Conceptual Integrated Science

by Hewitt, Paul G.; Lyons, Suzanne A; Suchocki, John A.; Yeh, Jennifer

• ISBN13: 9780805390384
• ISBN10: 0805390383
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-07-19
• Publisher: Addison-Wesley

Summary

This book will change the way you look at science. Written by best-selling author Paul Hewitt, Conceptual Integrated Science is more than a collection of facts-it's a guidebook for understanding the world around you. Using his successful "concepts first" method, accessible writing, and fun and informative illustrations, Hewitt and his team of science experts have crafted a text that focuses on unifying concepts and real-life examples across physics, chemistry, earth science, biology, and astronomy.

Table of Contents

The Conceptual Integrated Science Photo Album	p. xiii
To the Student	p. xv
To the Instructor	p. xvi
Acknowledgments	p. xxiii
Reviewers	p. xxv
About Science	p. 1
A Brief History of Advances in Science	p. 1
Mathematics and Conceptual Integrated Science	p. 2
The Scientific Method-A Classic Tool	p. 4
The Scientific Hypothesis	p. 4
The Scientific Experiment	p. 5
Facts, Theories, and Laws	p. 6
Science Has Limitations	p. 7
Science, Art, and Religion	p. 7
Technology-The Practical Use of Science	p. 9
The Natural Sciences: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Earth Science, and Astronomy	p. 9
Integrated Science	p. 10
Integrated Science-Chemistry and Biology: An Investigation of Sea Butterflies	p. 10
Physics	p. 15
Describing Motion	p. 17
Aristotle on Motion	p. 17
Galileo's Concept of Inertia	p. 18
Mass-A Measure of Inertia	p. 20
Net Force	p. 22
The Equilibrium Rule	p. 22
The Support Force	p. 24
Equilibrium of Moving Things	p. 26
The Force of Friction	p. 26
Integrated Science-Biology, Astronomy, Earth Science, and Chemistry: Friction Is Universal	p. 27
Speed and Velocity	p. 28
Acceleration	p. 30
Integrated Science-Biology: Hang Time	p. 32
Newton's Laws of Motion	p. 36
Newton's First Law of Motion	p. 36
Newton's Second Law of Motion	p. 37
Integrated Science-Biology: Gliding	p. 43
Forces and Interactions	p. 44
Newton's Third Law of Motion	p. 45
Integrated Science-Biology: Animal Locomotion	p. 49
Vectors	p. 50
Summary of Newton's Three Laws	p. 52
Momentum and Energy	p. 57
Momentum	p. 57
Impulse	p. 58
Impulse-Momentum Relationship	p. 58
Integrated Science-Biology: The Impulse-Momentum Relationship in Sports	p. 60
Conservation of Momentum	p. 61
Energy	p. 63
Integrated Science-Biology and Chemistry: Glucose: Energy for Life	p. 64
Power	p. 65
Potential Energy	p. 66
Kinetic Energy	p. 67
The Work-Energy Theorem	p. 68
Conservation of Energy	p. 70
Machines	p. 71
Gravity	p. 78
The Legend of the Falling Apple	p. 78
The Fact of the Falling Moon	p. 78
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation	p. 79
Gravity and Distance: The Inverse-Square Law	p. 80
The Universal Gravitational Constant, G	p. 81
Integrated Science-Biology: Your Biological Gravity Detector	p. 82
Weight and Weightlessness	p. 83
Integrated Science-Biology: Center of Gravity of People	p. 85
Gravity Can Be a Centripetal Force	p. 86
Projectile Motion	p. 86
Projectile Altitude and Range	p. 88
The Effect of Air Drag on Projectiles	p. 89
Fast-Moving Projectiles-Satellites	p. 89
Elliptical Orbits	p. 91
Integrated Science-Astronomy: Escape Speed	p. 92
Heat	p. 98
The Kinetic Theory of Matter	p. 98
Temperature	p. 98
Absolute Zero	p. 100
What Is Heat?	p. 101
The Laws of Thermodynamics	p. 102
Integrated Science-Chemistry and Biology: Entropy	p. 103
Specific Heat Capacity	p. 105
Integrated Science-Earth Science: Specific Heat Capacity and Earth's Climate	p. 106
Thermal Expansion	p. 108
Heat Transfer: Conduction	p. 111
Heat Transfer: Convection	p. 112
Heat Transfer: Radiation	p. 113
Electricity and Magnetism	p. 119
Electric Force and Charge	p. 119
Coulomb's Law	p. 121
Electric Field	p. 122
