Computer-Supported Collaboration... | Buy

With the development of networked computing and the increased complexity of applications and software systems development, the importance of computer-supported collaborative work [CSCW] has dramatically increased. Globalization has further accentuated the necessity of collaboration, while the Web has made geographically distributed collaborative systems technologically feasible in a manner that was impossible until recently. The software environments needed to support such distributed teams are referred to as Groupware. Groupware is intended to address the logistical, managerial, social, organizational and cognitive difficulties that arise in the application of distributed expertise. These issues represent the fundamental challenges to the next generation of process management.Computer-Supported Collaboration with Applications to Software Development reviews the theory of collaborative groups and the factors that affect collaboration, particularly collaborative software development. The influences considered derive from diverse sources: social and cognitive psychology, media characteristics, the problem-solving behavior of groups, process management, group information processing, and organizational effects. It also surveys empirical studies of computer-supported problem solving, especially for software development. The concluding chapter describes a collaborative model for program development.Computer-Supported Collaboration with Applications to Software Development is designed for an academic and professional market in software development, professionals and researchers in the areas of software engineering, collaborative development, management information systems, problem solving, cognitive and social psychology. This book also meets the needs of graduate-level students in computer science and information systems.

Preface

1

(7)

Cognitive and Social Psychology in Collaboration

7

(20)

Introduction

7

(1)

Cognitive Models

8

(7)

Software Methods and Cognitive Models

8

(1)

Models of Group Cognition

9

(4)

Models of Individual Cognition

13

(2)

Cognitive Effects and Biases

15

(4)

Social Psychology Factors

19

(5)

Norms, Roles and Protocols

19

(2)

Social Psychology: Processes and Effects

21

(3)

Socially Aware Systems

24

(3)

Media Factors in Collaboration

27

(28)

Introduction

27

(1)

Environmental Factors Affecting Collaboration

28

(4)

Visual and Auditory Cues in Face-To-Face Collaboration

32

(3)

Video Versus Audio-Only

35

(5)

Proxemic Effects

40

(1)

Dialog Structure

41

(2)

Social Context Cues

43

(3)

Managerial Behavior and Information Richness

46

(4)

Effects of I/O Rates and Asynchrony

50

(1)

Physical Artifacts

51

(4)

Group Problem-Solving: Tasks, Productivity, Early Experiments

55

(12)

Introduction

55

(1)

Group Productivity and Types of Tasks

56

(5)

Group Problem Solving on Disjunctive Tasks

61

(3)

Characteristics of Groups

64

(3)

Computer-Supported Processes and Productivity

67

(14)

Introduction

67

(1)

Process Gains and Losses

67

(7)

Production Blocking

67

(4)

Anonymity and Free-Riding

71

(3)

Structuring Interactions

74

(7)

Cognitive Engineering

74

(2)

Structuring Methods

76

(1)

Process and Task Structures

76

(1)

Process Support Tools

76

(5)

Communication and Information in Organizations and Groups

81

(18)

Introduction

82

(1)

Effects of Organizational Embedding

82

(5)

The Effect of Organizational Context

82

(2)

Communication and Coordination in Software Teams and Organizations

84

(3)

Information Sharing

87

(12)

Exchange and Use of Information

87

(4)

Opinion Formation in Groups

91

(1)

Opinion Formation in Computer-mediated Groups

92

(2)

Information Push and Pull in Computer-mediated Environments

94

(2)

Information Needs in Collaborative Software Development

96

(3)

Groupware

99

(12)

Introduction

99

(1)

Groupware Applications and Effects

99

(2)

Impediments to Developing and Using Groupware

101

(5)

Design Presuppositions in Groupware

106

(2)

Virtual Workspaces

108

(1)

Shared I/O and Development Toolkits

109

(2)

A Brief Survey of Experimental Results on Computer-Supported Collaboration and Software Development

111

(38)

Introduction

111

(1)

Standardized Frameworks

112

(4)

Basic Frameworks

112

(2)

Cognitive Models and Frameworks (C3P)

114

(2)

Meta-Analyses

116

(16)

Survey of Laboratory, Field and Case Studies

116

(1)

Laboratory Studies and Controlled Experiments

116

(5)

Field and Case Studies

121

(1)

Differences between Laboratory and Field Studies

122

(5)

Task, Information, and Compositional Effects

127

(3)

Experimental Design Recommendations and Critique

130

(2)

Computer-Supported Brainstorming Studies

132

(6)

Brainstorming Studies

132

(3)

Brainstorming Techniques

135

(1)

Experimental Critique

136

(2)

Software Development Tasks

138

(11)

Collaborative Design Activities

138

(3)

Communication Patterns in Development

141

(2)

Collaboration in Technical Reviews

143

(6)

Collaborative-Cognitive Model for Introductory Software Development

149

(38)

Introduction

149

(1)

Problem Solving

150

(4)

Problem Solving Methods and Concepts

150

(2)

A Standard Model for Problem Solving

152

(2)

Software Development

154

(4)

Language Acquisition

155

(1)

Program Composition

156

(1)

Comprehension, Reuse, and Integration of Existing Programs

156

(1)

Debugging

157

(1)

Testing

157

(1)

Modification and Maintenance

157

(1)

Documentation

158

(1)

Composite Cognitive Model for Problem Solving Based Introductory Software Development

158

(20)

Explicit Cognitive Model For Problem Solving

159

(1)

Bloom's Cognitive Processes

160

(1)

Sternberg's Cognitive Structure

161

(1)

Gagne's Cognitive Results

162

(1)

Individual Level Cognitive Model

163

(1)

Problem Formulation

163

(1)

Preliminary Problem Description

164

(1)

Preliminary Mental Model

164

(1)

Structured Representation of Problem

165

(1)

Relation to Cognitive Model

165

(1)

Planning the Solution

166

(1)

Strategy Discovery

167

(1)

Goal Decomposition

167

(1)

Data Modeling

167

(1)

Relation to Cognitive Model

168

(1)

Designing the Solution

169

(1)

Organization and Refinement

170

(1)

Function/Data Specification

170

(1)

Logic Specification

171

(1)

Relation to Cognitive Model

171

(1)

Translation

172

(1)

Implementation

172

(1)

Integration

172

(1)

Diagnosis

172

(1)

Relation to Cognitive Model

173

(1)

Testing

174

(1)

Critical Analysis

174

(1)

Revision

174

(1)

Evaluation

175

(1)

Relation to Cognitive Model

175

(1)

Delivery

176

(1)

Documentation, Presentation and Distribution

176

(1)

Relation to Cognitive Model

177

(1)

Collaborative Factors in Software Development

178

(1)

Global Collaborative Factors

179

(1)

Local Collaborative Factors

180

(7)

Problem Formulation

180

(3)

Planning

183

(1)

Solution Design

184

(1)

Translation

184

(1)

Testing

185

(2)

Glossary

187

(24)

References

211

(18)

Index

229

(16)

Author Index

245

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