Conceptual Modeling for Traditional And Spatio-Temporal Applications

by Parent, Christine; Spaccapietra, Stefano; Zimanyi, Esteban

• ISBN13: 9783540301530
• ISBN10: 3540301534
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-07-30
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

From environmental management to land planning and geo-marketing, the number of application domains that may greatly benefit from using data enriched with spatio-temporal features is expanding very rapidly. Unfortunately, development of new spatio-temporal applications is hampered by the lack of conceptual design methods suited to cope with the additional complexity of spatio-temporal data. This complexity is obviously due to the particular semantics of space and time, but also to the need for multiple representations of the same reality to address the diversity of requirements from highly heterogeneous user communities. Conceptual design methods are also needed to facilitate the exchange and reuse of existing data sets, a must in geographical data management due to the high collection costs of the data. Yet, current practice in areas like geographical information systems or moving objects databases does not include conceptual design methods very well, if at all.This book shows that a conceptual design approach for spatio-temporal databases is both feasible and easy to apprehend. While providing a firm basis through extensive discussion of traditional data modeling concepts, the major focus of the book is on modeling spatial and temporal information. Parent, Spaccapietra and Zimányi provide a detailed and comprehensive description of an approach that fills the gap between application conceptual requirements and system capabilities, covering both data modeling and data manipulation features. The ideas presented summarize several years of research on the characteristics and description of space, time, and perception. In addition to the authors' own data modeling approach, MADS (Modeling of Application Data with Spatio-temporal features), the book also surveys alternative data models and approaches (from industry and academia) that target support of spatio-temporal modeling.The reader will acquire intimate knowledge of both the traditional and innovative features that form a consistent data modeling approach. Visual notations and examples are employed extensively to illustrate the use of the various constructs. Therefore, this book is of major importance and interest to advanced professionals, researchers, and graduate or post-graduate students in the areas of spatio-temporal databases and geographical information systems. "For anyone thinking of doing research in this field, or who is developing a system based on spatio-temporal data, this text is essential reading." (Mike Worboys, U Maine, Orono, ME, USA)"The high-level semantic model presented and validated in this book provides essential guidance to researchers and implementers when improving the capabilities of data systems to serve the actual needs of applications and their users in the temporal and spatial domains that are so prevalent today." (Gio Wiederhold, Stanford U, CA, USA)