Electric Potential	p. 122
Conductors and Insulators	p. 124
Voltage Sources	p. 125
Electric Current	p. 125
Electrical Resistance	p. 126
Ohm's Law	p. 127
Integrated Science-Biology: Electric Shock	p. 127
Electric Circuits	p. 129
Electric Power	p. 130
The Magnetic Force	p. 131
Magnetic Fields	p. 131
Integrated Science-Biology and Earth Science: Earth's Magnetic Field and the Ability of Organisms to Sense It	p. 133
Magnetic Forces on Moving Charges	p. 134
Electromagnetic Induction	p. 136
Waves-Sound and Light	p. 142
Vibrations and Waves	p. 142
Wave Motion	p. 144
Transverse and Longitudinal Waves	p. 145
The Nature of Sound	p. 145
Integrated Science-Biology: Sensing Pitch	p. 146
Resonance	p. 147
The Nature of Light	p. 148
Reflection	p. 150
Transparent and Opaque Materials	p. 151
Color	p. 153
Integrated Science-Biology: Mixing Colored Lights	p. 155
Refraction	p. 156
Diffraction	p. 158
Interference	p. 159
The Doppler Effect	p. 160
Integrated Science-Astronomy: The Doppler Effect and the Expanding Universe	p. 161
The Wave-Particle Duality	p. 162
The Atom	p. 167
The Elements	p. 167
Atoms Are Ancient, Tiny, and Empty	p. 167
Protons and Neutrons	p. 170
Isotopes and Atomic Mass	p. 172
Integrated Science-Chemistry, Biology, Earth Science: Physical and Conceptual Models	p. 178
Atomic Spectra	p. 175
The Quantum Hypothesis	p. 177
Electron Waves	p. 180
Probability Clouds and Atomic Orbitals	p. 181
Integrated Science-Chemistry: The Shell Model	p. 184
Nuclear Physics	p. 190
Radioactivity	p. 190
Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Rays	p. 191
Environmental Radiation	p. 193
Integrated Science-Biology: Doses of Radiation	p. 194
The Atomic Nucleus and the Strong Nuclear Force	p. 196
Half-Life	p. 198
Transmutation of Elements	p. 199
Integrated Science-Biology, Earth Science: Isotopic Dating	p. 202
Nuclear Fission	p. 204
The Mass-Energy Relationship-E = mc[superscript 2]	p. 205
Nuclear Fusion	p. 209
Chemistry	p. 215
Investigating Matter	p. 217
Chemistry: Integral to Our Lives	p. 217
Integrated Science-Astronomy: Origin of the Moon	p. 217
The Submicroscopic World	p. 220
Phases of Matter	p. 220
Change of Phase	p. 222
Integrated Science-Physics and Biology: Evaporation Cools You Off, Condensation Warms You Up	p. 223
Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter	p. 225
Elements and the Periodic Table	p. 228
Organization of the Periodic Table	p. 230
Elements to Compounds	p. 234
Naming Compounds	p. 235
The Nature of Chemical Bonds	p. 241
Electron Shells and Chemical Bonding	p. 241
The Ionic Bond	p. 243
The Metallic Bond	p. 246
The Covalent Bond	p. 247
Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules	p. 250
Interparticle Attractions	p. 253
Integrated Science-Physics and Biology: How Geckos Walk on Walls-The Adhesive Force	p. 255
Integrated Science-Biology and Earth Science: Mixtures	p. 256
Solutions	p. 257
Solubility	p. 259
Integrated Science-Biology: Fish Depend on Dissolved Oxygen	p. 261
Chemical Reactions	p. 265
Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations	p. 265
Acid-Base Reactions	p. 267
Salts	p. 270
Solutions: Acidic, Basic, or Neutral	p. 271
The pH Scale	p. 272
Integrated Science-Earth Science: Acid Rain	p. 274
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions	p. 276
Integrated Science-Physics: Fuel Cells	p. 278
Corrosion and Combustion	p. 280
The Rate of Chemical Reactions	p. 281
Integrated Science-Physics, Biology, and Earth Science: The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate	p. 282
Endothermic Versus Exothermic Reactions	p. 285
Entropy and Chemical Reactions	p. 289
Organic Chemistry	p. 294
Hydrocarbons	p. 294
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons	p. 297
Functional Groups	p. 298
Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers, and Amines	p. 299
Integrated Science-Biology: Drug Action and Discovery	p. 301
