reading and Web Sites	233	(1)
Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems	233	(4)
Operating System Support	237	(44)
Operating System Overview	238	(12)
Scheduling	250	(6)
Memory Management	256	(13)
Pentium II and PowerPC Memory Management	269	(8)
Recommended Reading and Web Sites	277	(1)
Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems	278	(3)
PART THREE THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT	281	(292)
Computer Arithmetic	283	(46)
The Arithmetic and Logic Unit	284	(1)
Integer Representation	285	(6)
Integer Arithmetic	291	(16)
Floating-Point Representation	307	(6)
Floating-Point Arithmetic	313	(11)
Recommended Reading and Web Sites	324	(1)
Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems	325	(4)
Instruction Sets: Characteristics and Functions	329	(52)
Machine Instruction Characteristics	330	(7)
Types of Operands	337	(2)
Pentium and PowerPC Data Types	339	(2)
Types of Operations	341	(14)
Pentium and PowerPC Operation Types	355	(9)
Assembly Language	364	(2)
Recommended Reading	366	(1)
Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems	367	(14)
Appendix 10A: Stacks	371	(5)
Appendix 10B: Little-, Big-, and Bi-Endian	376	(5)
Instruction Sets: Addressing Modes and Formats	381	(30)
Addressing	382	(7)
Pentium and PowerPC Addressing Modes	389	(6)
Instruction Formats	395	(9)
Pentium and PowerPC Instruction Formats	404	(4)
Recommended Reading	408	(1)
Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems	409	(2)
CPU Structure and Function	411	(50)
Processor Organization	412	(2)
Register Organization	414	(6)
Instruction Cycle	420	(4)
Instruction Pipelining	424	(16)
The Pentium Processor	440	(10)
The PowerPC Processor	450	(7)
Recommended Reading	457	(1)
Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems	458	(3)
Reduced Instruction Set Computers	461	(44)
Instruction Execution Characteristics	463	(4)
The Use of a Large Register File	467	(6)
Compiler-Based Register Optimization	473	(1)
Reduced Instruction Set Architecture	474	(8)
RISC Pipelining	482	(4)
MIPS R4000	486	(8)
SPARC	494	(6)
RISC versus CISC Controversy	500	(1)
Recommended Reading	501	(1)
Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems	502	(3)
Instruction-Level Parallelism and Superscalar Processors	505	(36)
Overview	507	(4)
Design Issues	511	(9)
Pentium 4	520	(7)
PowerPC	527	(8)
Recommended Reading	535	(1)
Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems	536	(5)
The IA-64 Architecture	541	(32)
Motivation	543	(1)
General Organization	544	(2)
Predication, Speculation, and Software Pipelining	546	(17)
IA-64 Instruction Set Architecture	563	(5)
Itanium Organization	568	(1)
Recommended Reading and Web Sites	569	(1)
Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems	570	(3)
PART FOUR THE CONTROL UNIT	573	(68)
Control Unit Operation	575	(24)
Micro-Operations	577	(6)
Control of the Processor	583	(11)
Hardwired Implementation	594	(3)
Recommended Reading	597	(1)
Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems	597	(2)
Microprogrammed Control	599	(42)
Basic Concepts	600	(9)
Microinstruction Sequencing	609	(6)
Microinstruction Execution	615	(12)
TI 8800	627	(10)
Applications of Microprogramming	637	(1)
Recommended Reading	638	(1)
Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems	639	(2)
PART FIVE PARALLEL ORGANIZATION	641	(104)
Parallel Processing	643	(102)
Multiple Processor Organizations	645	(2)
Symmetric Multiprocessors	647	(9)
Cache Coherence and the MESI Protocol	656	(7)
Clusters	663	(7)
Nonuniform Memory Access	670	(4)
Vector Computation	674	(13)
Recommended Reading	687	(1)
Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems	688	(5)
APPENDICES
Appendix A Digital Logic	693	(40)
A.1 Boolean Algebra	694	(2)
A.2 Gates	696	(3)
A.3 Combinational Circuits	699	(21)
A.4 Sequential Circuits	720	(10)
A.5 Problems	730	(3)
Appendix B Number Systems	733	(8)
B.1 The Decimal System	734	(1)
B.2 The Binary System	734	(1)
B.3 Converting between Binary and Decimal	735	(3)
B.4 Hexadecimal Notation	738	(1)
B.5 Problems	739	(2)
Appendix C Projects for Teaching Computer Organization and Architecture	741	(4)
C.1 Research Projects	742	(1)
C.2 Simulation Projects	742	(1)
C.3 Reading/Report Assignments	743	(2)
Glossary	745	(12)
References	757	(16)
Index	773