Computer Organization and Design : The Hardware/Software Interface

by Patterson; Hennessy

• ISBN13: 9781558606043
• ISBN10: 1558606041
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-08-02
• Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology

Summary

In addition to thoroughly updating every aspect of the text to reflect the most current computing technology, the third edition *Uses standard 32-bit MIPS 32 as the primary teaching ISA. *Presents the assembler-to-HLL translations in both C and Java. *Highlights the latest developments in architecture in Real Stuff sections: + Intel IA-32 + Power PC 604 + Googles PC cluster + Pentium P4 + SPEC CPU2000 benchmark suite for processors + SPEC Web99 benchmark for web servers + EEMBC benchmark for embedded systems + AMD Opteron memory hierarchy + AMD vs. 1A-64 New support for distinct course goals Many of the adopters who have used our book throughout its two editions are refining their courses with a greater hardware or software focus. We have provided new material to support these course goals: New material to support a Hardware Focus +Using logic design conventions +Designing with hardware description languages +Advanced pipelining +Designing with FPGAs +HDL simulators and tutorials +Xilinx CAD tools New material to support a Software Focus +How compilers Work +How to optimize compilers +How to implement object oriented languages +MIPS simulator and tutorial +History sections on programming languages, compilers, operating systems and databases Whats New in the Third Edition New pedagogical features Understanding Program Performance -Analyzes key performance issues from the programmers perspective Check Yourself Questions -Helps students assess their understanding of key points of a section Computers In the Real World -Illustrates the diversity of applications of computing technology beyond traditional desktop and servers For More Practice -Provides students with additional problems they can tackle In More Depth -Presents new information and challenging exercises for the advanced student New reference features Highlighted glossary terms and definitions appear on the book page, as bold-faced entries in the index, and as a separate and searchable reference on the CD. A complete index of the material in the book and on the CD appears in the printed index and the CD includes a fully searchable version of the same index. Historical Perspectives and Further Readings have been updated and expanded to include the history of software R&d. CD-Library provides materials collected from the web which directly support the text. On the CD CD-Bars: Full length sections that are introduced in the book and presented on the CD CD-Appendixes: The entire set of appendixes CD-Library: Materials collected from the web which directly support the text CD-Exercises: For More Practice provides exercises and solutions for self-study In More Depth presents new information and challenging exercises for the advanced or curious student Glossary: Terms that are defined in the text are collected in this searchable reference Further Reading: References are organized by the chapter they support Software: HDL simulators, MIPS simulators, and FPGA design tools Tutorials: SPIM, Verilog, and VHDL Additional Support: Processor Models, Labs, Homeworks, Index covering the book and CD contents Instructor Support + Instructor Support is provided in a password-protected site to adopters who request the password from our sales representative + Solutions to all the exercises + Figures from the book in a number of formats + Lecture slides prepared by the authors and other instructors + Lecture notes