Ketones, Aldehydes, Amides, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters	p. 303
Polymers	p. 306
Biology	p. 317
The Basic Unit of Life-The Cell	p. 319
Characteristics of Life	p. 319
Integrated Science-Chemistry: Macromolecules Needed for Life	p. 321
Cell Types: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic	p. 323
Integrated Science-Physics: The Microscope	p. 325
Tour of a Eukaryotic Cell	p. 327
Cell Membrane: Structure and Function	p. 329
Transport Mechanisms	p. 330
Cellular Communication	p. 333
How Cells Reproduce	p. 334
How Cells Use Energy	p. 336
Integrated Science-Chemistry: Chemical Reactions in Cells	p. 338
Photosynthesis	p. 339
Cellular Respiration	p. 341
The Life Spans of Cells	p. 343
Genetics	p. 348
What Is a Gene?	p. 348
Chromosomes: Packages of Genetic Information	p. 348
Integrated Science-Chemistry: The Structure of DNA	p. 349
DNA Replication	p. 351
Transcription and Translation	p. 351
Meiosis: Genetic Diversity	p. 355
Mendelian Genetics	p. 356
Inheritance: Beyond Mendelian Genetics	p. 359
The Human Genome	p. 361
Genetic Mutations	p. 363
Integrated Science-Physics: How Radioactivity Causes Genetic Mutations	p. 366
Cancer: Genes Gone Awry	p. 366
Integrated Science-Earth Science: Environmental Causes of Cancer	p. 368
The Evolution of Life	p. 372
The Origin of Life	p. 372
Integrated Science-Astronomy: Did Life on Earth Originate on Mars?	p. 374
Early Life on Earth	p. 375
The First Eukaryotic Cells	p. 375
Charles Darwin and The Origin of Species	p. 376
How Natural Selection Works	p. 379
Integrated Science-Physics: Animal Adaptations to Heat and Cold	p. 382
How Species Form	p. 387
Evidence of Evolution	p. 391
Integrated Science-Earth Science: Earth's Tangible Evidence of Evolution	p. 393
Does Evolution Occur Gradually or in Spurts?	p. 395
The Evolution of Humans	p. 396
Biological Diversity	p. 401
Classifying Living Things	p. 401
The Three Domains of Life	p. 405
Bacteria	p. 406
Archaea	p. 407
Protists	p. 408
Plants	p. 409
Fungi	p. 414
Animals	p. 415
Integrated Science-Earth Science: Coral Bleaching	p. 416
Integrated Science-Physics: How Birds Fly	p. 423
Viruses and Infectious Molecules	p. 424
Human Biology I-Control and Development	p. 429
Organization of the Human Body	p. 429
Homeostasis	p. 430
The Brain	p. 430
The Nervous System	p. 432
How Neurons Work	p. 434
Integrated Science-Physics: How Fast Can Action Potentials Travel?	p. 438
Integrated Science-Chemistry: Endorphins	p. 438
The Senses	p. 439
Hormones	p. 443
Reproduction and Development	p. 446
The Skeleton and Muscles	p. 447
Human Biology II-Care and Maintenance	p. 453
Integration of Body Systems	p. 453
The Circulatory System	p. 453
Integrated Science-Chemistry: Hemoglobin	p. 456
Respiration	p. 457
Digestion	p. 459
Nutrition, Exercise, and Health	p. 461
Integrated Science-Physics and Chemistry: Low-Carb Versus Low-Cal Diets	p. 462
Excretion and Water Balance	p. 464
Keeping the Body Safe: Defense Systems	p. 466
Ecosystems and Environment	p. 475
Organisms and Their Environment	p. 475
Species Interactions	p. 477
Energy Flow in Ecosystems	p. 481
Integrated Science-Physics: Energy Leaks Where Trophic Levels Meet	p. 483
Kinds of Ecosystems	p. 484
Integrated Science-Earth Science: Materials Cycling in Ecosystems	p. 489
Change in an Ecosystem	p. 492
Population Studies	p. 494
Human Population Growth	p. 497
Earth Science	p. 503
Plate Tectonics	p. 505
Earth Science Before the Twentieth Century	p. 505
Using Seismology to Look Inside the Earth	p. 506
More About Earth's Layers	p. 507
Integrated Science-Physics: Isostasy	p. 508
Continental Drift-An Idea Before Its Time	p. 511
A Mechanism for Continental Drift	p. 513
Plate Tectonics	p. 515
Integrated Science-Physics: What Forces Drive the Plates?	p. 516
Divergent Plate Boundaries	p. 518
Convergent Plate Boundaries	p. 519
Integrated Science-Biology: Life in the Trenches	p. 520