Author Biography

Christine Parent is a full professor, at the Computer ScienceDepartment, University of Burgundy at Dijon, France. She is part-time professor at HEC INFORGE of the University of Lausanne. She got her Ph.D. from the University of Paris VI, in 1987. She has been teaching and researching in data management systems since 1970. She authored many papers in well-known journals and conferences on the development of an extended entity-relationship approach, on schema integration methodologies and spatio-temporal database modeling. She gave several tutorials on these topics and served on many program committees of international conferences. Her current research interests include a cooperative design methodology relying on the integration of existing heterogeneous databases, modeling of spatio-temporal databases, and ontologies.Stefano Spaccapietra is a full professor at the Ecole Polytechnique F+¬d+¬rale de Lausanne, Switzerland, where he heads the database laboratory. He has been in an academic position all along his career. He got his PhD from the university of Paris VI, in 1978, where he first had his master in computer science in 1969. He moved to the university of Burgundy, Dijon, in 1983 to occupy a professor position at the Institute of Technology. He left Dijon for EPFL in 1988. His current research interests include conceptual modelling, visual user interfaces, ontologies and location-based services.Esteban Zim+ínyi is a Professor of Computer Science at the Engineering Department of the Universit+¬ Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium. He started his studies at the Universidad Aut+¦noma de Centro Am+¬rica, Costa Rica. He received the BSc degree and the doctorate degree in computer science from the Facult+¬ des Sciences at the ULB. During 1997, he was a visiting researcher at the Database Laboratory of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, Switzerland. His current research interests include conceptual modelling, semantic web, bio-informatics, geographic information systems, and temporal databases.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(16)
Space and Time	1	(1)
Why a Spatio-Temporal Database?	2	(3)
An Application Example	5	(4)
Data Modeling Requirements from the Example Application	9	(2)
Purpose of the Book	11	(2)
Outline of the Book	13	(3)
Acknowledgements	16	(1)
The MADS Data Model	17	(120)
On Conceptual Models	17	(7)
What is a ``Conceptual'' Data Model?	18	(1)
What is a ``Good'' Conceptual Data Model?	19	(3)
On Orthogonality in Multi-Dimensional Data Modeling	22	(1)
Data Models and Data Manipulation	23	(1)
Spatio-Temporal Conceptual Data Modeling	23	(1)
MADS: A Multi-Dimensional Conceptual Data Model	24	(1)
Thematic Data Structures	24	(35)
Object Types	25	(2)
Attributes	27	(5)
Methods	32	(1)
Relationship Types	33	(7)
Is-a Links	40	(12)
Aggregation Semantics	52	(3)
Transition Semantics	55	(2)
Generation Semantics	57	(1)
Summary on Thematic Data Structure Modeling	58	(1)
Spatio-Temporal Data Structures	59	(33)
Locating Objects in Space and Time	61	(5)
Describing Space and Time Using the Discrete View	66	(7)
Space, Time, and 1s-a Links	73	(4)
Constraining Relationships with Space and Time Predicates	77	(6)
Describing Space and Time Using the Continuous View	83	(8)
Summary on Spatio-Temporal Modeling	91	(1)
Supporting Multiple Perceptions and Multiple Representations	92	(25)
Rationale for Multiple Representations	92	(4)
Multiple Representation and Spatial Databases	96	(4)
Identifying Perceptions	100	(1)
Stamping	101	(2)
Multiple Representation Modeling	103	(2)
Perception-Varying Object Types	105	(6)
Perception-Varying Relationship Types	111	(3)
Consistency of a Multi-Perception Database	114	(1)
Summary on Multi-Representation Modeling	115	(2)
Integrity Constraints	117	(18)
Keys	120	(3)
Temporal Cardinalities	123	(3)
Spatial Constraints	126	(2)
Temporal Constraints	128	(2)
Spatio-Temporal Constraints	130	(1)
Multiple-Representation Constraints	131	(2)
More Constraints	133	(2)
Conclusion	135	(2)
The Risks Management Application	137	(28)
Description of the Application	137	(9)
Schema of the Application	146	(17)
Object Types	147	(8)
Relationship Types	155	(7)
User-Defined Spatial Data Types	162	(1)
Is-a Clusters	163	(1)
Conclusion	163	(2)
MADS Data Types	165	(56)
General Description of MADS Data Types	166	(5)
Related Work in Data Types	167	(3)
Undefined Values	170	(1)
Basic Data Types	171	(2)
Numeric Types	171	(1)
Character Types	172	(1)
Boolean Type	172	(1)
Tuple Types	173	(1)
Enumeration Types	173	(1)
Collection Data Types	174	(4)
Collection	175	(1)
Set	176	(1)
Bag	177	(1)
List	177	(1)
Spatial Data Types	178	(12)