Author Biography

David A. Patterson is currently serving on the IT advisory committee to the U.S. President and has just been elected President of the A.C.M.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
Computer Abstractions and Technology	2	(44)
Introduction	3	(8)
Below Your Program	11	(4)
Under the Covers	15	(13)
Real Stuff: Manufacturing Pentium 4 Chips	28	(5)
Fallacies and Pitfalls	33	(2)
Concluding Remarks	35	(1)
Historical Perspective and Further Reading	36	(1)
Exercises	36	(10)
Computers in the Real World
Information Technology for the 4 Billion without IT	44	(2)
Instructions: Language of the Computer	46	(112)
Introduction	48	(1)
Operations of the Computer Hardware	49	(3)
Operands of the Computer Hardware	52	(8)
Representing Instructions in the Computer	60	(8)
Logical Operations	68	(4)
Instructions for Making Decisions	72	(7)
Supporting Procedures in Computer Hardware	79	(11)
Communicating with People	90	(5)
MIPS Addressing for 32-Bit Immediates and Addresses	95	(11)
Translating and Starting a Program	106	(10)
How Compilers Optimize	116	(5)
How Compilers Work: An Introduction	121	(1)
A C Sort Example to Put It All Together	121	(9)
Implementing an Object-Oriented Language	130	(1)
Arrays versus Pointers	130	(4)
Real Stuff: IA-32 Instructions	134	(9)
Fallacies and Pitfalls	143	(2)
Concluding Remarks	145	(2)
Historical Perspective and Further Reading	147	(1)
Exercises	147	(11)
Computers in the Real World
Helping Save Our Environment with Data	156	(2)
Arithmetic for Computers	158	(80)
Introduction	160	(1)
Signed and Unsigned Numbers	160	(10)
Addition and Subtraction	170	(6)
Multiplication	176	(7)
Division	183	(6)
Floating Point	189	(28)
Real Stuff: Floating Point in the IA-32	217	(3)
Fallacies and Pitfalls	220	(5)
Concluding Remarks	225	(4)
Historical Perspective and Further Reading	229	(1)
Exercises	229	(9)
Computers in the Real World
Reconstructing the Ancient World	236	(2)
Assessing and Understanding Performance	238	(44)
Introduction	240	(6)
CPU Performance and Its Factors	246	(8)
Evaluating Performance	254	(5)
Real Stuff: Two SPEC Benchmarks and the Performance of Recent Intel Processors	259	(7)
Fallacies and Pitfalls	266	(4)
Concluding Remarks	270	(2)
Historical Perspective and Further Reading	272	(1)
Exercises	272	(10)
Computers in the Real World
Moving People Faster and More Safely	280	(2)
The Processor: Datapath and Control	282	(86)
Introduction	284	(5)
Logic Design Conventions	289	(3)
Building a Datapath	292	(8)
A Simple Implementation Scheme	300	(18)
A Multicycle Implementation	318	(22)
Exceptions	340	(6)
Microprogramming: Simplifying Control Design	346	(1)
An Introduction to Digital Design Using a Hardware Design Language	346	(1)
Real Stuff: The Organization of Recent Pentium Implementations	347	(3)
Fallacies and Pitfalls	350	(2)
Concluding Remarks	352	(1)
Historical Perspective and Further Reading	353	(1)
Exercises	354	(14)
Computers in the Real World
Empowering the Disabled	366	(2)
Enhancing Performance with Pipelining	368	(98)
An Overview of Pipelining	370	(14)
A Pipelined Datapath	384	(15)
Pipelined Control	399	(3)
Data Hazards and Forwarding	402	(11)
Data Hazards and Stalls	413	(3)
Branch Hazards	416	(10)
Using a Hardware Description Language to Describe and Model a Pipeline	426	(1)
Exceptions	427	(5)
Advanced Pipelining: Extracting More Performance	432	(16)
Real Stuff: The Pentium 4 Pipeline	448	(3)
Fallacies and Pitfalls	451	(1)
Concluding Remarks	452	(2)
Historical Perspective and Further Reading	454	(1)
Exercises	454	(12)
Computers in the Real World
Mass Communication without Gatekeepers	464	(2)
Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy	466	(98)
Introduction	468	(5)
The Basics of Caches	473	(19)