Transform Plate Boundaries	p. 521
Earthquakes	p. 523
Integrated Science-Physics: Anatomy of a Tsunami	p. 524
Rocks and Minerals	p. 531
Materials of the Earth	p. 531
What Is a Mineral?	p. 532
Mineral Properties	p. 534
The Formation of Minerals	p. 536
Classifying Minerals	p. 538
Integrated Science-Chemistry: The Silicate Tetrahedron	p. 539
Rocks	p. 541
Igneous Rocks	p. 542
Integrated Science-Physics: The Texture of Igneous Rocks	p. 544
Sedimentary Rocks	p. 545
Integrated Science-Biology: Coal	p. 548
Metamorphic Rocks	p. 549
The Rock Cycle	p. 551
Earth's Surface-Land and Water	p. 556
A Survey of the Earth	p. 556
Crustal Deformation-Folds and Faults	p. 558
Mountains	p. 560
Earth's Waters	p. 564
The Ocean Floor	p. 565
Integrated Science-Physics: Ocean Waves	p. 566
Integrated Science-Chemistry: Ocean Water	p. 567
Fresh Water	p. 568
Integrated Science-Chemistry: Groundwater Contamination	p. 571
Surface Processes-Wearing Away Earth's Surface Layer	p. 572
Weather	p. 579
Weather and Climate	p. 579
Solar Radiation	p. 580
Atmospheric Pressure	p. 582
Structure and Composition of Earth's Atmosphere	p. 583
Integrated Science-Chemistry: The Atmospheric "Ozone Hole"	p. 586
Circulation of the Atmosphere-Wind	p. 587
Integrated Science-Physics: The Coriolis Effect	p. 591
Oceanic Circulation-Currents	p. 592
Humidity	p. 594
Clouds and Precipitation	p. 595
Changing Weather-Air Masses, Fronts, and Cyclones	p. 598
Storms	p. 601
Global Climate Change	p. 602
Integrated Science-Physics: The Greenhouse Effect	p. 603
Earth's History	p. 608
A Model of Earth's History	p. 608
The Rock Record	p. 610
Integrated Science-Physics: Radiometric Dating of Rock	p. 611
Geologic Time	p. 612
Precambrian Time (4500 to 542 Million Years Ago)	p. 613
Integrated Science-Biology and Chemistry: The Great Transformation of Earth's Atmosphere	p. 614
The Paleozoic Era (542 to 248 Million Years Ago)	p. 615
Integrated Science-Biology: The Permian Extinction	p. 618
The Mesozoic Era (248 to 65 Million Years Ago)	p. 619
Integrated Science-Biology and Astronomy: The Cretaceous Extinction	p. 619
The Cenozoic Era (65 Million Years to the Present)	p. 621
Astronomy	p. 625
The Solar System	p. 627
Overview of the Solar System	p. 627
The Nebular Theory	p. 630
Integrated Science-Physics: The Solar Nebula Heats Up, Spins Faster, and Flattens	p. 631
Integrated Science-Chemistry: The Chemical Composition of the Solar System	p. 632
The Sun	p. 633
The Inner Planets	p. 634
The Outer Planets	p. 637
Integrated Science-Biology: What Makes a Planet Suitable for Life?	p. 640
Earth's Moon	p. 641
Integrated Science-Physics: Why One Side of the Moon Always Faces Us	p. 642
Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids	p. 642
The Universe	p. 649
Observing the Night Sky	p. 649
The Brightness and Colors of Stars	p. 651
Integrated Science-Physics: Radiation Curves of Stars	p. 652
The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram	p. 653
The Life Cycles of Stars	p. 655
Black Holes	p. 658
Galaxies	p. 660
Integrated Science-Biology: The Search for Extraterrestrial Life	p. 662
The Big Bang	p. 663
Quasars	p. 665
On Measurement and Unit Conversion	p. A-1
United States Customary System	p. A-1
Systeme International	p. A-1
Unit Conversion	p. A-3
Linear and Rotational Motion	p. B-1
Advanced Concepts of Motion	p. B-1
Circular Motion	p. B-3
Torque	p. B-3
Angular Momentum	p. B-4
Conservation of Angular Momentum	p. B-5
Working with Vector Components	p. C-1
Adding Vectors	p. C-1
Finding Components of Vectors	p. C-1
The Polarization of Light-An Application of Vector Components	p. C-2
Exponential Growth and Doubling Time	p. D-1
Physics of Fluids	p. E-1
Density	p. E-1
Pressure	p. E-1
Buoyancy	p. E-2
Pressure in a Gas	p. E-4
Chemical Equilibrium	p. F-1
Suggested Websites	p. W-1
Glossary	p. GL-1
Credits	PC-1
Index	p. IN-1
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