Geo	180	(3)
SimpleGeo	183	(1)
Point	183	(1)
Line	183	(1)
OrientedLine	184	(1)
Surface	184	(2)
SimpleSurface	186	(1)
ComplexGeo	186	(2)
PointBag	188	(1)
LineBag	188	(1)
OrientedLineBag	189	(1)
SurfaceBag	189	(1)
SimpleSurfaceBag	190	(1)
Topological Predicates	190	(7)
Meets	192	(1)
Adjacent	193	(1)
Touches	193	(1)
Crosses	194	(1)
Overlaps	194	(1)
Contains/Within	195	(1)
Disjoint/Intersects	195	(1)
Equals	196	(1)
Covers	196	(1)
Encloses/Surrounded	196	(1)
Temporal Data Types	197	(8)
Time	199	(2)
SimpleTime	201	(1)
Instant	201	(1)
Interval	202	(1)
ComplexTime	202	(2)
InstantBag	204	(1)
IntervalBag	204	(1)
TimeSpan	205	(1)
Temporal Predicates	205	(4)
Meets	207	(1)
Overlaps	207	(1)
Contains/Within	207	(1)
Disjoint/Intersects	208	(1)
Equals	208	(1)
Covers	208	(1)
Starts/Finishes	209	(1)
Precedes/Succeeds	209	(1)
Perception Stamp Data Types	209	(1)
Varying Types	210	(9)
Manipulating Varying Data Types	212	(4)
TLifecycle	216	(2)
Perception-Varying Data Definitions	218	(1)
Conclusion	219	(2)
The MADS Query and Manipulation Languages	221	(72)
Manipulating and Querying Multi-Instantiation	224	(8)
Creating and Deleting Instances	226	(2)
Querying Instances	228	(1)
Inheritance and Dynamic Binding	229	(3)
Manipulating and Querying Multiple Representations	232	(3)
Manipulating and Querying Spatial Information	235	(3)
Manipulating and Querying Temporal Information	238	(4)
MADS Manipulation Language	242	(14)
Inserting Objects	243	(3)
Inserting Relationships	246	(4)
Delete Operators	250	(3)
Update Operator	253	(3)
MADS Algebra	256	(8)
Selection	264	(2)
Reduction	266	(2)
Projection	268	(2)
Extend	270	(4)
Set Operators	274	(5)
Union	276	(1)
Intersection	277	(1)
Difference	278	(1)
Product	279	(2)
Flat Product	279	(1)
Nested Product	280	(1)
Objectify	281	(9)
Plain Objectify	284	(1)
Objectifying Each Value of a Multivalued Attribute	285	(2)
Objectifying Each Value of a Varying Attribute	287	(2)
Group-By and Spatial Fusion	289	(1)
Rename	290	(1)
Conclusion	291	(2)
From Conceptual Design to Logical Design	293	(34)
Architecture of the Transformation Process	296	(2)
Structural Transformation Rules	298	(11)
Transformation of Multi-Associations	298	(2)
Transformation of Is-a Links	300	(2)
Transformation of the Semantics of Relationships	302	(1)
Transformation of Overlapping Links	303	(1)
Removing Relationships	304	(2)
Transformations of Multivalued Attributes	306	(3)
Multi-Representation Transformation Rule	309	(2)
Transformation of a Multi-Representation Type	310	(1)
Spatial Transformation Rules	311	(4)
Transformation of Spatial Object and Relationship Types	312	(1)
Transformation of Spatial Attributes	312	(1)
Transformation of Spatial Data Types	313	(1)
Transformation of Topological Relationship Types	314	(1)
Temporal Transformation Rules	315	(2)
Transformation of Temporal Object and Relationship Types	315	(1)
Transformation of Transition and Generation Relationship Types	316	(1)
Transformation of Space- and Time-Varying Attributes	317	(1)
Specific Modules for Target Systems	318	(2)
Example	320	(5)
Conclusion	325	(2)
Related Works	327	(56)
Structural Dimension	328	(13)
MADS and UML	328	(3)
MADS and the Relational Model	331	(3)
MADS and the Object-Relational Model: SQL:2003	334	(4)
MADS and the Object-Oriented Model: ODMG	338	(3)
Spatio-Temporal Dimension	341	(24)
MADS and ISO TC 211	343	(5)
MADS and SQL/MM Spatial	348	(5)
MADS and STER	353	(3)
MADS and Perceptory	356	(2)
MADS and Oracle Spatial	358	(2)
MADS and ArcInfo	360	(3)
MADS and MapInfo	363	(2)
Multi-Representation Dimension	365	(15)
Multiple Resolutions	367	(5)
Multiple Viewpoints	372	(3)
Multiple Classification	375	(4)
Conclusion on Multi-Representation	379	(1)
Conclusion	380	(3)
Conclusion	383	(14)
Space and Time	383	(1)
Perception	384	(1)
Application Requirements	385	(1)
MADS Approach	385	(1)
Results Achieved so Far	386	(2)
Future Perspectives	388	(9)
Tool Support	388	(2)
Reverse Engineering	390	(2)
Schema Evolution	392	(1)
Schema Integration	392	(1)
Integrity Constraints	393	(1)
Methodological Support	394	(1)
Conclusions	395	(2)
MADS Formalization	397	(30)
Schema	397	(1)
Object types	398	(4)
Attribute and Method Definition	402	(4)
Relationship types	406	(6)
Multi-Instantiation	412	(1)
Legal database states	413	(10)
Population of an object type	414	(2)
Population of a relationship type	416	(6)
Multi-instantiation	422	(1)
Compatibility of Relationship Types	423	(2)
Symbols and Functions	425	(2)
MADS Notation	427	(8)
Object and Relationship Types	427	(1)
Is-a Links and Overlapping	428	(1)
Aggregation, Transition, and Generation	429	(1)
Spatio-Temporal Modeling	430	(1)
Multi-Representation Modeling	431	(4)
References	435	(12)
Glossary	447	(12)
Index	459