Measuring and Improving Cache Performance	492	(19)
Virtual Memory	511	(27)
A Common Framework for Memory Hierarchies	538	(8)
Real Stuff: The Pentium P4 and the AMD Opteron Memory Hierarchies	546	(4)
Fallacies and Pitfalls	550	(2)
Concluding Remarks	552	(3)
Historical Perspective and Further Reading	555	(1)
Exercises	555	(9)
Computers in the Real World
Saving the World's Art Treasures	562	(2)
Storage, Networks, and Other Peripherals	564	(2)
Introduction	566	(3)
Disk Storage and Dependability	569	(11)
Networks	580	(1)
Buses and Other Connections between Processors, Memory, and I/O Devices	581	(7)
Interfacing I/O Devices to the Processor, Memory, and Operating System	588	(9)
I/O Performance Measures: Examples from Disk and File Systems	597	(3)
Designing an I/O System	600	(3)
Real Stuff: A Digital Camera	603	(3)
Fallacies and Pitfalls	606	(3)
Concluding Remarks	609	(2)
Historical Perspective and Further Reading	611	(1)
Exercises	611	(11)
Computers in the Real World
Saving Lives through Better Diagnosis	622
Multiprocessors and Clusters	2	(2)
Introduction	4	(4)
Programming Multiprocessors	8	(3)
Multiprocessors Connected by a Single Bus	11	(9)
Multiprocessors Connected by a Network	20	(5)
Clusters	25	(2)
Network Topologies	27	(3)
Multiprocessors Inside a Chip and Multithreading	30	(4)
Real Stuff: The Google Cluster of PCs	34	(5)
Fallacies and Pitfalls	39	(3)
Concluding Remarks	42	(5)
Historical Perspective and Further Reading	47	(8)
Exercises	55
APPENDICES
A Assemblers, Linkers, and the SPIM Simulator	2	(1)
A.1 Introduction	3	(7)
A.2 Assemblers	10	(8)
A.3 Linkers	18	(1)
A.4 Loading	19	(1)
A.5 Memory Usage	20	(2)
A.6 Procedure Call Convention	22	(11)
A.7 Exceptions and Interrupts	33	(5)
A.8 Input and Output	38	(2)
A.9 SPIM	40	(5)
A.10 MIPS R2000 Assembly Language	45	(36)
A.11 Concluding Remarks	81	(1)
A.12 Exercises	82
B The Basics of Logic Design	2	(1)
B.1 Introduction	3	(1)
B.2 Gates, Truth Tables, and Logic Equations	4	(4)
B.3 Combinational Logic	8	(12)
B.4 Using a Hardware Description Language	20	(6)
B.5 Constructing a Basic Arithmetic Logic Unit	26	(12)
B.6 Faster Addition: Carry Lookahead	38	(9)
B.7 Clocks	47	(2)
B.8 Memory Elements: Flip-flops, Latches, and Registers	49	(8)
B.9 Memory Elements: SRAMs and DRAMs	57	(10)
B.10 Finite State Machines	67	(5)
B.11 Timing Methodologies	72	(5)
B.12 Field Programmable Devices	77	(1)
B.13 Concluding Remarks	78	(1)
B.14 Exercises	79
C Mapping Control to Hardware	2	(1)
C.1 Introduction	3	(1)
C.2 Implementing Combinational Control Units	4	(4)
C.3 Implementing Finite State Machine Control	8	(13)
C.4 Implementing the Next-State Function with a Sequencer	21	(6)
C.5 Translating a Microprogram to Hardware	27	(4)
C.6 Concluding Remarks	31	(1)
C.7 Exercises	32
D A Survey of RISC Architectures for Desktop, Server, and Embedded Computers	2	(1)
D.1 Introduction	3	(2)
D.2 Addressing Modes and Instruction Formats	5	(4)
D.3 Instructions: The MIPS Core Subset	9	(7)
D.4 Instructions: Multimedia Extensions of the Desktop/Server RISCs	16	(3)
D.5 Instructions: Digital Signal-Processing Extensions of the Embedded RISCs	19	(1)
D.6 Instructions: Common Extensions to MIPS Core	20	(5)
D.7 Instructions Unique to MIPS64	25	(2)
D.8 Instructions Unique to Alpha	27	(2)
D.9 Instructions Unique to SPARC v.9	29	(3)
D.10 Instructions Unique to PowerPC	32	(2)
D.11 Instructions Unique to PA-RISC 2.0	34	(2)
D.12 Instructions Unique to ARM	36	(2)
D.13 Instructions Unique to Thumb	38	(1)
D.14 Instructions Unique to SuperH	39	(1)
D.15 Instructions Unique to M32R	40	(1)
D.16 Instructions Unique to MIPS16	41	(2)
D.17 Concluding Remarks	43	(3)
D.18 Acknowledgments	46	(1)
D.19 References	47
Index	1	(1)
Glossary	1	(1)
Further Reading	1